视频问题回答（VideoQA）是一项复杂的任务，需要多种模式数据进行培训。但是，对视频的问题和答案的手动注释是乏味的，禁止可扩展性。为了解决这个问题，最近的方法考虑了零拍设置，而无需手动注释视觉问题。特别是，一种有前途的方法调整了在网络级文本数据中预测的冻结自回归语言模型，以适应多模式输入。相比之下，我们在这里建立在冷冻双向语言模型（BILM）的基础上，并表明这种方法为零拍出的VideoQA提供了更强大，更便宜的替代方案。特别是（i）我们使用轻型训练模块将视觉输入与冷冻的BILM结合在一起，（ii）我们使用Web-Scrafe Multi-Mododal数据训练此类模块，最后（iii）我们通过掩盖语言执行零声录像带推断建模，其中蒙版文本是给定问题的答案。我们提出的方法Frozenbilm在零摄影的视频中的表现优于最高的，包括LSMDC-FIB，包括LSMDC-FIB，IVQA，MSRVTT-QA，MSVD-QA，ActivityNet-QA，TGIF-FRAMEQA，TGIF-FRAMEQA，，TGIF-FRAMEQA，，TGIF-FRAMEQA，，，MSRVTT-QA，MSRVTT-QA，MSRVTT-QA，MSRVTT-QA，MSRVTT-QA，，均优于最新技术。 How2QA和TVQA。它还在几次且完全监督的环境中展示了竞争性能。我们的代码和模型将在https://antoyang.github.io/frozenbilm.html上公开提供。

近年来，统一的视觉语言框架已经大大提高，其中大多数采用编码器架构将图像文本任务统一为序列到序列的生成。但是，现有的视频语言（VIDL）模型仍需要在每个任务的模型体系结构和培训目标中进行特定于任务的设计。在这项工作中，我们探索了一个统一的VIDL框架薰衣草，其中蒙版语言建模（MLM）用作所有前训练和下游任务的常见接口。这样的统一导致了简化的模型体系结构，在多模式编码器之上，只需要一个轻巧的MLM头，而不是具有更多参数的解码器。令人惊讶的是，实验结果表明，这个统一的框架在14个VIDL基准测试中实现了竞争性能，涵盖了视频问答，文本到视频检索和视频字幕。广泛的分析进一步证明了薰衣草比现有VIDL方法的优势：（i）在多任务列出时仅使用一组参数值支持所有下游任务； （ii）对各种下游任务的几乎没有概括； （iii）在视频问题回答任务上启用零射门评估。代码可从https://github.com/microsoft/lavender获得。

大规模预制速度迅速成为视觉语言（VL）建模中的规范。然而，普遍的VL方法受标记数据的要求和复杂的多步预介质目标的要求受限。我们呈现Magma - 使用基于适配器的FineTuning使用额外的方式增强生成语言模型的简单方法。在冻结的情况下，我们培训一系列VL模型，从视觉和文本输入的任意组合自动生成文本。使用单一语言建模目的，预先预测完全结束于结束，与先前的方法相比，简化优化。重要的是，在培训期间，语言模型权重保持不变，允许从语言预磨练转移百科全书知识和内心的学习能力。 Magma在开放式生成任务上冻结的岩浆，实现了最先进的状态，结果在Okvqa基准和竞争结果上的一系列其他流行的VL基准测试中，同时预先训练用于培训SIMVLM的样本数量的0.2％。

视频语言（VIDL）建模的巨大挑战在于从图像/视频理解模型和下游Vidl数据中提取的固定视频表示之间的断开。最近的研究试图通过端到端培训来减轻这种断开连接。为了使其进行计算可行，先前的作品倾向于“想象”视频输入，即，将一些稀疏的采样帧馈送到2D CNN中，然后是简单的均值汇集或连接以获得整体视频表示。虽然实现了有希望的结果，但这种简单的方法可能会失去对于执行下游VIDL任务至关重要的时间信息。在这项工作中，我们呈现紫罗兰色，全新的视频语言变压器，采用视频变压器，明确地模拟视频输入的时间动态。此外，与以前的研究不同，发现视频输入上的预训练任务（例如，屏蔽帧建模）不是非常有效的，我们设计了一个新的预训练任务，屏蔽了视觉令牌建模（MVM），以获得更好的视频建模。具体地，原始视频帧修补程序将“令牌化”转换为离散的视觉令牌，目标是基于蒙面的贴片恢复原始的视觉令牌。综合分析展示了通过视频变压器和MVM显式时间建模的有效性。因此，紫罗兰在5个视频问题的回答任务和4个文本到视频检索任务中实现了新的最先进的性能。

探索大规模预处理的基础模型对计算机视觉具有重大兴趣，因为这些模型可以快速转移到许多下游任务中。本文介绍了对比字幕（COCA），这是一种极简主义的设计，旨在为图像文本编码器编码器基础模型预算与对比度损失和字幕损失，从而从剪辑和诸如simvlm之类的生成方法之类的对比方法中包含模型能力。与所有解码器层都参与编码器输出的标准编码器 - 模块变压器相反，可口可乐省略了解码器层的上半部分的交叉注意，以编码单峰文本表示，并串联到剩余的解码器层，这些解码器与图像编码器相交的解码器层多模式图像文本表示。除了对多模态解码器输出的字幕损失外，我们还应用了单峰图像和文本嵌入之间的对比损失，该输出可以预测文本令牌自动加压。通过共享相同的计算图，可以用最小的开销有效地计算两个培训目标。可口可乐是端到端和从头开始的网络尺度alt-text数据和带注释的图像，通过将所有标签视为文本，无缝地统一自然语言监督以进行表示。从经验上讲，可口可乐通过零拍传输或在广泛的下游任务上进行零摄像转移或最少的特定任务适应，跨越视觉识别（Imagenet，Kinetics-400/600/700，瞬间， ），交叉模式检索（MSCOCO，FLICKR30K，MSR-VTT），多模式理解（VQA，SNLI-VE，NLVR2）和图像字幕（MSCOCO，NOCAPS）。值得注意的是，在Imagenet分类方面，COCA获得了86.3％的TOP-1准确性，带有冷冻编码器和学习的分类头90.6％，以及带有填充编码器的Imagenet上的新最先进的91.0％Top-1 Top-1精度。

This work explores an efficient approach to establish a foundational video-text model for tasks including open-vocabulary video classification, text-to-video retrieval, video captioning and video question-answering. We present VideoCoCa that reuses a pretrained image-text contrastive captioner (CoCa) model and adapt it to video-text tasks with minimal extra training. While previous works adapt image-text models with various cross-frame fusion modules (for example, cross-frame attention layer or perceiver resampler) and finetune the modified architecture on video-text data, we surprisingly find that the generative attentional pooling and contrastive attentional pooling layers in the image-text CoCa design are instantly adaptable to ``flattened frame embeddings'', yielding a strong zero-shot transfer baseline for many video-text tasks. Specifically, the frozen image encoder of a pretrained image-text CoCa takes each video frame as inputs and generates \(N\) token embeddings per frame for totally \(T\) video frames. We flatten \(N \times T\) token embeddings as a long sequence of frozen video representation and apply CoCa's generative attentional pooling and contrastive attentional pooling on top. All model weights including pooling layers are directly loaded from an image-text CoCa pretrained model. Without any video or video-text data, VideoCoCa's zero-shot transfer baseline already achieves state-of-the-art results on zero-shot video classification on Kinetics 400/600/700, UCF101, HMDB51, and Charades, as well as zero-shot text-to-video retrieval on MSR-VTT and ActivityNet Captions. We also explore lightweight finetuning on top of VideoCoCa, and achieve strong results on video question-answering (iVQA, MSRVTT-QA, MSVD-QA) and video captioning (MSR-VTT, ActivityNet, Youcook2). Our approach establishes a simple and effective video-text baseline for future research.

本文介绍了Omnivl，这是一种新的基础模型，旨在使用一种通用体系结构来支持图像语言和视频语言任务。它为图像和视频输入采用了统一的基于变压器的视觉编码器，因此可以执行联合图像语言和视频语言预处理。我们首次证明了这样的范式受益于图像和视频任务，而不是传统的单向传输（例如，使用图像语言来帮助视频语言）。为此，我们提出了对图像语言和视频语言的脱钩关节预处理，以有效地将视觉模型分解为空间和时间维度，并在图像和视频任务上获得性能提升。此外，我们引入了一种新颖的统一视觉对比度（UNIVLC）损失，以利用图像文本，视频文本，图像标签（例如，图像分类），视频标签（例如，视频动作识别）在一起受到监督和吵闹的监督预处理数据都尽可能多地利用。无需额外的任务适配器，Omnivl可以同时支持仅视觉任务（例如，图像分类，视频操作识别），跨模式对齐任务（例如，图像/视频 - 文本检索）和多模式理解和生成任务（例如，图像/视频问答，字幕）。我们在各种下游任务上评估Omnivl，并以相似的模型大小和数据量表获得最新的或竞争结果。

We present ViLBERT (short for Vision-and-Language BERT), a model for learning task-agnostic joint representations of image content and natural language. We extend the popular BERT architecture to a multi-modal two-stream model, processing both visual and textual inputs in separate streams that interact through co-attentional transformer layers. We pretrain our model through two proxy tasks on the large, automatically collected Conceptual Captions dataset and then transfer it to multiple established vision-and-language tasks -visual question answering, visual commonsense reasoning, referring expressions, and caption-based image retrieval -by making only minor additions to the base architecture. We observe significant improvements across tasks compared to existing task-specific modelsachieving state-of-the-art on all four tasks. Our work represents a shift away from learning groundings between vision and language only as part of task training and towards treating visual grounding as a pretrainable and transferable capability.Preprint. Under review.

基础模型由于在广泛的下游应用中的有效性而受到了很多关注。尽管在体系结构方面存在很大的融合，但大多数审慎的模型通常仍用于特定任务或模式。在这项工作中，我们建议将语言模型用作各种基础模型的通用接口。一系列预处理的编码者感知到了多种方式（例如视觉和语言），并与扮演通用任务层角色的语言模型对接。我们提出了一个半伴侣的语言建模目标，以共同确定界面和模块化编码器。我们从因果关系和非因果建模中涵盖了优势和能力，从而结合了两个世界的最佳状态。具体而言，所提出的方法不仅从因果语言建模中继承了内在学习和开放式生成的能力，而且由于双向编码器而有利于填补。更重要的是，我们的方法无缝地解锁了上述功能的组合，例如，通过填充编码器启用了文本学习或指导。各种仅语言和视觉语言基准的实验结果表明，我们的模型表现优于或与鉴定，零弹性概括和几乎没有的学习的专业模型竞争。

Video-language pre-training has advanced the performance of various downstream video-language tasks. However, most previous methods directly inherit or adapt typical image-language pre-training paradigms to video-language pre-training, thus not fully exploiting the unique characteristic of video, i.e., temporal. In this paper, we propose a Hierarchical Temporal-Aware video-language pre-training framework, HiTeA, with two novel pre-training tasks for modeling cross-modal alignment between moments and texts as well as the temporal relations of video-text pairs. Specifically, we propose a cross-modal moment exploration task to explore moments in videos, which results in detailed video moment representation. Besides, the inherent temporal relations are captured by aligning video-text pairs as a whole in different time resolutions with multi-modal temporal relation exploration task. Furthermore, we introduce the shuffling test to evaluate the temporal reliance of datasets and video-language pre-training models. We achieve state-of-the-art results on 15 well-established video-language understanding and generation tasks, especially on temporal-oriented datasets (e.g., SSv2-Template and SSv2-Label) with 8.6% and 11.1% improvement respectively. HiTeA also demonstrates strong generalization ability when directly transferred to downstream tasks in a zero-shot manner. Models and demo will be available on ModelScope.

培训有效的视频和语言模型直观地需要多个帧作为模型输入。但是，目前尚不清楚使用多个帧是否有利于下游任务，如果是的话，性能增益是否值得通过使用更多帧产生的巨大计算和内存成本。在这项工作中，我们探索了视频和语言学习的单帧模型。在各种视频和语言任务（包括文本到视频检索和视频问题）上，我们显示出令人惊讶的结果，即通过大规模的预训练和适当的框架合奏在推理时，与使用多个训练的现有方法相比，不考虑时间信息的单帧训练模型可以实现更好的性能。该结果揭示了流行的视频和语言数据集中存在强烈的“静态外观偏差”。因此，为了对视频和语言模型进行更全面的评估，我们建议基于现有的细粒度识别数据集，提出了两个新的检索任务，以鼓励时间建模。我们的代码可从https://github.com/jayleicn/singularity获得

The last several years have witnessed remarkable progress in video-and-language (VidL) understanding. However, most modern VidL approaches use complex and specialized model architectures and sophisticated pretraining protocols, making the reproducibility, analysis and comparisons of these frameworks difficult. Hence, instead of proposing yet another new VidL model, this paper conducts a thorough empirical study demystifying the most important factors in the VidL model design. Among the factors that we investigate are (i) the spatiotemporal architecture design, (ii) the multimodal fusion schemes, (iii) the pretraining objectives, (iv) the choice of pretraining data, (v) pretraining and finetuning protocols, and (vi) dataset and model scaling. Our empirical study reveals that the most important design factors include: temporal modeling, video-to-text multimodal fusion, masked modeling objectives, and joint training on images and videos. Using these empirical insights, we then develop a step-by-step recipe, dubbed VindLU, for effective VidL pretraining. Our final model trained using our recipe achieves comparable or better than state-of-the-art results on several VidL tasks without relying on external CLIP pretraining. In particular, on the text-to-video retrieval task, our approach obtains 61.2% on DiDeMo, and 55.0% on ActivityNet, outperforming current SOTA by 7.8% and 6.1% respectively. Furthermore, our model also obtains state-of-the-art video question-answering results on ActivityNet-QA, MSRVTT-QA, MSRVTT-MC and TVQA. Our code and pretrained models are publicly available at: https://github.com/klauscc/VindLU.

蒙版的视觉建模（MVM）最近已被证明对视觉预训练有效。虽然在视频输入（例如，蒙版框架建模）上进行了类似的重建目标，在视频语言（VIDL）预训练中探索了类似的重建目标，但先前研究中的预提取的视频功能在预训练期间无法通过MVM进行完善，因此无法通过MVM进行完善为下游性能不满意。在这项工作中，我们系统地检查了MVM在VIDL学习的背景下的潜力。具体而言，我们的研究基于完全端到端的视频变压器（Violet），该视频变压器（Violet）减轻了固定视频表示与MVM培训之间的断开连接。总共探索了MVM的八个不同的重建目标，从低级像素值和定向梯度到高级深度图，光流，离散的视觉令牌和潜在的视觉特征。我们进行全面的实验，并就导致有效MVM培训的因素提供见解。从经验上讲，我们展示了通过MVM目标预先训练的紫罗兰色，可以在13个VIDL基准测试中取得显着改进，从视频问题回答，视频字幕到文本到视频检索等等。

Video-language pre-training is crucial for learning powerful multi-modal representation. However, it typically requires a massive amount of computation. In this paper, we develop SMAUG, an efficient pre-training framework for video-language models. The foundation component in SMAUG is masked autoencoders. Different from prior works which only mask textual inputs, our masking strategy considers both visual and textual modalities, providing a better cross-modal alignment and saving more pre-training costs. On top of that, we introduce a space-time token sparsification module, which leverages context information to further select only "important" spatial regions and temporal frames for pre-training. Coupling all these designs allows our method to enjoy both competitive performances on text-to-video retrieval and video question answering tasks, and much less pre-training costs by 1.9X or more. For example, our SMAUG only needs about 50 NVIDIA A6000 GPU hours for pre-training to attain competitive performances on these two video-language tasks across six popular benchmarks.

视频和语言预培训表明对各种下游任务有望改善。最先前的方法捕获与基于变换器的多模式编码器的跨模型交互，不完全解决单向视频和文本特征之间的错位。此外，学习细粒度的视觉语言对准通常需要离上的对象检测器来提供对象信息，这是由检测器有限的词汇和昂贵的计算成本的瓶颈。我们建议对齐和提示：一种高效有效的视频和语言预训练框架，具有更好的跨模型对齐。首先，我们介绍了一个视频文本对比（VTC）丢失，以对准实例级别的单峰视频文本功能，从而缓解跨模型交互的建模。然后，我们提出了一种新的视觉接地预训练任务，提示实体建模（PEM），旨在学习细粒度的区域实体对齐。为实现这一目标，我们首先介绍一个实体发射模块，该模块用VTC培训，以产生与实体名称实例化的视频裁剪和文本提示之间的相似性。 PEM任务然后询问模型以预测随机选择的视频作物的实体伪标签（I.E〜归一化相似度分数）。由此产生的预先训练的模型在文本 - 视频检索和VideoQ上实现了最先进的性能，通过大幅度的边距表现优于现有的工作。我们的代码和预先训练的型号将被释放。

动物的生物智能系统通过将信息与各种任务同时整合在不同的方式和处理中的信息。相比之下，当前的机器学习研究遵循一个特定于任务的范例，导致任务与开发新任务的感知模型的高度边际成本之间的负面合作。在本文中，我们展示了一个名为Uni-Perceiver的通用感知体系结构，其处理各种模型和任务，具有统一的建模和共享参数。具体而言，UNI-Perceiver将从任意模态的不同的任务输入和目标进行编码为具有模态 - 不可变换器编码器和轻量级模式特定标记的统一表示空间。不同的感知任务被建模为相同的配方，即通过其表示的相似性找到每个输入的最大可能性目标。该模型在多个单模和多模态任务上预先培训，并在各种下游任务上进行评估，包括在预训练阶段中未出现的新任务。结果表明，我们没有任何调整的预先训练的模型即使在新的任务上也可以实现合理的性能。通过在下游任务数据的1％上进行提示调整，可以将性能提高到接近最先进的方法的水平。全数据微调进一步提供结果与最先进的结果相提并论。代码应释放。

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated excellent zero-shot generalization to new language tasks. However, effective utilization of LLMs for zero-shot visual question-answering (VQA) remains challenging, primarily due to the modality disconnection and task disconnection between LLM and VQA task. End-to-end training on vision and language data may bridge the disconnections, but is inflexible and computationally expensive. To address this issue, we propose \emph{Img2Prompt}, a plug-and-play module that provides the prompts that can bridge the aforementioned modality and task disconnections, so that LLMs can perform zero-shot VQA tasks without end-to-end training. In order to provide such prompts, we further employ LLM-agnostic models to provide prompts that can describe image content and self-constructed question-answer pairs, which can effectively guide LLM to perform zero-shot VQA tasks. Img2Prompt offers the following benefits: 1) It can flexibly work with various LLMs to perform VQA. 2)~Without the needing of end-to-end training, it significantly reduces the cost of deploying LLM for zero-shot VQA tasks. 3) It achieves comparable or better performance than methods relying on end-to-end training. For example, we outperform Flamingo~\cite{Deepmind:Flamingo2022} by 5.6\% on VQAv2. On the challenging A-OKVQA dataset, our method even outperforms few-shot methods by as much as 20\%.

The canonical approach to video-and-language learning (e.g., video question answering) dictates a neural model to learn from offline-extracted dense video features from vision models and text features from language models. These feature extractors are trained independently and usually on tasks different from the target domains, rendering these fixed features sub-optimal for downstream tasks. Moreover, due to the high computational overload of dense video features, it is often difficult (or infeasible) to plug feature extractors directly into existing approaches for easy finetuning. To provide a remedy to this dilemma, we propose a generic framework CLIPBERT that enables affordable endto-end learning for video-and-language tasks, by employing sparse sampling, where only a single or a few sparsely sampled short clips from a video are used at each training step. Experiments on text-to-video retrieval and video question answering on six datasets demonstrate that CLIP-BERT outperforms (or is on par with) existing methods that exploit full-length videos, suggesting that end-to-end learning with just a few sparsely sampled clips is often more accurate than using densely extracted offline features from full-length videos, proving the proverbial less-is-more principle. Videos in the datasets are from considerably different domains and lengths, ranging from 3-second genericdomain GIF videos to 180-second YouTube human activity videos, showing the generalization ability of our approach. Comprehensive ablation studies and thorough analyses are provided to dissect what factors lead to this success. Our code is publicly available. 1 * Equal contribution.

We introduce LaViLa, a new approach to learning video-language representations by leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs). We repurpose pre-trained LLMs to be conditioned on visual input, and finetune them to create automatic video narrators. Our auto-generated narrations offer a number of advantages, including dense coverage of long videos, better temporal synchronization of the visual information and text, and much higher diversity of text. The video-text embedding learned contrastively with these additional auto-generated narrations outperforms the previous state-of-the-art on multiple first-person and third-person video tasks, both in zero-shot and finetuned setups. Most notably, LaViLa obtains an absolute gain of 10.1% on EGTEA classification and 5.9% Epic-Kitchens-100 multi-instance retrieval benchmarks. Furthermore, LaViLa trained with only half the narrations from the Ego4D dataset outperforms baseline models trained on the full set, and shows positive scaling behavior on increasing pre-training data and model size.

在过去的几年中，训练前模型的出现将单峰领域（例如计算机视觉（CV）和自然语言处理（NLP））带到了一个新时代。实质性的作品表明它们对下游大学任务有益，并避免从头开始训练新的模型。那么，此类预训练的模型可以应用于多模式任务吗？研究人员探索了这个问题并取得了重大进展。本文调查了视觉预训练（VLP）的最新进展和新的前沿，包括图像文本和视频文本预训练。为了使读者更好地掌握VLP，我们首先从五个方面回顾了其最新进展：功能提取，模型体系结构，培训预训练目标，预训练数据集和下游任务。然后，我们详细概述了特定的VLP模型。最后，我们讨论了VLP中的新边界。据我们所知，这是对VLP的首次调查。我们希望这项调查能够阐明VLP领域的未来研究。