本文比较了自适应和强大的卡尔曼滤波器算法在改善低特色粗糙地形上改善车轮惯性内径术中的性能。方法包括经典的自适应和鲁棒方法以及变分方法,其在实验上在类似于行星勘探中遇到的地形的轮式漫游器上进行评估。与经典自适应滤光器相比,变分滤波器显示出改善的解决方案精度,并且能够处理错误的车轮测量测量,并保持良好的定位,无需显着漂移。我们还显示参数如何影响本地化性能的变化。
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在这项工作中,我们展示了基于全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)的零速度信息的重要性。在文献中已经示出了使用零速度更新(Zupt)的零速度信息的有效性已经显示在文献中。在这里,我们利用此信息并将其添加为GNSS因子图中的位置约束。我们还将其性能与GNSS /惯用导航系统(INS)耦合因子图进行比较。我们在三个数据集上测试了我们的Zupt辅助因子图方法,并将其与仅限GNSS因子图进行了比较。
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滑动检测对于在外星人表面驾驶的流浪者的安全性和效率至关重要。当前的行星流动站滑移检测系统依赖于视觉感知,假设可以在环境中获得足够的视觉特征。然而,基于视觉的方法容易受到感知降解的行星环境,具有主要低地形特征,例如岩石岩,冰川地形,盐散发物以及较差的照明条件,例如黑暗的洞穴和永久阴影区域。仅依靠视觉传感器进行滑动检测也需要额外的计算功率,并降低了流动站的遍历速率。本文回答了如何检测行星漫游者的车轮滑移而不取决于视觉感知的问题。在这方面,我们提出了一个滑动检测系统,该系统从本体感受的本地化框架中获取信息,该框架能够提供数百米的可靠,连续和计算有效的状态估计。这是通过使用零速度更新,零角度更新和非独立限制作为惯性导航系统框架的伪测量更新来完成的。对所提出的方法进行了对实际硬件的评估,并在行星 - 分析环境中进行了现场测试。该方法仅使用IMU和车轮编码器就可以达到150 m左右的92%滑动检测精度。
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因子图最近被出现为GNSS定位的替代解决方法。在本文中,我们审查了因素图在GNSS中实施了,它们与卡尔曼滤波器的一些优点,以及它们在使定位解决方案更强大地降解测量方面的重要性。我们还讨论了因子图如何成为现场无线电导航社区的重要工具。
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在这封信中,我们通过学习两个参数而不是一个以更好地适合剩余分布来提高现有可靠估计算法的适应性。我们的方法使用这两个参数来计算迭代重新加权最小二乘(IRL)的权重。在噪声水平在测量中有所不同的情况下,权重的这种适应性性质被证明是有帮助的,并且显示出可提高异常值的鲁棒性。我们首先在综合数据集的点云注册问题上测试算法,其中已知真相转换。接下来,我们还使用开源激光惯性持续式SLAM软件包评估了该方法,以证明所提出的方法比现有版本的算法更有效,用于应用增量激光持续性探针测定法。我们还分析了从数据集中学到的两个参数的关节变异性。
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我们为腿部机器人提供了一个开源视觉惯性训练率(VILO)状态估计解决方案Cerberus,该机器人使用一组标准传感器(包括立体声摄像机,IMU,联合编码器,,imu,联合编码器)实时实时估算各个地形的位置和接触传感器。除了估计机器人状态外,我们还执行在线运动学参数校准并接触离群值拒绝以大大减少位置漂移。在各种室内和室外环境中进行的硬件实验验证了Cerberus中的运动学参数可以将估计的漂移降低到长距离高速运动中的1%以下。我们的漂移结果比文献中报道的相同的一组传感器组比任何其他状态估计方法都要好。此外,即使机器人经历了巨大的影响和摄像头遮挡,我们的状态估计器也表现良好。状态估计器的实现以及用于计算我们结果的数据集,可在https://github.com/shuoyangrobotics/cerberus上获得。
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本文为自动驾驶车辆提供了基于激光雷达的同时定位和映射(SLAM)。研究了来自地标传感器的数据和自适应卡尔曼滤波器(KF)中的带状惯性测量单元(IMU)加上系统的可观察性。除了车辆的状态和具有里程碑意义的位置外,自我调整过滤器还估计IMU校准参数以及测量噪声的协方差。流程噪声,状态过渡矩阵和观察灵敏度矩阵的离散时间协方差矩阵以封闭形式得出,使其适合实时实现。检查3D SLAM系统的可观察性得出的结论是,该系统在地标对准的几何条件下仍然可以观察到。
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我们通过雷达来解决对象跟踪以及处理异常值的当前最新方法的鲁棒性。标准跟踪算法从雷达图像空间中提取检测到在过滤阶段使用它。过滤由卡尔曼过滤器进行,该滤波器假设高斯分布式噪声。但是,此假设并不能说明大型建模错误,并导致突然动作期间的跟踪性能差。我们将高斯总和过滤器(多假设跟踪器的单对象变体)作为基线,并通过与比高斯更重的分布建模工艺噪声来提出修改。变分贝叶斯提供了一种快速,计算上便宜的推理算法。我们的模拟表明,在存在过程离群值的情况下,稳健的跟踪器在跟踪单个对象时优于高斯总和过滤器。
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GNSS and LiDAR odometry are complementary as they provide absolute and relative positioning, respectively. Their integration in a loosely-coupled manner is straightforward but is challenged in urban canyons due to the GNSS signal reflections. Recent proposed 3D LiDAR-aided (3DLA) GNSS methods employ the point cloud map to identify the non-line-of-sight (NLOS) reception of GNSS signals. This facilitates the GNSS receiver to obtain improved urban positioning but not achieve a sub-meter level. GNSS real-time kinematics (RTK) uses carrier phase measurements to obtain decimeter-level positioning. In urban areas, the GNSS RTK is not only challenged by multipath and NLOS-affected measurement but also suffers from signal blockage by the building. The latter will impose a challenge in solving the ambiguity within the carrier phase measurements. In the other words, the model observability of the ambiguity resolution (AR) is greatly decreased. This paper proposes to generate virtual satellite (VS) measurements using the selected LiDAR landmarks from the accumulated 3D point cloud maps (PCM). These LiDAR-PCM-made VS measurements are tightly-coupled with GNSS pseudorange and carrier phase measurements. Thus, the VS measurements can provide complementary constraints, meaning providing low-elevation-angle measurements in the across-street directions. The implementation is done using factor graph optimization to solve an accurate float solution of the ambiguity before it is fed into LAMBDA. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been validated by the evaluation conducted on our recently open-sourced challenging dataset, UrbanNav. The result shows the fix rate of the proposed 3DLA GNSS RTK is about 30% while the conventional GNSS-RTK only achieves about 14%. In addition, the proposed method achieves sub-meter positioning accuracy in most of the data collected in challenging urban areas.
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A monocular visual-inertial system (VINS), consisting of a camera and a low-cost inertial measurement unit (IMU), forms the minimum sensor suite for metric six degreesof-freedom (DOF) state estimation. However, the lack of direct distance measurement poses significant challenges in terms of IMU processing, estimator initialization, extrinsic calibration, and nonlinear optimization. In this work, we present VINS-Mono: a robust and versatile monocular visual-inertial state estimator. Our approach starts with a robust procedure for estimator initialization and failure recovery. A tightly-coupled, nonlinear optimization-based method is used to obtain high accuracy visual-inertial odometry by fusing pre-integrated IMU measurements and feature observations. A loop detection module, in combination with our tightly-coupled formulation, enables relocalization with minimum computation overhead. We additionally perform four degrees-of-freedom pose graph optimization to enforce global consistency. We validate the performance of our system on public datasets and real-world experiments and compare against other state-of-the-art algorithms. We also perform onboard closed-loop autonomous flight on the MAV platform and port the algorithm to an iOS-based demonstration. We highlight that the proposed work is a reliable, complete, and versatile system that is applicable for different applications that require high accuracy localization. We open source our implementations for both PCs 1 and iOS mobile devices 2 .
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我们提供了一种基于因子图优化的多摄像性视觉惯性内径系统,该系统通过同时使用所有相机估计运动,同时保留固定的整体特征预算。我们专注于在挑战环境中的运动跟踪,例如狭窄的走廊,具有侵略性动作的黑暗空间,突然的照明变化。这些方案导致传统的单眼或立体声测量失败。在理论上,使用额外的相机跟踪运动,但它会导致额外的复杂性和计算负担。为了克服这些挑战,我们介绍了两种新的方法来改善多相机特征跟踪。首先,除了从一体相机移动到另一个相机时,我们连续地跟踪特征的代替跟踪特征。这提高了准确性并实现了更紧凑的因子图表示。其次,我们选择跨摄像机的跟踪功能的固定预算,以降低反向结束优化时间。我们发现,使用较小的信息性功能可以保持相同的跟踪精度。我们所提出的方法使用由IMU和四个摄像机(前立体网和两个侧面)组成的硬件同步装置进行广泛测试,包括:地下矿,大型开放空间,以及带狭窄楼梯和走廊的建筑室内设计。与立体声最新的视觉惯性内径测量方法相比,我们的方法将漂移率,相对姿势误差,高达80%的翻译和旋转39%降低。
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我们检查了来自水下滑翔机的声学多普勒电流探测器(ADCP)测量,以确定滑翔机位置,滑翔机速度和地下电流。但是,ADCP并未直接观察关注的量;相反,他们测量车辆和水柱的相对运动。我们研究了以前已应用于此问题的数学创新的谱系,发现了独立性的未陈述但不正确的假设。我们重新构建了一种形成当前和车辆导航联合概率模型的方法,该方法使我们能够纠正此假设并扩展经典的Kalman平滑方法。详细的模拟肯定了我们方法对计算估计的疗效及其不确定性。此处开发的联合模型为将来的工作奠定了基础,以结合限制,范围测量和稳健的统计模型。
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惯性导航系统与全球导航卫星系统之间的融合经常用于许多平台,例如无人机,陆地车辆和船舶船只。融合通常是在基于模型的扩展卡尔曼过滤框架中进行的。过滤器的关键参数之一是过程噪声协方差。它负责实时解决方案的准确性,因为它考虑了车辆动力学不确定性和惯性传感器质量。在大多数情况下,过程噪声被认为是恒定的。然而,由于整个轨迹的车辆动力学和传感器测量变化,过程噪声协方差可能会发生变化。为了应对这种情况,文献中建议了几种基于自适应的Kalman过滤器。在本文中,我们提出了一个混合模型和基于学习的自适应导航过滤器。我们依靠基于模型的Kalman滤波器和设计深神网络模型来调整瞬时系统噪声协方差矩阵,仅基于惯性传感器读数。一旦学习了过程噪声协方差,就可以将其插入建立的基于模型的Kalman滤波器中。在推导了提出的混合框架后,提出了使用四极管的现场实验结果,并给出了与基于模型的自适应方法进行比较。我们表明,所提出的方法在位置误差中获得了25%的改善。此外,提出的混合学习方法可以在任何导航过滤器以及任何相关估计问题中使用。
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Accurate and safety-quantifiable localization is of great significance for safety-critical autonomous systems, such as unmanned ground vehicles (UGV) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). The visual odometry-based method can provide accurate positioning in a short period but is subjected to drift over time. Moreover, the quantification of the safety of the localization solution (the error is bounded by a certain value) is still a challenge. To fill the gaps, this paper proposes a safety-quantifiable line feature-based visual localization method with a prior map. The visual-inertial odometry provides a high-frequency local pose estimation which serves as the initial guess for the visual localization. By obtaining a visual line feature pair association, a foot point-based constraint is proposed to construct the cost function between the 2D lines extracted from the real-time image and the 3D lines extracted from the high-precision prior 3D point cloud map. Moreover, a global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) inspired method is employed to quantify the safety of the derived localization solution. Among that, an outlier rejection (also well-known as fault detection and exclusion) strategy is employed via the weighted sum of squares residual with a Chi-squared probability distribution. A protection level (PL) scheme considering multiple outliers is derived and utilized to quantify the potential error bound of the localization solution in both position and rotation domains. The effectiveness of the proposed safety-quantifiable localization system is verified using the datasets collected in the UAV indoor and UGV outdoor environments.
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安装在微空中车辆(MAV)上的地面穿透雷达是有助于协助人道主义陆地间隙的工具。然而,合成孔径雷达图像的质量取决于雷达天线的准确和精确运动估计以及与MAV产生信息性的观点。本文介绍了一个完整的自动空气缩进的合成孔径雷达(GPSAR)系统。该系统由空间校准和时间上同步的工业级传感器套件组成,使得在地面上方,雷达成像和光学成像。自定义任务规划框架允许在地上控制地上的Stripmap和圆形(GPSAR)轨迹的生成和自动执行,以及空中成像调查飞行。基于因子图基于Dual接收机实时运动(RTK)全局导航卫星系统(GNSS)和惯性测量单元(IMU)的测量值,以获得精确,高速平台位置和方向。地面真理实验表明,传感器时机为0.8美元,正如0.1美元的那样,定位率为1 kHz。与具有不确定标题初始化的单个位置因子相比,双位置因子配方可提高高达40%,批量定位精度高达59%。我们的现场试验验证了本地化准确性和精度,使得能够相干雷达测量和检测在沙子中埋入的雷达目标。这验证了作为鸟瞰着地图检测系统的潜力。
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A reliable self-contained navigation system is essential for autonomous vehicles. Based on our previous study on Wheel-INS \cite{niu2019}, a wheel-mounted inertial measurement unit (Wheel-IMU)-based dead reckoning (DR) system, in this paper, we propose a multiple IMUs-based DR solution for the wheeled robots. The IMUs are mounted at different places of the wheeled vehicles to acquire various dynamic information. In particular, at least one IMU has to be mounted at the wheel to measure the wheel velocity and take advantages of the rotation modulation. The system is implemented through a distributed extended Kalman filter structure where each subsystem (corresponding to each IMU) retains and updates its own states separately. The relative position constraints between the multiple IMUs are exploited to further limit the error drift and improve the system robustness. Particularly, we present the DR systems using dual Wheel-IMUs, one Wheel-IMU plus one vehicle body-mounted IMU (Body-IMU), and dual Wheel-IMUs plus one Body-IMU as examples for analysis and comparison. Field tests illustrate that the proposed multi-IMU DR system outperforms the single Wheel-INS in terms of both positioning and heading accuracy. By comparing with the centralized filter, the proposed distributed filter shows unimportant accuracy degradation while holds significant computation efficiency. Moreover, among the three multi-IMU configurations, the one Body-IMU plus one Wheel-IMU design obtains the minimum drift rate. The position drift rates of the three configurations are 0.82\% (dual Wheel-IMUs), 0.69\% (one Body-IMU plus one Wheel-IMU), and 0.73\% (dual Wheel-IMUs plus one Body-IMU), respectively.
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The field of autonomous mobile robots has undergone dramatic advancements over the past decades. Despite achieving important milestones, several challenges are yet to be addressed. Aggregating the achievements of the robotic community as survey papers is vital to keep the track of current state-of-the-art and the challenges that must be tackled in the future. This paper tries to provide a comprehensive review of autonomous mobile robots covering topics such as sensor types, mobile robot platforms, simulation tools, path planning and following, sensor fusion methods, obstacle avoidance, and SLAM. The urge to present a survey paper is twofold. First, autonomous navigation field evolves fast so writing survey papers regularly is crucial to keep the research community well-aware of the current status of this field. Second, deep learning methods have revolutionized many fields including autonomous navigation. Therefore, it is necessary to give an appropriate treatment of the role of deep learning in autonomous navigation as well which is covered in this paper. Future works and research gaps will also be discussed.
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惯性辅助系统需要连续的运动激发,以表征测量偏差,这些偏差将使本地化框架需要准确的集成。本文建议使用信息性的路径计划来找到最佳的轨迹,以最大程度地减少IMU偏见的不确定性和一种自适应痕迹方法,以指导规划师朝着有助于收敛的轨迹迈进。关键贡献是一种基于高斯工艺(GP)的新型回归方法,以从RRT*计划算法的变体之间实现连续性和可区分性。我们采用应用于GP内核函数的线性操作员不仅推断连续位置轨迹,还推断速度和加速度。线性函数的使用实现了IMU测量给出的速度和加速度约束,以施加在位置GP模型上。模拟和现实世界实验的结果表明,IMU偏差收敛的计划有助于最大程度地减少状态估计框架中的本地化错误。
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机器人应用不断努力朝着更高的自主权努力。为了实现这一目标,高度健壮和准确的状态估计是必不可少的。事实证明,结合视觉和惯性传感器方式可以在短期应用中产生准确和局部一致的结果。不幸的是,视觉惯性状态估计器遭受长期轨迹漂移的积累。为了消除这种漂移,可以将全球测量值融合到状态估计管道中。全球测量的最著名和广泛可用的来源是全球定位系统(GPS)。在本文中,我们提出了一种新颖的方法,该方法完全结合了立体视觉惯性同时定位和映射(SLAM),包括视觉循环封闭,并在基于紧密耦合且基于优化的框架中融合了全球传感器模式。结合了测量不确定性,我们提供了一个可靠的标准来解决全球参考框架初始化问题。此外,我们提出了一个类似环路的优化方案,以补偿接收GPS信号中断电中累积的漂移。在数据集和现实世界中的实验验证表明,与现有的最新方法相比,与现有的最新方法相比,我们对GPS辍学方法的鲁棒性以及其能够估算高度准确且全球一致的轨迹的能力。
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准确的本地化是机器人导航系统的核心组成部分。为此,全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)可以在户外提供绝对的测量,因此消除了长期漂移。但是,将GNSS数据与其他传感器数据进行融合并不是微不足道的,尤其是当机器人在有和没有天空视图的区域之间移动时。我们提出了一种可靠的方法,该方法将原始GNSS接收器数据与惯性测量以及可选的LIDAR观测值紧密地融合在一起,以进行精确和光滑的移动机器人定位。提出了具有两种类型的GNSS因子的因子图。首先,基于伪龙的因素,该因素允许地球上进行全球定位。其次,基于载体阶段的因素,该因素可以实现高度准确的相对定位,这在对其他感应方式受到挑战时很有用。与传统的差异GNS不同,这种方法不需要与基站的连接。在公共城市驾驶数据集上,我们的方法达到了与最先进的算法相当的精度,该算法将视觉惯性探测器与GNSS数据融合在一起 - 尽管我们的方法不使用相机,但仅使用了惯性和GNSS数据。我们还使用来自汽车的数据以及在森林(例如森林)的环境中移动的四倍的机器人,证明了方法的鲁棒性。全球地球框架中的准确性仍然为1-2 m,而估计的轨迹无不连续性和光滑。我们还展示了如何紧密整合激光雷达测量值。我们认为,这是第一个将原始GNSS观察(而不是修复)与LIDAR融合在一起的系统。
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