医学对话生成是一项重要但具有挑战性的任务。以前的大多数作品都依赖于注意力机制和大规模预处理的语言模型。但是，这些方法通常无法从长时间的对话历史中获取关键信息，从而产生准确和信息丰富的响应，因为医疗实体通常散布在多种话语中以及它们之间的复杂关系。为了减轻此问题，我们提出了一个具有关键信息召回（Medpir）的医疗响应生成模型，该模型建立在两个组件上，即知识吸引的对话图形编码器和召回增强的生成器。知识吸引的对话图编码器通过利用话语中的实体之间的知识关系，并使用图形注意力网络对话图来构建对话图。然后，召回增强的发电机通过在产生实际响应之前生成对话的摘要来增强这些关键信息的使用。两个大型医学对话数据集的实验结果表明，Medpir在BLEU分数和医疗实体F1度量中的表现优于强大的基准。

开发会话剂与患者相互作用并提供主要的临床建议，由于其巨大的应用潜力引起了人们的关注，尤其是在COVID-19-19大流行时期。但是，端到端神经对话系统的培训受到数量不足的医学对话语料库的限制。在这项工作中，我们首次尝试建立和发布与12种常见的胃肠道疾病相关的大规模高质量医学对话数据集，名为MEDDG，并从在线健康咨询社区收集了超过17K的对话。在MEDDG的每次对话中，都会注释五种不同类别的实体，包括疾病，症状，属性，测试和药物。为了推动对建立专家敏感的医学对话系统的未来研究，我们提出了基于MEDDG数据集的两种医疗对话任务。一个是下一个实体预测，另一个是医生的反应生成。为了明确理解这两项医学对话任务，我们实施了几个最先进的基准，并设计了两个对话模型，并进一步考虑了预测的实体。实验结果表明，训练前语言模型和其他基线在我们数据集中的性能差的两项任务上都挣扎，并且可以在辅助实体信息的帮助下增强响应质量。从人类评估来看，简单的检索模型的表现优于几个最新的生成模型，这表明仍然有一个很大的改进空间可以改善产生有意义的反应。

知识驱动的对话世代最近取得了非凡的突破。与一般的对话系统相比，卓越的知识对话系统可以通过预先提供的知识产生更多信息和知识渊博的响应。但是，在实际应用中，对话系统无法事先提供相应的知识。为了解决该问题，我们设计了一个名为DRKQG的知识驱动的对话系统（\ emph {通过查询生成动态检索知识，以获取信息性对话响应}）。具体而言，系统可以分为两个模块：查询生成模块和对话生成模块。首先，利用时间感知机制来捕获上下文信息，并可以生成查询以检索知识。然后，我们集成了复制机制和变压器，该机制允许响应生成模块产生从上下文和检索知识中得出的响应。 LIC2022，语言和情报技术竞赛的实验结果表明，我们的模块在自动评估指标上的大幅度优于基线模型，而BAIDU语言学团队的人类评估表明，我们的系统在事实上取得了令人印象深刻的结果，实际上是正确的，知识渊博。

与外部知识的接地对话系统是提高响应质量的一种有希望的方法。大多数现有的作品采用知识图（KGS）作为外部资源，关注对话的最后一句话中实体的贡献，以了解上下文理解和响应。然而，在多转变环境中隐含的知识与公斤关系之间的过渡规律之间的相关性是不足的。为此，我们提出了一个关系过渡意识知识的对话生成模型（RT-KGD）。具体而言，受到人类对话潜在逻辑的启发，我们的模型将对话级别的关系过渡规律与转向级实体语义信息相结合。以这种方式，知识之间的相互作用被认为是产生丰富的线索，以预测适当的知识并产生相干响应。自动评估和手动评估的实验结果表明，我们的模型表现优于最先进的基准。

缺乏外部知识使同志对话系统难以察觉隐含的情绪，并从有限的对话历史上学习情绪相互作用。为了解决上述问题，我们建议利用外部知识，包括致命知识和情绪词汇知识，以明确了解和表达在同情对话中的情绪。我们首先通过与外部知识共同互动并构建情感语境图来丰富对话史。然后，我们从知识丰富的情绪上下文图和蒸馏情绪信号中学习情绪背景陈述，这是在反应中表达的谓词情绪的先决条件。最后，为了产生同志反应，我们提出了一种情绪跨关注机制来从情绪上下文图中学习情绪依赖。在基准数据集上进行的广泛实验验证了该方法的有效性。此外，我们发现通过与正交工作的预先训练的模型集成，可以进一步提高我们的方法的性能。

Interview has been regarded as one of the most crucial step for recruitment. To fully prepare for the interview with the recruiters, job seekers usually practice with mock interviews between each other. However, such a mock interview with peers is generally far away from the real interview experience: the mock interviewers are not guaranteed to be professional and are not likely to behave like a real interviewer. Due to the rapid growth of online recruitment in recent years, recruiters tend to have online interviews, which makes it possible to collect real interview data from real interviewers. In this paper, we propose a novel application named EZInterviewer, which aims to learn from the online interview data and provides mock interview services to the job seekers. The task is challenging in two ways: (1) the interview data are now available but still of low-resource; (2) to generate meaningful and relevant interview dialogs requires thorough understanding of both resumes and job descriptions. To address the low-resource challenge, EZInterviewer is trained on a very small set of interview dialogs. The key idea is to reduce the number of parameters that rely on interview dialogs by disentangling the knowledge selector and dialog generator so that most parameters can be trained with ungrounded dialogs as well as the resume data that are not low-resource. Evaluation results on a real-world job interview dialog dataset indicate that we achieve promising results to generate mock interviews. With the help of EZInterviewer, we hope to make mock interview practice become easier for job seekers.

药物建议是智能医疗系统的关键任务。先前的研究主要建议使用电子健康记录（EHRS）药物。但是，在EHR中可能会忽略或忽略医生与患者之间的相互作用的一些细节，这对于自动药物建议至关重要。因此，我们首次尝试通过医生和患者之间的对话推荐药物。在这项工作中，我们构建了Dialmed，这是第一个用于基于医学对话的药物建议任务的高质量数据集。它包含与3个部门的16种常见疾病和70种相应常见药物有关的11,996次医疗对话。此外，我们提出了对话结构和疾病知识意识网络（DDN），其中QA对话图机制旨在模拟对话结构，并使用知识图来引入外部疾病知识。广泛的实验结果表明，所提出的方法是推荐与医疗对话的药物的有前途的解决方案。该数据集和代码可在https://github.com/f-window/dialmed上找到。

To alleviate the problem of structured databases' limited coverage, recent task-oriented dialogue systems incorporate external unstructured knowledge to guide the generation of system responses. However, these usually use word or sentence level similarities to detect the relevant knowledge context, which only partially capture the topical level relevance. In this paper, we examine how to better integrate topical information in knowledge grounded task-oriented dialogue and propose ``Topic-Aware Response Generation'' (TARG), an end-to-end response generation model. TARG incorporates multiple topic-aware attention mechanisms to derive the importance weighting scheme over dialogue utterances and external knowledge sources towards a better understanding of the dialogue history. Experimental results indicate that TARG achieves state-of-the-art performance in knowledge selection and response generation, outperforming previous state-of-the-art by 3.2, 3.6, and 4.2 points in EM, F1 and BLEU-4 respectively on Doc2Dial, and performing comparably with previous work on DSTC9; both being knowledge-grounded task-oriented dialogue datasets.

Expressing empathy is important in everyday conversations, and exploring how empathy arises is crucial in automatic response generation. Most previous approaches consider only a single factor that affects empathy. However, in practice, empathy generation and expression is a very complex and dynamic psychological process. A listener needs to find out events which cause a speaker's emotions (emotion cause extraction), project the events into some experience (knowledge extension), and express empathy in the most appropriate way (communication mechanism). To this end, we propose a novel approach, which integrates the three components - emotion cause, knowledge graph, and communication mechanism for empathetic response generation. Experimental results on the benchmark dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of our method and show that incorporating the key components generates more informative and empathetic responses.

对话系统已取得了重大进展，并已在各种情况下广泛使用。先前的研究主要集中在单个情况下设计对话模型，而在现实世界中各种情况下处理任务需要全面的能力。在本文中，我们提出了一个通用的多技能对话框框架，即MSDF，可以应用于不同的对话框任务（例如，知识接地对话框和基于角色的对话框）。具体而言，我们提出了一个可转移的响应生成器，以在多种大规模对话库中进行预训练，作为MSDF的骨干，由基于BERT的编码器和基于GPT的解码器组成。为了选择与对话记录一致的响应，我们提出了一个通过负抽样训练的一致性选择器。此外，还采用了外部知识的灵活复制机制来增强各种情况下多形知识的利用。我们对知识接地对话，建议对话框和基于角色的对话任务进行实验。实验结果表明，我们的MSDF的表现优于基线模型。在2021年语言和情报挑战的多技能对话中，我们的一般MSDF赢得了第三奖，这证明我们的MSDF具有有效且具有竞争力。

Long-range context modeling is crucial to both dialogue understanding and generation. The most popular method for dialogue context representation is to concatenate the last-$k$ previous utterances. However, this method may not be ideal for conversations containing long-range dependencies. In this work, we propose DialoGX, a novel encoder-decoder based framework for conversational response generation with a generalized and explainable context representation that can look beyond the last-$k$ utterances. Hence the method is adaptive to conversations with long-range dependencies. The main idea of our approach is to identify and utilize the most relevant historical utterances instead of the last-$k$ utterances in chronological order. We study the effectiveness of our proposed method on both dialogue generation (open-domain) and understanding (DST) tasks. DialoGX achieves comparable performance with the state-of-the-art models on DailyDialog dataset. We also observe performance gain in existing DST models with our proposed context representation strategy on MultiWOZ dataset. We justify our context representation through the lens of psycholinguistics and show that the relevance score of previous utterances agrees well with human cognition which makes DialoGX explainable as well.

Conversational recommender systems (CRSs) often utilize external knowledge graphs (KGs) to introduce rich semantic information and recommend relevant items through natural language dialogues. However, original KGs employed in existing CRSs are often incomplete and sparse, which limits the reasoning capability in recommendation. Moreover, only few of existing studies exploit the dialogue context to dynamically refine knowledge from KGs for better recommendation. To address the above issues, we propose the Variational Reasoning over Incomplete KGs Conversational Recommender (VRICR). Our key idea is to incorporate the large dialogue corpus naturally accompanied with CRSs to enhance the incomplete KGs; and perform dynamic knowledge reasoning conditioned on the dialogue context. Specifically, we denote the dialogue-specific subgraphs of KGs as latent variables with categorical priors for adaptive knowledge graphs refactor. We propose a variational Bayesian method to approximate posterior distributions over dialogue-specific subgraphs, which not only leverages the dialogue corpus for restructuring missing entity relations but also dynamically selects knowledge based on the dialogue context. Finally, we infuse the dialogue-specific subgraphs to decode the recommendation and responses. We conduct experiments on two benchmark CRSs datasets. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness of our proposed method.

本文对过去二十年来对自然语言生成（NLG）的研究提供了全面的审查，特别是与数据到文本生成和文本到文本生成深度学习方法有关，以及NLG的新应用技术。该调查旨在（a）给出关于NLG核心任务的最新综合，以及该领域采用的建筑;（b）详细介绍各种NLG任务和数据集，并提请注意NLG评估中的挑战，专注于不同的评估方法及其关系;（c）强调一些未来的强调和相对近期的研究问题，因为NLG和其他人工智能领域的协同作用而增加，例如计算机视觉，文本和计算创造力。

医疗对话系统（MDSS）旨在协助医生和患者一系列专业医疗服务，即诊断，咨询和治疗。但是，一站式MDS仍然是未开发的，因为：（1）没有数据集如此大规模对话包含多种医疗服务和细粒度的医疗标签（即，意图，插槽，值）; （2）没有模型已经根据统一框架中的多服务对话解决了MDS。在这项工作中，我们首先建立一个多域多次服务医学对话（M ^ 2-Meddialog）数据集，其中包含医生和患者的1,557种对话，涵盖276种疾病，2,468种医学实体和3种医疗服务专业。据我们所知，它是唯一包括多种医疗服务和细粒度医疗标签的医疗对话数据集。然后，我们将一站式MDS制定为序列到序列生成问题。我们分别统一MDS，具有因果语言建模和条件因果语言建模。具体而言，我们采用了几种预磨料模型（即，Bert-WWM，BERT-MED，GPT2和MT5）及其变体，以在M ^ 2-MedDialog数据集上获取基准。我们还提出了伪标签和自然扰动方法来扩展M2-MedDialog数据集，并增强最先进的预磨损模型。我们展示了到目前为止通过对M2-MEDDIALOG的大量实验来实现的结果。我们释放DataSet，代码以及评估脚本，以促进在这方面的未来研究。

预先接受训练的语言模型的最新进展具有显着改善的神经反应生成。但是，现有方法通常将对话背景视为令牌的线性序列，并通过令牌级自我关注学习生成下一个单词。这些令牌级编码阻碍了话语中话语水平一致性的探索。本文介绍了对话贝特，这是一种新的会话响应生成模型，可以增强以前的基于PLM的对话模型。 DialogBert采用分层变压器架构。为了有效地捕捉话语中的话语水平一致性，我们提出了两种培训目标，包括蒙面的话语回归和分布式话语秩序与原始BERT训练相比。在三个多转对谈话数据集上的实验表明，在定量评估方面，我们的方法非常优于BART和Dialogpt等基线。人类评估表明，DialogBert比具有显着利润率的基线产生更加连贯，信息和人类的反应。

Persona-based dialogue systems aim to generate consistent responses based on historical context and predefined persona. Unlike conventional dialogue generation, the persona-based dialogue needs to consider both dialogue context and persona, posing a challenge for coherent training. Specifically, this requires a delicate weight balance between context and persona. To achieve that, in this paper, we propose an effective framework with Persona-Adaptive Attention (PAA), which adaptively integrates the weights from the persona and context information via our designed attention. In addition, a dynamic masking mechanism is applied to the PAA to not only drop redundant information in context and persona but also serve as a regularization mechanism to avoid overfitting. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed PAA framework compared to the strong baselines in both automatic and human evaluation. Moreover, the proposed PAA approach can perform equivalently well in a low-resource regime compared to models trained in a full-data setting, which achieve a similar result with only 20% to 30% of data compared to the larger models trained in the full-data setting. To fully exploit the effectiveness of our design, we designed several variants for handling the weighted information in different ways, showing the necessity and sufficiency of our weighting and masking designs.

这项工作结合了有关预先训练模型编码的对话历史的信息，其含义表示当前系统话语，以实现面向任务对话中的语境语言生成。我们利用预先训练的多上下文转换模型进行从头开始培训的模型中的上下文表示;并利用从预训练的GPT-2调整的模型中的上下文生成的立即使用前面的用户话语。与多种数据集的两个实验表明，通过预先训练的模型编码的上下文信息可提高自动指标和人类评估中的响应生成的性能。我们所呈现的上下文发电机使得更高种类的响应能够更好地适应正在进行的对话。分析上下文大小显示，较长的上下文不会自动导致更好的性能，但是前面的用户话语的直接对上下文生成起着重要作用。此外，我们还提出了一种基于GPT的生成模型的重新排名。实验表明，RE-Ranker选择的响应对自动度量有重大改进。

会话推荐系统（CRS）已成为一个新兴的研究主题，试图通过交互式对话进行建议，这些对话通常由发电和建议模块组成。 CRS的先前工作倾向于将更多的外部和领域特定知识纳入项目评论，以提高性能。尽管事实的收集和注释特定于外部领域的信息需要大量的人类努力并脱离了普遍性，但过多的额外知识在它们之间带来了更大的困难。因此，我们建议从上下文中充分发现和提取内部知识。我们将实体级别和上下文级别的表示形式捕获为对建议的共同模拟用户的偏好，在这种情况下，时间吸引的注意力旨在强调实体级表示中最近出现的项目。我们进一步使用预训练的巴特来初始化生成模块，以减轻数据稀缺性并增强上下文建模。除了在流行数据集（REDIAIL）上进行实验外，我们还包括一个多域数据集（OpenDialKg）来显示我们模型的有效性。两个数据集的实验都表明，我们的模型在大多数评估指标上都具有更好的性能，其外部知识较少，并且可以很好地推广到其他领域。对建议和生成任务的其他分析证明了我们在不同情况下模型的有效性。

良好的善解人意对话系统应首先跟踪并理解用户的情绪，然后以适当的情感回复。但是，目前对此任务的方法要么集中于提高对用户情绪的理解或提出更好的反应策略，而且很少有作品同时考虑这两种工作。我们的工作试图填补这一空缺。受到任务导向对话系统的启发，我们提出了一种具有情感感知对话管理的新颖善解人意的响应生成模型。情绪感知对话管理包含两个部分：（1）情绪状态跟踪保持当前用户的情绪状态，（2）善解人意的对话策略选择预测目标情绪和用户的意图，基于情绪状态跟踪的结果。然后，预测信息用于指导响应的产生。实验结果表明，与自动评估和人类评估下的几个基准相比，动态管理不同的信息可以帮助模型产生更多的移情反应。

Personalized chatbots focus on endowing the chatbots with a consistent personality to behave like real users and further act as personal assistants. Previous studies have explored generating implicit user profiles from the user's dialogue history for building personalized chatbots. However, these studies only use the response generation loss to train the entire model, thus it is prone to suffer from the problem of data sparsity. Besides, they overemphasize the final generated response's quality while ignoring the correlations and fusions between the user's dialogue history, leading to rough data representations and performance degradation. To tackle these problems, we propose a self-supervised learning framework MCP for capturing better representations from users' dialogue history for personalized chatbots. Specifically, we apply contrastive sampling methods to leverage the supervised signals hidden in user dialog history, and generate the pre-training samples for enhancing the model. We design three pre-training tasks based on three types of contrastive pairs from user dialogue history, namely response pairs, sequence augmentation pairs, and user pairs. We pre-train the utterance encoder and the history encoder towards the contrastive objectives and use these pre-trained encoders for generating user profiles while personalized response generation. Experimental results on two real-world datasets show a significant improvement in our proposed model MCP compared with the existing methods.