基于知识的视觉问题答案(VQA)涉及回答图像中不存在外部知识的问题。现有方法首先从外部资源中检索知识,然后通过所选知识,输入图像和答案预测的问题进行理性。但是,这种两步方法可能导致不匹配,可能会限制VQA性能。例如,检索到的知识可能与该问题无关紧要,并且在推理过程中重新安装的知识特征可能会偏离其在知识库中的最初含义(KB)。为了应对这一挑战,我们提出了PICA,这是一种简单而有效的方法,该方法通过使用图像字幕提示GPT3用于基于知识的VQA。受GPT-3在知识检索和问题答案中的力量的启发,而不是像以前的工作那样使用结构化的KB,而是将GPT-3视为一种隐式和非结构化的KB,可以共同获取和处理相关的知识。具体来说,我们首先将图像转换为GPT-3可以理解的标题(或标签),然后通过提供一些文字中的VQA示例来调整GPT-3以几个弹射方式解决VQA任务。我们通过仔细研究进一步提高绩效:(i)哪种文本格式最能描述图像内容,以及(ii)如何更好地选择和使用中文示例。 PICA解锁了GPT-3用于多模式任务的首次使用。通过仅使用16个示例,PICA超过了OK-VQA数据集上的绝对+8.6点。我们还在VQAV2上基准了PICA,PICA还显示出不错的表现。
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最近与大型变压器的主要工作的主要重点是优化包装到模型参数中的信息量。在这项工作中,我们问了一个不同的问题:多峰变压器可以在他们推理中利用明确的知识吗?现有,主要是单峰,方法在知识检索范例下探讨了方法,随后回答预测,但留下了关于所使用的检索知识的质量和相关性的开放性问题,以及如何集成隐含和明确知识的推理过程。为了解决这些挑战,我们提出了一种新颖的模型 - 知识增强变压器(KAT) - 在OK-VQA的开放式多模式任务上实现了强大的最先进的结果(+6分)。我们的方法在结束到终端编码器 - 解码器架构中集成了隐式和显式知识,同时在答案生成期间仍然共同推理了两个知识源。在我们分析中提高了模型预测的可解释性,可以看到明确知识集成的额外好处。
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Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated excellent zero-shot generalization to new language tasks. However, effective utilization of LLMs for zero-shot visual question-answering (VQA) remains challenging, primarily due to the modality disconnection and task disconnection between LLM and VQA task. End-to-end training on vision and language data may bridge the disconnections, but is inflexible and computationally expensive. To address this issue, we propose \emph{Img2Prompt}, a plug-and-play module that provides the prompts that can bridge the aforementioned modality and task disconnections, so that LLMs can perform zero-shot VQA tasks without end-to-end training. In order to provide such prompts, we further employ LLM-agnostic models to provide prompts that can describe image content and self-constructed question-answer pairs, which can effectively guide LLM to perform zero-shot VQA tasks. Img2Prompt offers the following benefits: 1) It can flexibly work with various LLMs to perform VQA. 2)~Without the needing of end-to-end training, it significantly reduces the cost of deploying LLM for zero-shot VQA tasks. 3) It achieves comparable or better performance than methods relying on end-to-end training. For example, we outperform Flamingo~\cite{Deepmind:Flamingo2022} by 5.6\% on VQAv2. On the challenging A-OKVQA dataset, our method even outperforms few-shot methods by as much as 20\%.
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人们说:“一张照片值一千字”。那么,我们如何从图像中获取丰富的信息?我们认为,通过使用视觉线索来桥接大型的识别视觉基础模型和语言模型,我们可以无需任何额外的跨模式训练。得益于基础模型的强大零拍功能,我们首先构建图像的丰富语义表示(例如,图像标签,对象属性 /位置,字幕)作为结构化的文本提示,称为视觉线索,使用视觉基础模型。基于视觉线索,我们使用大型语言模型为视觉内容生成一系列综合描述,然后再次通过视觉模型验证,以选择与图像最合适的候选人。我们通过定量和定性测量评估生成的描述的质量。结果证明了这种结构化语义表示的有效性。
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基础模型由于在广泛的下游应用中的有效性而受到了很多关注。尽管在体系结构方面存在很大的融合,但大多数审慎的模型通常仍用于特定任务或模式。在这项工作中,我们建议将语言模型用作各种基础模型的通用接口。一系列预处理的编码者感知到了多种方式(例如视觉和语言),并与扮演通用任务层角色的语言模型对接。我们提出了一个半伴侣的语言建模目标,以共同确定界面和模块化编码器。我们从因果关系和非因果建模中涵盖了优势和能力,从而结合了两个世界的最佳状态。具体而言,所提出的方法不仅从因果语言建模中继承了内在学习和开放式生成的能力,而且由于双向编码器而有利于填补。更重要的是,我们的方法无缝地解锁了上述功能的组合,例如,通过填充编码器启用了文本学习或指导。各种仅语言和视觉语言基准的实验结果表明,我们的模型表现优于或与鉴定,零弹性概括和几乎没有的学习的专业模型竞争。
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在过去的几年中,在文化遗产领域中使用深度学习和计算机视觉在文化遗产领域变得非常相关,其中包括有关音频智能指南,互动博物馆和增强现实的大量应用。所有这些技术都需要大量数据才能有效工作并对用户有用。在艺术品的背景下,专家在昂贵且耗时的过程中注释了此类数据。特别是,对于每件艺术品,必须收集艺术品和描述表的图像,以执行诸如视觉问题回答之类的常见任务。在本文中,我们提出了一种视觉问题回答的方法,该方法允许在运行时生成一个描述表,该表可用于回答有关艺术品的视觉和上下文问题,从而完全避免了图像和注释过程。为此,我们研究了使用GPT-3来生成描述用于艺术品,以分析通过字幕指标分析生成的描述的质量。最后,我们评估了视觉问答答案和字幕任务的性能。
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在本文中,我们设计和训练生成的图像到文本变压器Git,以统一视觉语言任务,例如图像/视频字幕和问题答案。尽管生成模型在预训练和微调之间提供了一致的网络体系结构,但现有工作通常包含复杂的结构(Uni/多模式编码器/解码器),并取决于外部模块,例如对象检测器/标记器和光学角色识别(OCR) )。在git中,我们将体系结构简化为一个图像编码器,而在单语言建模任务下将架构简化为一个文本解码器。我们还扩展了预训练数据和模型大小,以提高模型性能。没有铃铛和哨子,我们的git在12个具有挑战性的基准下建立了新的艺术状态。例如,我们的模型在文本贴图上首次超过了人类的表现(138.2 vs. 125.5在苹果酒中)。此外,我们提出了一种新的基于一代的图像分类和场景文本识别的方案,在标准基准上实现了不错的表现。
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Many high-level skills that are required for computer vision tasks, such as parsing questions, comparing and contrasting semantics, and writing descriptions, are also required in other domains such as natural language processing. In this paper, we ask whether this makes it possible to learn those skills from text data and then use them to complete vision tasks without ever training on visual training data. Key to our approach is exploiting the joint embedding space of contrastively trained vision and language encoders. In practice, there can be systematic differences between embedding spaces for different modalities in contrastive models, and we analyze how these differences affect our approach and study a variety of strategies to mitigate this concern. We produce models using only text training data on three tasks: image captioning, visual entailment and visual question answering, and evaluate them on standard benchmarks using images. We find that this kind of transfer is possible and results in only a small drop in performance relative to models trained on images. We also showcase a variety of stylistic image captioning models that were trained using no image data and no human-curated language data, but instead text data from books, the web, or language models.
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In this paper, we propose an end-to-end Retrieval-Augmented Visual Language Model (REVEAL) that learns to encode world knowledge into a large-scale memory, and to retrieve from it to answer knowledge-intensive queries. REVEAL consists of four key components: the memory, the encoder, the retriever and the generator. The large-scale memory encodes various sources of multimodal world knowledge (e.g. image-text pairs, question answering pairs, knowledge graph triplets, etc) via a unified encoder. The retriever finds the most relevant knowledge entries in the memory, and the generator fuses the retrieved knowledge with the input query to produce the output. A key novelty in our approach is that the memory, encoder, retriever and generator are all pre-trained end-to-end on a massive amount of data. Furthermore, our approach can use a diverse set of multimodal knowledge sources, which is shown to result in significant gains. We show that REVEAL achieves state-of-the-art results on visual question answering and image captioning.
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基于知识的视觉问题的问题涉及除了图像内容之外还涉及需要外部知识的问题。这些知识通常有各种形式,包括视觉,文本和致辞知识。使用更多知识来源,增加了检索更无关紧要或嘈杂的事实的可能性,使其充实并找到答案的挑战。为了解决这一挑战,我们使用外部知识(MAVEX)提出了多模态答案验证,其中该想法是根据答案特定知识检索验证一组有希望的答案候选者。而不是在大多数现有方法中搜索大量不相关的事实中的答案,Mavex旨在学习如何从嘈杂来源中提取相关知识,这是对每个答复候选者的信任,以及如何使用候选者那个来源。除了以维基百科句子和概念概念的形式之外,我们的多模态设置是第一个利用外部视觉知识(使用谷歌搜索的图像)。我们的实验与OK-VQA是一个具有挑战性的知识VQA数据集,证明了MAVEX实现了新的最先进的结果。我们的代码可在https://github.com/jialinwu17/mavex提供
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有效的缩放和灵活的任务接口使大型语言模型能够在许多任务中表现出色。帕利(Pali)根据视觉和文本输入生成文本,并使用该界面以许多语言执行许多视觉,语言和多模式任务。为了训练帕利,我们利用了大型的编码器语言模型和视觉变压器(VITS)。这使我们能够利用其现有能力,并利用培训它们的大量成本。我们发现,视觉和语言组成部分的联合缩放很重要。由于现有的语言变压器比其视觉对应物要大得多,因此我们训练迄今为止最大的VIT(VIT-E),以量化甚至大容量视觉模型的好处。为了训练Pali,我们基于一个新的图像文本训练集,其中包含10B图像和文本,以100多种语言来创建大型的多语言组合。帕利(Pali)在多个视觉和语言任务(例如字幕,视觉问题,索方式,场景文本理解)中实现了最新的,同时保留了简单,模块化和可扩展的设计。
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从预训练的语言模型中进行的引导已被证明是用于建立基础视觉模型(VLM)的有效方法,例如图像字幕或视觉问题的答案。但是,很难用它来使模型符合用户的理由来获得特定答案。为了引起和加强常识性原因,我们提出了一个迭代采样和调整范式,称为Illume,执行以下循环:给定图像问题提示提示,VLM采样了多个候选人,并通过人类评论家通过偏好提供最小的反馈。选择,用于微调。该循环增加了训练数据,并逐渐雕刻出VLM的合理化功能。我们的详尽实验表明,Illume在使用较少的培训数据的同时,仅需要最少的反馈,与标准监督的微调竞争。
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Prompt tuning is a new few-shot transfer learning technique that only tunes the learnable prompt for pre-trained vision and language models such as CLIP. However, existing prompt tuning methods tend to learn spurious or entangled representations, which leads to poor generalization to unseen concepts. Towards non-spurious and efficient prompt learning from limited examples, this paper presents a novel \underline{\textbf{C}}ounterfactual \underline{\textbf{P}}rompt \underline{\textbf{L}}earning (CPL) method for vision and language models, which simultaneously employs counterfactual generation and contrastive learning in a joint optimization framework. Particularly, CPL constructs counterfactual by identifying minimal non-spurious feature change between semantically-similar positive and negative samples that causes concept change, and learns more generalizable prompt representation from both factual and counterfactual examples via contrastive learning. Extensive experiments demonstrate that CPL can obtain superior few-shot performance on different vision and language tasks than previous prompt tuning methods on CLIP. On image classification, we achieve 3.55\% average relative improvement on unseen classes across seven datasets; on image-text retrieval and visual question answering, we gain up to 4.09\% and 25.08\% relative improvements across three few-shot scenarios on unseen test sets respectively.
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We present Answer-Me, a task-aware multi-task framework which unifies a variety of question answering tasks, such as, visual question answering, visual entailment, visual reasoning. In contrast to previous works using contrastive or generative captioning training, we propose a novel and simple recipe to pre-train a vision-language joint model, which is multi-task as well. The pre-training uses only noisy image captioning data, and is formulated to use the entire architecture end-to-end with both a strong language encoder and decoder. Our results show state-of-the-art performance, zero-shot generalization, robustness to forgetting, and competitive single-task results across a variety of question answering tasks. Our multi-task mixture training learns from tasks of various question intents and thus generalizes better, including on zero-shot vision-language tasks. We conduct experiments in the challenging multi-task and open-vocabulary settings and across a variety of datasets and tasks, such as VQA2.0, SNLI-VE, NLVR2, GQA. We observe that the proposed approach is able to generalize to unseen tasks and that more diverse mixtures lead to higher accuracy in both known and novel tasks.
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视觉问题回答(VQA)主要通过英语镜头进行了研究。但是,以其他方式以其他方式处理VQA将需要大量资源。在本文中,我们在数据和建模方面提出了多种语言视觉问题回答(MVQA)的可扩展解决方案。我们首先向MVQA数据生成提出了一个基于翻译的框架,该框架比直接收集问题和答案的常规方法所需的人类注释工作要少得多。然后,我们将框架应用于CrossModal-3600数据集中的多语言字幕,并开发了有效的注释协议,以创建Maverics-XM3600(MAXM),这是一种仅使用7种不同语言的仅测试的VQA基准。最后,我们提出了一种方法,用于统一,可扩展,开放式和端到端MVQA建模,并在13种语言中表现出强劲的性能。
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视频问题回答(VideoQA)是一项复杂的任务,需要多种模式数据进行培训。但是,对视频的问题和答案的手动注释是乏味的,禁止可扩展性。为了解决这个问题,最近的方法考虑了零拍设置,而无需手动注释视觉问题。特别是,一种有前途的方法调整了在网络级文本数据中预测的冻结自回归语言模型,以适应多模式输入。相比之下,我们在这里建立在冷冻双向语言模型(BILM)的基础上,并表明这种方法为零拍出的VideoQA提供了更强大,更便宜的替代方案。特别是(i)我们使用轻型训练模块将视觉输入与冷冻的BILM结合在一起,(ii)我们使用Web-Scrafe Multi-Mododal数据训练此类模块,最后(iii)我们通过掩盖语言执行零声录像带推断建模,其中蒙版文本是给定问题的答案。我们提出的方法Frozenbilm在零摄影的视频中的表现优于最高的,包括LSMDC-FIB,包括LSMDC-FIB,IVQA,MSRVTT-QA,MSVD-QA,ActivityNet-QA,TGIF-FRAMEQA,TGIF-FRAMEQA,,TGIF-FRAMEQA,,TGIF-FRAMEQA,,,MSRVTT-QA,MSRVTT-QA,MSRVTT-QA,MSRVTT-QA,MSRVTT-QA,,均优于最新技术。 How2QA和TVQA。它还在几次且完全监督的环境中展示了竞争性能。我们的代码和模型将在https://antoyang.github.io/frozenbilm.html上公开提供。
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在回答问题时,人类会利用跨不同模式可用的信息来综合一致,完整的思想链(COT)。在深度学习模型(例如大规模语言模型)的情况下,这个过程通常是黑匣子。最近,科学问题基准已用于诊断AI系统的多跳推理能力和解释性。但是,现有数据集无法为答案提供注释,或仅限于仅文本模式,小尺度和有限的域多样性。为此,我们介绍了科学问题答案(SQA),这是一个新的基准,由〜21k的多模式多种选择问题组成,其中包含各种科学主题和答案的注释,并提供相应的讲座和解释。我们进一步设计语言模型,以学习将讲座和解释作为思想链(COT),以模仿回答SQA问题时的多跳上推理过程。 SQA在语言模型中展示了COT的实用性,因为COT将问题的答案绩效提高了1.20%的GPT-3和3.99%的unifiedqa。我们还探索了模型的上限,以通过喂食输入中的那些来利用解释;我们观察到它将GPT-3的少量性能提高了18.96%。我们的分析进一步表明,与人类类似的语言模型受益于解释,从较少的数据中学习并仅使用40%的数据实现相同的性能。
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Vision-Language Pre-Training (VLP) has shown promising capabilities to align image and text pairs, facilitating a broad variety of cross-modal learning tasks. However, we observe that VLP models often lack the visual grounding/localization capability which is critical for many downstream tasks such as visual reasoning. In this work, we propose a novel Position-guided Text Prompt (PTP) paradigm to enhance the visual grounding ability of cross-modal models trained with VLP. Specifically, in the VLP phase, PTP divides the image into $N\times N$ blocks, and identifies the objects in each block through the widely used object detector in VLP. It then reformulates the visual grounding task into a fill-in-the-blank problem given a PTP by encouraging the model to predict the objects in the given blocks or regress the blocks of a given object, e.g. filling `P" or ``O" in aPTP ``The block P has a O". This mechanism improves the visual grounding capability of VLP models and thus helps them better handle various downstream tasks. By introducing PTP into several state-of-the-art VLP frameworks, we observe consistently significant improvements across representative cross-modal learning model architectures and several benchmarks, e.g. zero-shot Flickr30K Retrieval (+4.8 in average recall@1) for ViLT \cite{vilt} baseline, and COCO Captioning (+5.3 in CIDEr) for SOTA BLIP \cite{blip} baseline. Moreover, PTP achieves comparable results with object-detector based methods, and much faster inference speed since PTP discards its object detector for inference while the later cannot. Our code and pre-trained weight will be released at \url{https://github.com/sail-sg/ptp}.
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Reasoning, as an essential ability for complex problem-solving, can provide back-end support for various real-world applications, such as medical diagnosis, negotiation, etc. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of cutting-edge research on reasoning with language model prompting. We introduce research works with comparisons and summaries and provide systematic resources to help beginners. We also discuss the potential reasons for emerging such reasoning abilities and highlight future research directions.
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在维持预审预定序列模型的灵活性的同时,是否有利于常识性推理,这仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。为了调查这个问题,我们开发了生成的知识提示,该提示包括从语言模型中生成知识,然后在回答问题时提供知识作为附加输入。我们的方法不需要特定于任务的监督知识集成或访问结构化的知识库,但它可以提高四个常识性推理任务上的大规模,最先进的模型的性能,从而实现最先进-ART结果取决于数值常识(NumerSense),通用常识性(Commonsenseqa 2.0)和科学常识(QASC)基准。产生的知识促使大型语言模型是灵活的外部知识来源,以改善常识性推理。我们的代码可从https://github.com/liujch1998/gkp获得
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