Prompt tuning is a new few-shot transfer learning technique that only tunes the learnable prompt for pre-trained vision and language models such as CLIP. However, existing prompt tuning methods tend to learn spurious or entangled representations, which leads to poor generalization to unseen concepts. Towards non-spurious and efficient prompt learning from limited examples, this paper presents a novel \underline{\textbf{C}}ounterfactual \underline{\textbf{P}}rompt \underline{\textbf{L}}earning (CPL) method for vision and language models, which simultaneously employs counterfactual generation and contrastive learning in a joint optimization framework. Particularly, CPL constructs counterfactual by identifying minimal non-spurious feature change between semantically-similar positive and negative samples that causes concept change, and learns more generalizable prompt representation from both factual and counterfactual examples via contrastive learning. Extensive experiments demonstrate that CPL can obtain superior few-shot performance on different vision and language tasks than previous prompt tuning methods on CLIP. On image classification, we achieve 3.55\% average relative improvement on unseen classes across seven datasets; on image-text retrieval and visual question answering, we gain up to 4.09\% and 25.08\% relative improvements across three few-shot scenarios on unseen test sets respectively.
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随着大型预训练的Vison语言模型(如剪辑)的出现,可以通过及时调整来调整可转让表示形式。及时调整试图从存储在预训练的视觉模型的图像和文本编码器中的常识中探索有益信息,以探索下游任务。最近提出的名为“上下文优化”(COP)的方法将一组可学习的向量从语言侧引入文本提示符,而单独调整文本提示符则不会影响图像编码器的计算视觉特征,从而导致了次级优势。在本文中,我们通过学习文本提示并同时为文本和图像编码器提供双重模式提示调整范式。此外,为了使视觉提示更多地集中在目标视觉概念上,我们提出了类感知的视觉及时调整(CAVPT),该调整是通过在模板提示和视觉类别令牌嵌入的语言描述之间进行交叉注意来动态生成的。我们的方法提供了一种新的范式来调整大型预训练的视觉模型,并在8个数据集上进行了广泛的实验结果,证明了该方法的有效性。我们的代码在补充材料中可用。
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诸如剪辑之类的大型预训练的视觉模型在学习表现方面表现出巨大的潜力,这些模型可以在各种下游任务中转移。与主要基于离散标签的传统表示学习不同,视觉语言预训练会使图像和文本在公共特征空间中对齐,这允许通过提示零弹性转移到下游任务,即从分类权重合成。描述兴趣类的自然语言。在这项工作中,我们表明,在实践中部署此类模型的一个重大挑战是及时的工程,它需要域专业知识,并且非常耗时 - 由于措辞的略有变化,需要花费大量时间来进行单词调整可能会对性能产生巨大影响。受到自然语言处理(NLP)迅速学习研究的最新进展的启发,我们提出了上下文优化(COP),这是一种专门用于调整类似剪辑的视觉语言模型的简单方法,用于下游图像识别。具体而言,Coop用可学习的向量建模了提示A的上下文单词,而整个预训练的参数则保持固定。为了处理不同的图像识别任务,我们提供了两个COOP的实现:统一上下文和特定于班级的上下文。通过在11个数据集上进行的大量实验,我们证明Coop只需要一两个镜头才能以相当的利润击败手工制作的提示,并且能够以16张镜头(例如16张照片)获得迅速工程的显着改进增益约为15%(最高达到45%以上)。尽管是一种基于学习的方法,但与使用手工制作的提示相比,Coop与零拍模型相比,取得了出色的域泛化性能。
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大多数现有的视觉语言预训练方法侧重于在预先绘制期间了解解决任务并使用伯特样目标(屏蔽语言建模和图像 - 文本匹配)。虽然它们在许多理解下游任务中表现良好,但是,例如,视觉问题应答,图像文本检索和视觉存在,它们没有生成的能力。为了解决这个问题,我们为视觉语言理解和一代(UNIVL)提出了统一的多模式预培训。建议的UNIVL能够处理理解任务和生成任务。我们增强了现有的预押范例,只使用带有因果面罩的随机掩模,即掩盖未来令牌的三角面具,使得预先接受的模型可以通过设计具有自动发育能力。我们将几个以前的理解任务作为文本生成任务制定,并建议使用基于提示的方法来进行不同的下游任务进行微调。我们的实验表明,在使用相同型号的同时了解任务和生成任务之间存在权衡,以及改善两个任务的可行方式是使用更多数据。我们的UNIVL框架可以在近似验证任务和生成任务中获得最近的愿景预培训方法的性能。此外,我们开展了基于及时的FineTuning更具数据效率 - 在几次拍摄场景中表现出差异的方法。
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预训练的视觉模型(例如,剪辑)在许多下游任务中显示出有希望的零弹性概括,并具有正确设计的文本提示。最近的作品不依赖手工设计的提示,而是使用下游任务的培训数据来学习提示。虽然有效,但针对领域数据的培训却降低了模型的概括能力,使其无法看到新领域。在这项工作中,我们提出了测试时间提示调整(TPT),该方法可以通过单个测试样本即时学习自适应提示。对于图像分类,TPT通过使用置信度选择最小化熵来优化提示,以便模型在每个测试样本的不同增强视图上都具有一致的预测。在评估对自然分布变化的概括时,TPT平均将零击的TOP-1精度提高了3.6%,超过了先前需要其他特定于任务的训练数据的迅速调整方法。在评估看不见类别的跨数据集泛化时,TPT与使用其他培训数据的最先进方法相当。项目页面:https://azshue.github.io/tpt。
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探索大规模预处理的基础模型对计算机视觉具有重大兴趣,因为这些模型可以快速转移到许多下游任务中。本文介绍了对比字幕(COCA),这是一种极简主义的设计,旨在为图像文本编码器编码器基础模型预算与对比度损失和字幕损失,从而从剪辑和诸如simvlm之类的生成方法之类的对比方法中包含模型能力。与所有解码器层都参与编码器输出的标准编码器 - 模块变压器相反,可口可乐省略了解码器层的上半部分的交叉注意,以编码单峰文本表示,并串联到剩余的解码器层,这些解码器与图像编码器相交的解码器层多模式图像文本表示。除了对多模态解码器输出的字幕损失外,我们还应用了单峰图像和文本嵌入之间的对比损失,该输出可以预测文本令牌自动加压。通过共享相同的计算图,可以用最小的开销有效地计算两个培训目标。可口可乐是端到端和从头开始的网络尺度alt-text数据和带注释的图像,通过将所有标签视为文本,无缝地统一自然语言监督以进行表示。从经验上讲,可口可乐通过零拍传输或在广泛的下游任务上进行零摄像转移或最少的特定任务适应,跨越视觉识别(Imagenet,Kinetics-400/600/700,瞬间, ),交叉模式检索(MSCOCO,FLICKR30K,MSR-VTT),多模式理解(VQA,SNLI-VE,NLVR2)和图像字幕(MSCOCO,NOCAPS)。值得注意的是,在Imagenet分类方面,COCA获得了86.3%的TOP-1准确性,带有冷冻编码器和学习的分类头90.6%,以及带有填充编码器的Imagenet上的新最先进的91.0%Top-1 Top-1精度。
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Prompt Tuning, conditioning on task-specific learned prompt vectors, has emerged as a data-efficient and parameter-efficient method for adapting large pretrained vision-language models to multiple downstream tasks. However, existing approaches usually consider learning prompt vectors for each task independently from scratch, thereby failing to exploit the rich shareable knowledge across different vision-language tasks. In this paper, we propose multitask vision-language prompt tuning (MVLPT), which incorporates cross-task knowledge into prompt tuning for vision-language models. Specifically, (i) we demonstrate the effectiveness of learning a single transferable prompt from multiple source tasks to initialize the prompt for each target task; (ii) we show many target tasks can benefit each other from sharing prompt vectors and thus can be jointly learned via multitask prompt tuning. We benchmark the proposed MVLPT using three representative prompt tuning methods, namely text prompt tuning, visual prompt tuning, and the unified vision-language prompt tuning. Results in 20 vision tasks demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms all single-task baseline prompt tuning methods, setting the new state-of-the-art on the few-shot ELEVATER benchmarks and cross-task generalization benchmarks. To understand where the cross-task knowledge is most effective, we also conduct a large-scale study on task transferability with 20 vision tasks in 400 combinations for each prompt tuning method. It shows that the most performant MVLPT for each prompt tuning method prefers different task combinations and many tasks can benefit each other, depending on their visual similarity and label similarity. Code is available at https://github.com/sIncerass/MVLPT.
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Prompt learning is one of the most effective and trending ways to adapt powerful vision-language foundation models like CLIP to downstream datasets by tuning learnable prompt vectors with very few samples. However, although prompt learning achieves excellent performance over in-domain data, it still faces the major challenge of generalizing to unseen classes and domains. Some existing prompt learning methods tackle this issue by adaptively generating different prompts for different tokens or domains but neglecting the ability of learned prompts to generalize to unseen domains. In this paper, we propose a novel prompt learning paradigm that directly generates domain invariant prompt generalizable to unseen domains, called MetaPrompt. Specifically, a dual-modality prompt tuning network is proposed to generate prompts for inputs from both image and text modalities. More importantly, we propose a meta-learning-based prompt tuning algorithm that explicitly constrains the prompt tuned on a specific domain or class also to achieve good performance on another domain or class. Extensive experiments on 11 datasets for base-to-new generalization and four datasets for domain generalization demonstrate that our method consistently and significantly outperforms existing methods.
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本文介绍了Omnivl,这是一种新的基础模型,旨在使用一种通用体系结构来支持图像语言和视频语言任务。它为图像和视频输入采用了统一的基于变压器的视觉编码器,因此可以执行联合图像语言和视频语言预处理。我们首次证明了这样的范式受益于图像和视频任务,而不是传统的单向传输(例如,使用图像语言来帮助视频语言)。为此,我们提出了对图像语言和视频语言的脱钩关节预处理,以有效地将视觉模型分解为空间和时间维度,并在图像和视频任务上获得性能提升。此外,我们引入了一种新颖的统一视觉对比度(UNIVLC)损失,以利用图像文本,视频文本,图像标签(例如,图像分类),视频标签(例如,视频动作识别)在一起受到监督和吵闹的监督预处理数据都尽可能多地利用。无需额外的任务适配器,Omnivl可以同时支持仅视觉任务(例如,图像分类,视频操作识别),跨模式对齐任务(例如,图像/视频 - 文本检索)和多模式理解和生成任务(例如,图像/视频问答,字幕)。我们在各种下游任务上评估Omnivl,并以相似的模型大小和数据量表获得最新的或竞争结果。
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自动视觉解对我们多样化和开放的世界需要计算机视觉模型,以概括为特定任务的最小定制,类似于人类视力。计算机视觉基础型号培训,培训多样化,大型数据集,可以适应各种下游任务,对该任务来解决现实世界计算机视觉应用而言至关重要。虽然现有的视觉基础模型如剪辑,对齐和吴道2.0主要集中在映射图像和文本表示到跨模型共享表示,我们介绍了一台新的计算机视觉基础模型,佛罗伦萨,扩大粗糙的表示(现场)到精细(对象),从静态(图像)到动态(视频),以及从RGB到多个模态(标题,深度)。通过从Web级图像文本数据中纳入通用视觉语言表示,我们的佛罗伦萨模型可以很容易地适应各种计算机视觉任务,例如分类,检索,对象检测,VQA,图像标题,视频检索和动作识别。此外,佛罗伦萨在许多类型的转移学习中表现出出色的表现:全面采样的微调,线性探测,几次射击传输和用于新颖图像和物体的零拍摄传输。所有这些属性对于我们的视觉基础模型至关重要,以提供通用视觉任务。佛罗伦萨实现了新的最先进的导致44个代表性基准,例如Imagenet-1K零射击分类,最高1精度为83.74,最高5个精度为97.18,62.4地图上的Coco微调, 80.36在VQA上,动力学-600上的87.8。
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在低标签制度中,解决图像的多标签识别(MLR)是许多现实世界应用的一项艰巨任务。最近的工作学会了文本和视觉空间之间的一致性,以补偿图像标签不足,但由于可用的MLR注释量有限,因此失去了准确性。在这项工作中,我们利用数百万辅助图像文本对预测的文本和视觉特征的牢固对齐,并提出双背景优化(dualCoop)作为部分标签MLR和零发射MLR的统一框架。 DualCoop用类名来编码正面和负面的上下文,作为语言输入的一部分(即提示)。由于DualCoop仅在验证的视觉语言框架上引入了非常轻松的开销,因此它可以迅速适应具有有限的注释甚至看不见的类别的多标签识别任务。对两个挑战性低标签设置的标准多标签识别基准测试的实验证明了我们方法比最新方法的优势。
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Prompt tuning has been employed as an efficient way to adapt large vision-language pre-trained models (e.g. CLIP) to various downstream tasks in data-limited or label-limited settings. Nonetheless, visual data (e.g., images) is by default prerequisite for learning prompts in existing methods. In this work, we advocate that the effectiveness of image-text contrastive learning in aligning the two modalities (for training CLIP) further makes it feasible to treat texts as images for prompt tuning and introduce TaI prompting. In contrast to the visual data, text descriptions are easy to collect, and their class labels can be directly derived. Particularly, we apply TaI prompting to multi-label image recognition, where sentences in the wild serve as alternatives to images for prompt tuning. Moreover, with TaI, double-grained prompt tuning (TaI-DPT) is further presented to extract both coarse-grained and fine-grained embeddings for enhancing the multi-label recognition performance. Experimental results show that our proposed TaI-DPT outperforms zero-shot CLIP by a large margin on multiple benchmarks, e.g., MS-COCO, VOC2007, and NUS-WIDE, while it can be combined with existing methods of prompting from images to improve recognition performance further. Code is released at https://github.com/guozix/TaI-DPT.
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Although significant progress has been made in few-shot learning, most of existing few-shot learning methods require supervised pre-training on a large amount of samples of base classes, which limits their generalization ability in real world application. Recently, large-scale self-supervised vision-language models (e.g., CLIP) have provided a new paradigm for transferable visual representation learning. However, the pre-trained VLPs may neglect detailed visual information that is difficult to describe by language sentences, but important for learning an effective classifier in few-shot classification. To address the above problem, we propose a new framework, named Semantic-guided Visual Adapting (SgVA), which can effectively extend vision-language pre-trained models to produce discriminative task-specific visual features by comprehensively using a vision-specific contrastive loss, a cross-modal contrastive loss, and an implicit knowledge distillation. The implicit knowledge distillation is designed to transfer the fine-grained cross-modal knowledge to guide the updating of the vision adapter. State-of-the-art results on 13 datasets demonstrate that the adapted visual features can well complement the cross-modal features to improve few-shot image classification.
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基础模型由于在广泛的下游应用中的有效性而受到了很多关注。尽管在体系结构方面存在很大的融合,但大多数审慎的模型通常仍用于特定任务或模式。在这项工作中,我们建议将语言模型用作各种基础模型的通用接口。一系列预处理的编码者感知到了多种方式(例如视觉和语言),并与扮演通用任务层角色的语言模型对接。我们提出了一个半伴侣的语言建模目标,以共同确定界面和模块化编码器。我们从因果关系和非因果建模中涵盖了优势和能力,从而结合了两个世界的最佳状态。具体而言,所提出的方法不仅从因果语言建模中继承了内在学习和开放式生成的能力,而且由于双向编码器而有利于填补。更重要的是,我们的方法无缝地解锁了上述功能的组合,例如,通过填充编码器启用了文本学习或指导。各种仅语言和视觉语言基准的实验结果表明,我们的模型表现优于或与鉴定,零弹性概括和几乎没有的学习的专业模型竞争。
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对比视觉语言预培训(剪辑)最近淹没了其可转让的视觉表现学习的关注。由大规模的图像文本对进行监督,剪辑能够对准配对的图像和文本,从而在开放词汇场景中进行零拍摄识别。然而,特定应用与通常预先训练的知识之间存在语义差距,这使得匹配子最优在下游任务上。在本文中,我们提出了VT-CLIP通过可视导向文本来增强视觉语言建模。具体而言,我们指导文本功能以自适应地探索图像上的信息区域,并通过跨关注的Machanism聚合视觉特征。以这种方式,视觉引导文本与图像变得更加语义相关,这极大地利益匹配过程。在几次拍摄的设置中,我们在11名知名分类数据集中评估我们的VT-CLIP,并进行实验广泛的消融研究,以证明VT-CLIP的有效性。代码将很快发布。
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有效的缩放和灵活的任务接口使大型语言模型能够在许多任务中表现出色。帕利(Pali)根据视觉和文本输入生成文本,并使用该界面以许多语言执行许多视觉,语言和多模式任务。为了训练帕利,我们利用了大型的编码器语言模型和视觉变压器(VITS)。这使我们能够利用其现有能力,并利用培训它们的大量成本。我们发现,视觉和语言组成部分的联合缩放很重要。由于现有的语言变压器比其视觉对应物要大得多,因此我们训练迄今为止最大的VIT(VIT-E),以量化甚至大容量视觉模型的好处。为了训练Pali,我们基于一个新的图像文本训练集,其中包含10B图像和文本,以100多种语言来创建大型的多语言组合。帕利(Pali)在多个视觉和语言任务(例如字幕,视觉问题,索方式,场景文本理解)中实现了最新的,同时保留了简单,模块化和可扩展的设计。
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State-of-the-art computer vision systems are trained to predict a fixed set of predetermined object categories. This restricted form of supervision limits their generality and usability since additional labeled data is needed to specify any other visual concept. Learning directly from raw text about images is a promising alternative which leverages a much broader source of supervision. We demonstrate that the simple pre-training task of predicting which caption goes with which image is an efficient and scalable way to learn SOTA image representations from scratch on a dataset of 400 million (image, text) pairs collected from the internet. After pre-training, natural language is used to reference learned visual concepts (or describe new ones) enabling zero-shot transfer of the model to downstream tasks. We study the performance of this approach by benchmarking on over 30 different existing computer vision datasets, spanning tasks such as OCR, action recognition in videos, geo-localization, and many types of fine-grained object classification. The model transfers non-trivially to most tasks and is often competitive with a fully supervised baseline without the need for any dataset specific training. For instance, we match the accuracy of the original ResNet-50 on ImageNet zero-shot without needing to use any of the 1.28 million training examples it was trained on. We release our code and pre-trained model weights at https://github.com/OpenAI/CLIP.
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Pretrained large-scale vision-language models like CLIP have exhibited strong generalization over unseen tasks. Yet imperceptible adversarial perturbations can significantly reduce CLIP's performance on new tasks. In this work, we identify and explore the problem of \emph{adapting large-scale models for zero-shot adversarial robustness}. We first identify two key factors during model adaption -- training losses and adaptation methods -- that affect the model's zero-shot adversarial robustness. We then propose a text-guided contrastive adversarial training loss, which aligns the text embeddings and the adversarial visual features with contrastive learning on a small set of training data. We apply this training loss to two adaption methods, model finetuning and visual prompt tuning. We find that visual prompt tuning is more effective in the absence of texts, while finetuning wins in the existence of text guidance. Overall, our approach significantly improves the zero-shot adversarial robustness over CLIP, seeing an average improvement of over 31 points over ImageNet and 15 zero-shot datasets. We hope this work can shed light on understanding the zero-shot adversarial robustness of large-scale models.
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人工智能(AI)的基本目标是模仿人类的核心认知活动。尽管在AI研究中取得了巨大的成功,但大多数现有方法仅具有单认知能力。为了克服这一局限性并迈出了朝着人工通用智能(AGI)迈出的坚实一步,我们开发了一个通过庞大的多模式数据进行预训练的基础模型,可以快速适应各种下游认知任务。为了实现这一目标,我们建议通过从Internet上拖延的语义相关数据进行自我监督的学习来预先培训我们的基础模型,并表明可以在各种下游任务上获得有希望的结果。特别是,使用开发的模型解剖工具,我们证明了我们的基础模型现在拥有强大的想象力。我们认为,我们的工作从我们的“弱或狭窄AI”的常见实践到“强或广泛的AI”迈出了转变的迈向AGI。
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视觉语言预培训对从大规模Web数据学习联合视觉文本表示的巨大成功,展示了零拍广泛的显着能力。本文介绍了一种简单的方法,可以将一个预先训练的视觉语言模型有效地调整到具有最小培训的新型任务,以及这里,我们考虑视频了解任务。具体而言,我们建议优化几个随机向量,称为连续提示向量,将新颖任务转换为与预培训目标相同的格式。此外,为了弥合静态图像和视频之间的差距,用堆叠在框架明智的视觉特征之上的轻量压变压器编码时分信息。在实验上,我们进行广泛的消融研究,以分析关键组成部分和必需品。在9个公共基准的行动认可,行动本地化和文本 - 视频检索,跨封闭式,几次射击,开放式场景,我们为现有方法实现了竞争或最先进的性能,尽管培训显着更少的参数。
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