我们介绍了AARGH,这是一个面向任务的对话框系统,该系统结合了单个模型中的检索和生成方法,旨在改善对话框管理和输出的词汇多样性。该模型采用了一种新的响应选择方法,该方法基于动作感知训练目标和简化的单编码检索架构,该方法使我们能够构建端到端检索增强生成模型,在该模型中,检索和生成共享大多数参数。在Multiwoz数据集上,我们表明我们的方法与最先进的基线相比,在维持或改善状态跟踪和上下文响应生成性能的同时,产生了更多的输出。
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以任务为导向的对话系统(TDSS)主要在离线设置或人类评估中评估。评估通常仅限于单转或非常耗时。作为替代方案,模拟用户行为的用户模拟器使我们能够考虑一组广泛的用户目标,以生成类似人类的对话以进行模拟评估。使用现有的用户模拟器来评估TDSS是具有挑战性的,因为用户模拟器主要旨在优化TDSS的对话策略,并且评估功能有限。此外,对用户模拟器的评估是一个开放的挑战。在这项工作中,我们提出了一个用于端到端TDS评估的隐喻用户模拟器,如果它在与系统的交互中模拟用户的类似思维,则定义模拟器是隐喻的。我们还提出了一个基于测试人员的评估框架,以生成变体,即具有不同功能的对话系统。我们的用户模拟器构建了一个隐喻的用户模型,该模型通过参考遇到新项目时的先验知识来帮助模拟器进行推理。我们通过检查模拟器与变体之间的模拟相互作用来估计模拟器的质量。我们的实验是使用三个TDS数据集进行的。与基于议程的模拟器和三个数据集上的SEQ2SEQ模型相比,隐喻用户模拟器与手动评估的一致性更好。我们的测试人员框架展示了效率,并且可以更好地概括和可扩展性,因为它可以适用于多个域中的对话和多个任务,例如对话建议和电子商务对话。
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The goal of building dialogue agents that can converse with humans naturally has been a long-standing dream of researchers since the early days of artificial intelligence. The well-known Turing Test proposed to judge the ultimate validity of an artificial intelligence agent on the indistinguishability of its dialogues from humans'. It should come as no surprise that human-level dialogue systems are very challenging to build. But, while early effort on rule-based systems found limited success, the emergence of deep learning enabled great advance on this topic. In this thesis, we focus on methods that address the numerous issues that have been imposing the gap between artificial conversational agents and human-level interlocutors. These methods were proposed and experimented with in ways that were inspired by general state-of-the-art AI methodologies. But they also targeted the characteristics that dialogue systems possess.
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我们介绍了Godel(接地开放对话语言模型),这是对话框的大型预训练的语言模型。与诸如Dialogpt之类的早期模型相比,Godel利用了一个新的扎根预训练阶段,旨在更好地支持将Godel适应广泛的下游对话框任务,这些任务需要当前对话外部的信息(例如,数据库或文档)到产生良好的回应。针对一系列基准测试的实验,这些基准涵盖了面向任务的对话框,对话质量质量检查和接地的开放式对话框,表明Godel在几次以上的微调设置中优于最先进的预训练的对话模型,就人类和自动评估。我们评估方法的一个新颖特征是引入了一个效用概念,该概念除了其交流特征(内在评估)外,还评估了响应的有用性(外部评估)。我们表明,外部评估提供了改进的通道间一致性和与自动指标的相关性。代码和数据处理脚本公开可用。
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Natural Language Generation (NLG) represents a large collection of tasks in the field of NLP. While many of these tasks have been tackled well by the cross-entropy (CE) loss, the task of dialog generation poses a few unique challenges for this loss function. First, CE loss assumes that for any given input, the only possible output is the one available as the ground truth in the training dataset. In general, this is not true for any task, as there can be multiple semantically equivalent sentences, each with a different surface form. This problem gets exaggerated further for the dialog generation task, as there can be multiple valid responses (for a given context) that not only have different surface forms but are also not semantically equivalent. Second, CE loss does not take the context into consideration while processing the response and, hence, it treats all ground truths with equal importance irrespective of the context. But, we may want our final agent to avoid certain classes of responses (e.g. bland, non-informative or biased responses) and give relatively higher weightage for more context-specific responses. To circumvent these shortcomings of the CE loss, in this paper, we propose a novel loss function, CORAL, that directly optimizes recently proposed estimates of human preference for generated responses. Using CORAL, we can train dialog generation models without assuming non-existence of response other than the ground-truth. Also, the CORAL loss is computed based on both the context and the response. Extensive comparisons on two benchmark datasets show that the proposed methods outperform strong state-of-the-art baseline models of different sizes.
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Long-range context modeling is crucial to both dialogue understanding and generation. The most popular method for dialogue context representation is to concatenate the last-$k$ previous utterances. However, this method may not be ideal for conversations containing long-range dependencies. In this work, we propose DialoGX, a novel encoder-decoder based framework for conversational response generation with a generalized and explainable context representation that can look beyond the last-$k$ utterances. Hence the method is adaptive to conversations with long-range dependencies. The main idea of our approach is to identify and utilize the most relevant historical utterances instead of the last-$k$ utterances in chronological order. We study the effectiveness of our proposed method on both dialogue generation (open-domain) and understanding (DST) tasks. DialoGX achieves comparable performance with the state-of-the-art models on DailyDialog dataset. We also observe performance gain in existing DST models with our proposed context representation strategy on MultiWOZ dataset. We justify our context representation through the lens of psycholinguistics and show that the relevance score of previous utterances agrees well with human cognition which makes DialoGX explainable as well.
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我们提出了一种新颖的体系结构,用于使用离散的潜在变量对以任务为导向的对话进行解释建模,以表示对话动作。我们的模型基于变异复发性神经网络(VRNN),不需要明确的语义信息注释。与以前的作品不同,我们的方法模型系统和用户单独转动并执行数据库查询建模,这使该模型适用于以任务为导向的对话,同时生成易于解释的可解释的可解释的潜在变量。我们表明,我们的模型在三个数据集中的困惑和BLEU方面优于先前的方法,我们提出了一种衡量对话成功的方法,而无需专家注释。最后,我们提出了一种新颖的方式来解释有关系统动作的潜在变量语义。
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End-to-end (E2E) task-oriented dialogue (ToD) systems are prone to fall into the so-called 'likelihood trap', resulting in generated responses which are dull, repetitive, and often inconsistent with dialogue history. Comparing ranked lists of multiple generated responses against the 'gold response' (from training data) reveals a wide diversity in response quality, with many good responses placed lower in the ranked list. The main challenge, addressed in this work, is then how to reach beyond greedily generated system responses, that is, how to obtain and select such high-quality responses from the list of overgenerated responses at inference without availability of the gold response. To this end, we propose a simple yet effective reranking method which aims to select high-quality items from the lists of responses initially overgenerated by the system. The idea is to use any sequence-level (similarity) scoring function to divide the semantic space of responses into high-scoring versus low-scoring partitions. At training, the high-scoring partition comprises all generated responses whose similarity to the gold response is higher than the similarity of the greedy response to the gold response. At inference, the aim is to estimate the probability that each overgenerated response belongs to the high-scoring partition, given only previous dialogue history. We validate the robustness and versatility of our proposed method on the standard MultiWOZ dataset: our methods improve a state-of-the-art E2E ToD system by 2.4 BLEU, 3.2 ROUGE, and 2.8 METEOR scores, achieving new peak results. Additional experiments on the BiTOD dataset and human evaluation further ascertain the generalisability and effectiveness of the proposed framework.
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面向任务的对话框(TOD)系统通常需要与外部知识库的互动,以检索必要的实体(例如餐厅)信息以支持响应生成。大多数当前的端到端TOD系统要么明确检索KB信息,要么将其嵌入模型参数中以进行隐式访问。后一种方法显示出更高的灵活性和效率。在这两种方法中,系统都可以通过冲突的实体信息产生响应。为了解决此问题,我们建议先生成实体自动加压,并利用它来指导端到端系统中的响应生成。为了确保实体的一致性,我们对实体生成强加了三位一体的约束。我们还引入了logit串联策略,以促进梯度反向传播进行端到端培训。 Multiwoz 2.1单一和CAMREST的实验表明,我们的系统可以产生更多的高质量和实体一致的响应。
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真实的人类对话数据是复杂,异质和嘈杂的,从该数据中构建开放域对话系统仍然是一项艰巨的任务。实际上,此类对话数据仍然包含大量信息和知识,但是,它们没有得到充分探索。在本文中,我们展示了现有的开放域对话生成方法,这些方法记住上下文响应配对的数据,并使用自动回归或编码模型模型不利于培训数据。与当前的方法不同,使用外部知识,我们探索了一个检索生成培训框架,该培训框架可以通过将它们视为“证据”来利用异质和嘈杂的培训数据。特别是,我们使用Bertscore进行检索,这给出了证据和一代的更好品质。公开可用数据集的实验表明,我们的方法可以帮助模型产生更好的响应,即使此类培训数据通常会留下深刻的印象为低质量数据。这种性能增益与通过扩大训练组更好的改进的绩效增益相当,甚至更好。我们还发现,模型性能与检索到的证据的相关性有正相关。此外,我们的方法在零拍实验上表现良好,这表明我们的方法对现实世界数据可能更强大。
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最近,培训预培训方法在以任务为导向的对话框(TOD)系统中表现出了很大的成功。但是,大多数现有的预培训模型用于TOD专注于对话的理解或对话生成,但并非两者兼而有之。在本文中,我们提出了Space-3,这是一种新型的统一的半监督预培训的预训练的对话模型,从大规模对话CORPORA中学习有限的注释,可以有效地对广泛的下游对话任务进行微调。具体而言,Space-3由单个变压器中的四个连续组件组成,以维护TOD系统中的任务流:(i)对话框编码模块编码对话框历史记录,(ii)对话框理解模块以从任一用户中提取语义向量查询或系统响应,(iii)一个对话框策略模块,以生成包含响应高级语义的策略向量,以及(iv)对话框生成模块以产生适当的响应。我们为每个组件设计一个专门的预训练目标。具体而言,我们预先培训对话框编码模块,使用跨度掩码语言建模,以学习上下文化对话框信息。为了捕获“结构化对话框”语义,我们通过额外的对话注释通过新颖的树诱导的半监视对比度学习目标来预先培训对话框理解模块。此外,我们通过将其输出策略向量与响应响应的语义向量之间的L2距离最小化以进行策略优化,从而预先培训对话策略模块。最后,对话框生成模型由语言建模预先训练。结果表明,Space-3在八个下游对话框基准中实现最新性能,包括意图预测,对话框状态跟踪和端到端对话框建模。我们还表明,在低资源设置下,Space-3比现有模型具有更强的射击能力。
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Natural Language Generation (NLG) has improved exponentially in recent years thanks to the development of sequence-to-sequence deep learning technologies such as Transformer-based language models. This advancement has led to more fluent and coherent NLG, leading to improved development in downstream tasks such as abstractive summarization, dialogue generation and data-to-text generation. However, it is also apparent that deep learning based generation is prone to hallucinate unintended text, which degrades the system performance and fails to meet user expectations in many real-world scenarios. To address this issue, many studies have been presented in measuring and mitigating hallucinated texts, but these have never been reviewed in a comprehensive manner before. In this survey, we thus provide a broad overview of the research progress and challenges in the hallucination problem in NLG. The survey is organized into two parts: (1) a general overview of metrics, mitigation methods, and future directions; and (2) an overview of task-specific research progress on hallucinations in the following downstream tasks, namely abstractive summarization, dialogue generation, generative question answering, data-to-text generation, machine translation, and visual-language generation. This survey serves to facilitate collaborative efforts among researchers in tackling the challenge of hallucinated texts in NLG.
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Interview has been regarded as one of the most crucial step for recruitment. To fully prepare for the interview with the recruiters, job seekers usually practice with mock interviews between each other. However, such a mock interview with peers is generally far away from the real interview experience: the mock interviewers are not guaranteed to be professional and are not likely to behave like a real interviewer. Due to the rapid growth of online recruitment in recent years, recruiters tend to have online interviews, which makes it possible to collect real interview data from real interviewers. In this paper, we propose a novel application named EZInterviewer, which aims to learn from the online interview data and provides mock interview services to the job seekers. The task is challenging in two ways: (1) the interview data are now available but still of low-resource; (2) to generate meaningful and relevant interview dialogs requires thorough understanding of both resumes and job descriptions. To address the low-resource challenge, EZInterviewer is trained on a very small set of interview dialogs. The key idea is to reduce the number of parameters that rely on interview dialogs by disentangling the knowledge selector and dialog generator so that most parameters can be trained with ungrounded dialogs as well as the resume data that are not low-resource. Evaluation results on a real-world job interview dialog dataset indicate that we achieve promising results to generate mock interviews. With the help of EZInterviewer, we hope to make mock interview practice become easier for job seekers.
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对话式AI中的现有研究主要将面向任务的对话框(TOD)和问题答案(QA)视为单独的任务。为了构建可以完成用户任务和支持信息寻求信息的对话代理的目标,构建一个可以访问各种外部知识的系统,构建一个处理TOD和QA的系统非常重要。在这项工作中,我们提出了一项新任务,开放式TOD(OB-TOD),将TOD与QA任务相结合,并将外部知识源扩展到包括明确的知识源(例如Web)和隐式知识源(例如,例如,预训练的语言模型)。我们创建了一个新的数据集ob-multiwoz,在这里,我们在其中丰富了Tod会议,并使用类似QA的信息寻求基于外部知识的经验。我们提出了一个统一的模型Opera(开放式末端到端任务对话框),可以适当地访问明确和隐性的外部知识,以解决定义的任务。实验结果表明,与闭环基线相比,Opera的表现出色,并说明了两种知识类型的价值。
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知识驱动的对话世代最近取得了非凡的突破。与一般的对话系统相比,卓越的知识对话系统可以通过预先提供的知识产生更多信息和知识渊博的响应。但是,在实际应用中,对话系统无法事先提供相应的知识。为了解决该问题,我们设计了一个名为DRKQG的知识驱动的对话系统(\ emph {通过查询生成动态检索知识,以获取信息性对话响应})。具体而言,系统可以分为两个模块:查询生成模块和对话生成模块。首先,利用时间感知机制来捕获上下文信息,并可以生成查询以检索知识。然后,我们集成了复制机制和变压器,该机制允许响应生成模块产生从上下文和检索知识中得出的响应。 LIC2022,语言和情报技术竞赛的实验结果表明,我们的模块在自动评估指标上的大幅度优于基线模型,而BAIDU语言学团队的人类评估表明,我们的系统在事实上取得了令人印象深刻的结果,实际上是正确的,知识渊博。
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预先接受训练的语言模型的最新进展具有显着改善的神经反应生成。但是,现有方法通常将对话背景视为令牌的线性序列,并通过令牌级自我关注学习生成下一个单词。这些令牌级编码阻碍了话语中话语水平一致性的探索。本文介绍了对话贝特,这是一种新的会话响应生成模型,可以增强以前的基于PLM的对话模型。 DialogBert采用分层变压器架构。为了有效地捕捉话语中的话语水平一致性,我们提出了两种培训目标,包括蒙面的话语回归和分布式话语秩序与原始BERT训练相比。在三个多转对谈话数据集上的实验表明,在定量评估方面,我们的方法非常优于BART和Dialogpt等基线。人类评估表明,DialogBert比具有显着利润率的基线产生更加连贯,信息和人类的反应。
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对话系统已取得了重大进展,并已在各种情况下广泛使用。先前的研究主要集中在单个情况下设计对话模型,而在现实世界中各种情况下处理任务需要全面的能力。在本文中,我们提出了一个通用的多技能对话框框架,即MSDF,可以应用于不同的对话框任务(例如,知识接地对话框和基于角色的对话框)。具体而言,我们提出了一个可转移的响应生成器,以在多种大规模对话库中进行预训练,作为MSDF的骨干,由基于BERT的编码器和基于GPT的解码器组成。为了选择与对话记录一致的响应,我们提出了一个通过负抽样训练的一致性选择器。此外,还采用了外部知识的灵活复制机制来增强各种情况下多形知识的利用。我们对知识接地对话,建议对话框和基于角色的对话任务进行实验。实验结果表明,我们的MSDF的表现优于基线模型。在2021年语言和情报挑战的多技能对话中,我们的一般MSDF赢得了第三奖,这证明我们的MSDF具有有效且具有竞争力。
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会话推荐系统(CRS)通过推断用户首选项从对话历史推断用户偏好,提供准确的建议,并生成适当的响应。以前的CRSS使用基于知识图(kg)的推荐模块,并将kg与语言模型集成为响应生成。虽然基于KG的方法证明有效,但仍有两个问题仍有待解决。首先,基于KG的方法忽略会话环境中的信息,但仅依赖于实体关系和单词包来推荐项目。其次,它需要实质性的工程努力来维持模型特定的关系的KG,从而导致灵活性更少。在本文中,我们提出了一种简单而有效的架构,包括预先接受了训练的语言模型(PLM)和项目元数据编码器。编码器学会将项目元数据映射到嵌入式,该嵌入式可以反映对话框上下文中的语义信息。然后,PLM将语义对齐的项目嵌入式与对话上下文一起消耗,以生成高质量的建议和响应。我们的模型通过直接将每个项目转换为嵌入来降低工程复杂性而不是建模实体关系。基准数据集重拨的实验结果表明,我们的模型在两种推荐和响应生成任务上获得最先进的结果。
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这项工作提出了一个新的对话数据集,即cookdial,该数据集促进了对任务知识了解的面向任务的对话系统的研究。该语料库包含260个以人类对任务为导向的对话框,其中代理给出了配方文档,指导用户烹饪菜肴。 Cookdial中的对话框展示了两个独特的功能:(i)对话流与支持文档之间的程序对齐; (ii)复杂的代理决策涉及分割长句子,解释硬说明并在对话框上下文中解决核心。此外,我们在假定的面向任务的对话框系统中确定了三个具有挑战性的(子)任务:(1)用户问题理解,(2)代理操作框架预测和(3)代理响应生成。对于这些任务中的每一个,我们都会开发一个神经基线模型,我们在cookdial数据集上进行了评估。我们公开发布烹饪数据集,包括对话框和食谱文档的丰富注释,以刺激对特定于域的文档接地对话框系统的进一步研究。
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医学对话生成是一项重要但具有挑战性的任务。以前的大多数作品都依赖于注意力机制和大规模预处理的语言模型。但是,这些方法通常无法从长时间的对话历史中获取关键信息,从而产生准确和信息丰富的响应,因为医疗实体通常散布在多种话语中以及它们之间的复杂关系。为了减轻此问题,我们提出了一个具有关键信息召回(Medpir)的医疗响应生成模型,该模型建立在两个组件上,即知识吸引的对话图形编码器和召回增强的生成器。知识吸引的对话图编码器通过利用话语中的实体之间的知识关系,并使用图形注意力网络对话图来构建对话图。然后,召回增强的发电机通过在产生实际响应之前生成对话的摘要来增强这些关键信息的使用。两个大型医学对话数据集的实验结果表明,Medpir在BLEU分数和医疗实体F1度量中的表现优于强大的基准。
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