最近,培训预培训方法在以任务为导向的对话框(TOD)系统中表现出了很大的成功。但是,大多数现有的预培训模型用于TOD专注于对话的理解或对话生成,但并非两者兼而有之。在本文中,我们提出了Space-3,这是一种新型的统一的半监督预培训的预训练的对话模型,从大规模对话CORPORA中学习有限的注释,可以有效地对广泛的下游对话任务进行微调。具体而言,Space-3由单个变压器中的四个连续组件组成,以维护TOD系统中的任务流:(i)对话框编码模块编码对话框历史记录,(ii)对话框理解模块以从任一用户中提取语义向量查询或系统响应,(iii)一个对话框策略模块,以生成包含响应高级语义的策略向量,以及(iv)对话框生成模块以产生适当的响应。我们为每个组件设计一个专门的预训练目标。具体而言,我们预先培训对话框编码模块,使用跨度掩码语言建模,以学习上下文化对话框信息。为了捕获“结构化对话框”语义,我们通过额外的对话注释通过新颖的树诱导的半监视对比度学习目标来预先培训对话框理解模块。此外,我们通过将其输出策略向量与响应响应的语义向量之间的L2距离最小化以进行策略优化,从而预先培训对话策略模块。最后,对话框生成模型由语言建模预先训练。结果表明,Space-3在八个下游对话框基准中实现最新性能,包括意图预测,对话框状态跟踪和端到端对话框建模。我们还表明,在低资源设置下,Space-3比现有模型具有更强的射击能力。
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具有对比性学习目标的预训练方法在对话了解任务中表现出了显着的成功。但是,当前的对比学习仅将自调查的对话样本视为正样本,并将所有其他对话样本视为负面样本,即使在语义上相关的对话框中,也会强制执行不同的表示。在本文中,我们提出了一个树木结构化的预培训对话模型Space-2,该模型从有限标记的对话框和大规模的无标记的对话框COLPORA通过半监督的对比度预培训来学习对话框表示。具体而言,我们首先定义一个通用的语义树结构(STS),以统一不同对话框数据集的注释模式,以便可以利用所有标记数据中存储的丰富结构信息。然后,我们提出了一个新颖的多视图分数功能,以增加共享类似STS的所有可能对话框的相关性,并且在监督的对比预训练期间仅推开其他完全不同的对话框。为了充分利用未标记的对话,还增加了基本的自我监督对比损失,以完善学习的表示。实验表明,我们的方法可以在DialogLue基准测试中实现新的最新结果,该基准由七个数据集和四个流行的对话框组成。为了获得可重复性,我们在https://github.com/alibabaresearch/damo-convai/tree/main/main/space-2上发布代码和数据。
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预先训练的模型已经证明是强大的增强面向任务的对话系统。但是,目前的预训练方法主要关注增强对话的理解和生成任务,同时忽略对话策略的开发。在本文中,我们提出了一个小说预先训练的对话模型,明确地通过半监督学习明确地从有限标记的对话框和大规模未标记的对话框中学习对话策略。具体而言,我们在预训练期间介绍一个对话框预测任务,以便在预训练中进行策略优化,并使用一致性正则化术语在未标记的对话的帮助下优化学习的表示。我们还实施了一个浇注机制来称量合适的未标记对话框样本。经验结果表明,星系大大提高了面向任务为导向的对话系统的性能,并在基准数据集中实现了新的最先进结果:车载,多种多纤2.0和多纺,改善其端到端合并分数2.5,5.3和5.5分。我们还显示Galaxy比各种低资源设置下的现有模型更强大的少量射击能力。
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预训练的语言模型在对话任务上取得了长足的进步。但是,这些模型通常在表面对话文本上进行训练,因此被证明在理解对话环境的主要语义含义方面是薄弱的。我们研究抽象含义表示(AMR)作为预训练模型的明确语义知识,以捕获预训练期间对话中的核心语义信息。特别是,我们提出了一个基于语义的前训练框架,该框架通过三个任务来扩展标准的预训练框架(Devlin等,2019)。根据AMR图表示。关于聊天聊天和面向任务的对话的理解的实验表明了我们的模型的优势。据我们所知,我们是第一个利用深层语义表示进行对话预训练的人。
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文本到SQL解析是一项必不可少且具有挑战性的任务。文本到SQL解析的目的是根据关系数据库提供的证据将自然语言(NL)问题转换为其相应的结构性查询语言(SQL)。来自数据库社区的早期文本到SQL解析系统取得了显着的进展,重度人类工程和用户与系统的互动的成本。近年来,深层神经网络通过神经生成模型显着提出了这项任务,该模型会自动学习从输入NL问题到输出SQL查询的映射功能。随后,大型的预训练的语言模型将文本到SQL解析任务的最新作品带到了一个新级别。在这项调查中,我们对文本到SQL解析的深度学习方法进行了全面的评论。首先,我们介绍了文本到SQL解析语料库,可以归类为单转和多转。其次,我们提供了预先训练的语言模型和现有文本解析方法的系统概述。第三,我们向读者展示了文本到SQL解析所面临的挑战,并探索了该领域的一些潜在未来方向。
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预先接受训练的语言模型的最新进展具有显着改善的神经反应生成。但是,现有方法通常将对话背景视为令牌的线性序列,并通过令牌级自我关注学习生成下一个单词。这些令牌级编码阻碍了话语中话语水平一致性的探索。本文介绍了对话贝特,这是一种新的会话响应生成模型,可以增强以前的基于PLM的对话模型。 DialogBert采用分层变压器架构。为了有效地捕捉话语中的话语水平一致性,我们提出了两种培训目标,包括蒙面的话语回归和分布式话语秩序与原始BERT训练相比。在三个多转对谈话数据集上的实验表明,在定量评估方面,我们的方法非常优于BART和Dialogpt等基线。人类评估表明,DialogBert比具有显着利润率的基线产生更加连贯,信息和人类的反应。
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学习高质量的对话表示对于解决各种面向对话的任务至关重要,尤其是考虑到对话系统通常会遇到数据稀缺。在本文中,我们介绍了对话句子嵌入(DSE),这是一种自我监督的对比学习方法,它学习有效的对话表示,适合各种对话任务。 DSE通过连续进行与对比度学习的正面对话的连续对话来从对话中学习。尽管它很简单,但DSE的表现能力比其他对话表示和普遍的句子表示模型要好得多。我们评估DSE的五个下游对话任务,这些任务检查了不同语义粒度的对话表示。几次射击和零射击设置的实验表明,DSE的表现要优于基线。例如,它在6个数据集中的1-Shot意图分类中比最强的无监督基线实现了13%的平均绩效提高。我们还提供了有关模型的好处和局限性的分析。
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End-to-end task bots are typically learned over a static and usually limited-size corpus. However, when deployed in dynamic, changing, and open environments to interact with users, task bots tend to fail when confronted with data that deviate from the training corpus, i.e., out-of-distribution samples. In this paper, we study the problem of automatically adapting task bots to changing environments by learning from human-bot interactions with minimum or zero human annotations. We propose SL-AGENT, a novel self-learning framework for building end-to-end task bots. SL-AGENT consists of a dialog model and a pre-trained reward model to predict the quality of an agent response. It enables task bots to automatically adapt to changing environments by learning from the unlabeled human-bot dialog logs accumulated after deployment via reinforcement learning with the incorporated reward model. Experimental results on four well-studied dialog tasks show the effectiveness of SL-AGENT to automatically adapt to changing environments, using both automatic and human evaluations. We will release code and data for further research.
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会话推荐系统(CRS)旨在主动引起用户偏好,并通过自然语言对话推荐高质量的项目。通常,CRS由建议模块组成,以预测用户的首选项目和对话模块,以生成适当的响应。要开发有效的CR,必须无缝整合两个模块。现有作品要么设计语义一致性策略,要么共享两个模块之间的知识资源和表示。但是,这些方法仍然依靠不同的体系结构或技术来开发两个模块,因此很难进行有效的模块集成。为了解决这个问题,我们根据知识增强的及时学习提出了一个名为UNICRS的统一CRS模型。我们的方法将建议和对话子任务统一到及时学习范式中,并根据固定的预训练的语言模型(PLM)利用知识增强的提示来以统一的方法来实现两个子任务。在及时的设计中,我们包括融合的知识表示,特定于任务的软令牌和对话环境,它们可以提供足够的上下文信息以适应CRS任务的PLM。此外,对于建议子任务,我们还将生成的响应模板作为提示的重要组成部分结合起来,以增强两个子任务之间的信息交互。对两个公共CRS数据集进行的广泛实验证明了我们方法的有效性。
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Interview has been regarded as one of the most crucial step for recruitment. To fully prepare for the interview with the recruiters, job seekers usually practice with mock interviews between each other. However, such a mock interview with peers is generally far away from the real interview experience: the mock interviewers are not guaranteed to be professional and are not likely to behave like a real interviewer. Due to the rapid growth of online recruitment in recent years, recruiters tend to have online interviews, which makes it possible to collect real interview data from real interviewers. In this paper, we propose a novel application named EZInterviewer, which aims to learn from the online interview data and provides mock interview services to the job seekers. The task is challenging in two ways: (1) the interview data are now available but still of low-resource; (2) to generate meaningful and relevant interview dialogs requires thorough understanding of both resumes and job descriptions. To address the low-resource challenge, EZInterviewer is trained on a very small set of interview dialogs. The key idea is to reduce the number of parameters that rely on interview dialogs by disentangling the knowledge selector and dialog generator so that most parameters can be trained with ungrounded dialogs as well as the resume data that are not low-resource. Evaluation results on a real-world job interview dialog dataset indicate that we achieve promising results to generate mock interviews. With the help of EZInterviewer, we hope to make mock interview practice become easier for job seekers.
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本文研究了以任务为导向的对话系统中的曝光偏差问题,其中模型在多个转弯中生成的内容驱动对话框上下文远离训练时间的地面真相分布,从而引入了错误传播并损害了TOD系统的稳健性。为了弥合训练和推理多转弯任务导向对话框之间的差距,我们建议会话级抽样,该采样将模型明确地暴露于培训期间对话框上下文的采样生成的内容。此外,我们采用基于辍学的一致性正规化与屏蔽策略R掩码,以进一步提高模型的鲁棒性和性能。拟议的UBARV2在标准化评估基准Multiwoz上实现了最先进的性能,并且广泛的实验显示了所提出的方法的有效性。
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Controllable Text Generation (CTG) is emerging area in the field of natural language generation (NLG). It is regarded as crucial for the development of advanced text generation technologies that are more natural and better meet the specific constraints in practical applications. In recent years, methods using large-scale pre-trained language models (PLMs), in particular the widely used transformer-based PLMs, have become a new paradigm of NLG, allowing generation of more diverse and fluent text. However, due to the lower level of interpretability of deep neural networks, the controllability of these methods need to be guaranteed. To this end, controllable text generation using transformer-based PLMs has become a rapidly growing yet challenging new research hotspot. A diverse range of approaches have emerged in the recent 3-4 years, targeting different CTG tasks which may require different types of controlled constraints. In this paper, we present a systematic critical review on the common tasks, main approaches and evaluation methods in this area. Finally, we discuss the challenges that the field is facing, and put forward various promising future directions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first survey paper to summarize CTG techniques from the perspective of PLMs. We hope it can help researchers in related fields to quickly track the academic frontier, providing them with a landscape of the area and a roadmap for future research.
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这项工作提出了一个新的对话数据集,即cookdial,该数据集促进了对任务知识了解的面向任务的对话系统的研究。该语料库包含260个以人类对任务为导向的对话框,其中代理给出了配方文档,指导用户烹饪菜肴。 Cookdial中的对话框展示了两个独特的功能:(i)对话流与支持文档之间的程序对齐; (ii)复杂的代理决策涉及分割长句子,解释硬说明并在对话框上下文中解决核心。此外,我们在假定的面向任务的对话框系统中确定了三个具有挑战性的(子)任务:(1)用户问题理解,(2)代理操作框架预测和(3)代理响应生成。对于这些任务中的每一个,我们都会开发一个神经基线模型,我们在cookdial数据集上进行了评估。我们公开发布烹饪数据集,包括对话框和食谱文档的丰富注释,以刺激对特定于域的文档接地对话框系统的进一步研究。
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对话式AI中的现有研究主要将面向任务的对话框(TOD)和问题答案(QA)视为单独的任务。为了构建可以完成用户任务和支持信息寻求信息的对话代理的目标,构建一个可以访问各种外部知识的系统,构建一个处理TOD和QA的系统非常重要。在这项工作中,我们提出了一项新任务,开放式TOD(OB-TOD),将TOD与QA任务相结合,并将外部知识源扩展到包括明确的知识源(例如Web)和隐式知识源(例如,例如,预训练的语言模型)。我们创建了一个新的数据集ob-multiwoz,在这里,我们在其中丰富了Tod会议,并使用类似QA的信息寻求基于外部知识的经验。我们提出了一个统一的模型Opera(开放式末端到端任务对话框),可以适当地访问明确和隐性的外部知识,以解决定义的任务。实验结果表明,与闭环基线相比,Opera的表现出色,并说明了两种知识类型的价值。
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As the functionality of dialogue systems evolves, hybrid dialogue systems that accomplish user-specific goals and participate in open-topic chitchat with users are attracting growing attention. Existing research learns both tasks concurrently utilizing a multi-task fusion technique but ignores the negative transfer phenomenon induced by the unique textual style differences. Therefore, contrastive learning based on the latent variable model is used to decouple the various textual genres in the latent space. We devise supervised and self-supervised positive and negative sample constructions for diverse datasets. In addition, to capitalize on the style information contained in the decoupled latent variables, we employ a style prefix that incorporates latent variables further to control the generation of responses with varying styles. We performed extensive experiments on three dialogue datasets, including a hybrid dialogue dataset and two task-oriented dialogue datasets. The experimental results demonstrate that our method can mitigate the negative style transfer issue and achieves state-of-the-art performance on multiple dialogue datasets.
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在本文中,我们利用了以前的预训练模型(PTM)的优势,并提出了一种新型的中国预训练的不平衡变压器(CPT)。与以前的中国PTM不同,CPT旨在利用自然语言理解(NLU)和自然语言生成(NLG)之间的共同知识来促进表现。 CPT包括三个部分:共享编码器,一个理解解码器和一代解码器。具有共享编码器的两个特定解码器分别通过蒙版语言建模(MLM)进行了预训练,并分别将自动编码(DAE)任务进行了验证。借助部分共享的体系结构和多任务预培训,CPT可以(1)使用两个解码器学习NLU或NLG任务的特定知识,并且(2)对模型的潜力充分利用了微调。此外,不平衡的变压器节省了计算和存储成本,这使CPT竞争激烈,并极大地加速了文本生成的推断。对各种中国NLU和NLG任务的实验结果显示了CPT的有效性。
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Natural Language Generation (NLG) has improved exponentially in recent years thanks to the development of sequence-to-sequence deep learning technologies such as Transformer-based language models. This advancement has led to more fluent and coherent NLG, leading to improved development in downstream tasks such as abstractive summarization, dialogue generation and data-to-text generation. However, it is also apparent that deep learning based generation is prone to hallucinate unintended text, which degrades the system performance and fails to meet user expectations in many real-world scenarios. To address this issue, many studies have been presented in measuring and mitigating hallucinated texts, but these have never been reviewed in a comprehensive manner before. In this survey, we thus provide a broad overview of the research progress and challenges in the hallucination problem in NLG. The survey is organized into two parts: (1) a general overview of metrics, mitigation methods, and future directions; and (2) an overview of task-specific research progress on hallucinations in the following downstream tasks, namely abstractive summarization, dialogue generation, generative question answering, data-to-text generation, machine translation, and visual-language generation. This survey serves to facilitate collaborative efforts among researchers in tackling the challenge of hallucinated texts in NLG.
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Recent advances in neural approaches greatly improve task-oriented dialogue (TOD) systems which assist users to accomplish their goals. However, such systems rely on costly manually labeled dialogs which are not available in practical scenarios. In this paper, we present our models for Track 2 of the SereTOD 2022 challenge, which is the first challenge of building semi-supervised and reinforced TOD systems on a large-scale real-world Chinese TOD dataset MobileCS. We build a knowledge-grounded dialog model to formulate dialog history and local KB as input and predict the system response. And we perform semi-supervised pre-training both on the labeled and unlabeled data. Our system achieves the first place both in the automatic evaluation and human interaction, especially with higher BLEU (+7.64) and Success (+13.6\%) than the second place.
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预先接受的语言模型实现了最先进的导致各种自然语言处理(NLP)任务。 GPT-3表明,缩放预先训练的语言模型可以进一步利用它们的巨大潜力。最近提出了一个名为Ernie 3.0的统一框架,以预先培训大型知识增强型号,并培训了具有10亿参数的模型。 Ernie 3.0在各种NLP任务上表现出最先进的模型。为了探讨缩放的表现,我们培养了百卢比的3.0泰坦参数型号,在PaddlePaddle平台上有高达260亿参数的泰坦。此外,我们设计了一种自我监督的对抗性损失和可控语言建模损失,以使ERNIE 3.0 TITAN产生可信和可控的文本。为了减少计算开销和碳排放,我们向Ernie 3.0泰坦提出了一个在线蒸馏框架,教师模型将同时教授学生和培训。埃塞尼3.0泰坦是迄今为止最大的中国密集预训练模型。经验结果表明,Ernie 3.0泰坦在68个NLP数据集中优于最先进的模型。
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我们提出了一种新颖的体系结构,用于使用离散的潜在变量对以任务为导向的对话进行解释建模,以表示对话动作。我们的模型基于变异复发性神经网络(VRNN),不需要明确的语义信息注释。与以前的作品不同,我们的方法模型系统和用户单独转动并执行数据库查询建模,这使该模型适用于以任务为导向的对话,同时生成易于解释的可解释的可解释的潜在变量。我们表明,我们的模型在三个数据集中的困惑和BLEU方面优于先前的方法,我们提出了一种衡量对话成功的方法,而无需专家注释。最后,我们提出了一种新颖的方式来解释有关系统动作的潜在变量语义。
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