准确的本地化是机器人导航系统的核心组成部分。为此,全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)可以在户外提供绝对的测量,因此消除了长期漂移。但是,将GNSS数据与其他传感器数据进行融合并不是微不足道的,尤其是当机器人在有和没有天空视图的区域之间移动时。我们提出了一种可靠的方法,该方法将原始GNSS接收器数据与惯性测量以及可选的LIDAR观测值紧密地融合在一起,以进行精确和光滑的移动机器人定位。提出了具有两种类型的GNSS因子的因子图。首先,基于伪龙的因素,该因素允许地球上进行全球定位。其次,基于载体阶段的因素,该因素可以实现高度准确的相对定位,这在对其他感应方式受到挑战时很有用。与传统的差异GNS不同,这种方法不需要与基站的连接。在公共城市驾驶数据集上,我们的方法达到了与最先进的算法相当的精度,该算法将视觉惯性探测器与GNSS数据融合在一起 - 尽管我们的方法不使用相机,但仅使用了惯性和GNSS数据。我们还使用来自汽车的数据以及在森林(例如森林)的环境中移动的四倍的机器人,证明了方法的鲁棒性。全球地球框架中的准确性仍然为1-2 m,而估计的轨迹无不连续性和光滑。我们还展示了如何紧密整合激光雷达测量值。我们认为,这是第一个将原始GNSS观察(而不是修复)与LIDAR融合在一起的系统。
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GNSS and LiDAR odometry are complementary as they provide absolute and relative positioning, respectively. Their integration in a loosely-coupled manner is straightforward but is challenged in urban canyons due to the GNSS signal reflections. Recent proposed 3D LiDAR-aided (3DLA) GNSS methods employ the point cloud map to identify the non-line-of-sight (NLOS) reception of GNSS signals. This facilitates the GNSS receiver to obtain improved urban positioning but not achieve a sub-meter level. GNSS real-time kinematics (RTK) uses carrier phase measurements to obtain decimeter-level positioning. In urban areas, the GNSS RTK is not only challenged by multipath and NLOS-affected measurement but also suffers from signal blockage by the building. The latter will impose a challenge in solving the ambiguity within the carrier phase measurements. In the other words, the model observability of the ambiguity resolution (AR) is greatly decreased. This paper proposes to generate virtual satellite (VS) measurements using the selected LiDAR landmarks from the accumulated 3D point cloud maps (PCM). These LiDAR-PCM-made VS measurements are tightly-coupled with GNSS pseudorange and carrier phase measurements. Thus, the VS measurements can provide complementary constraints, meaning providing low-elevation-angle measurements in the across-street directions. The implementation is done using factor graph optimization to solve an accurate float solution of the ambiguity before it is fed into LAMBDA. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been validated by the evaluation conducted on our recently open-sourced challenging dataset, UrbanNav. The result shows the fix rate of the proposed 3DLA GNSS RTK is about 30% while the conventional GNSS-RTK only achieves about 14%. In addition, the proposed method achieves sub-meter positioning accuracy in most of the data collected in challenging urban areas.
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Accurate and consistent vehicle localization in urban areas is challenging due to the large-scale and complicated environments. In this paper, we propose onlineFGO, a novel time-centric graph-optimization-based localization method that fuses multiple sensor measurements with the continuous-time trajectory representation for vehicle localization tasks. We generalize the graph construction independent of any spatial sensor measurements by creating the states deterministically on time. As the trajectory representation in continuous-time enables querying states at arbitrary times, incoming sensor measurements can be factorized on the graph without requiring state alignment. We integrate different GNSS observations: pseudorange, deltarange, and time-differenced carrier phase (TDCP) to ensure global reference and fuse the relative motion from a LiDAR-odometry to improve the localization consistency while GNSS observations are not available. Experiments on general performance, effects of different factors, and hyper-parameter settings are conducted in a real-world measurement campaign in Aachen city that contains different urban scenarios. Our results show an average 2D error of 0.99m and consistent state estimation in urban scenarios.
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机器人应用不断努力朝着更高的自主权努力。为了实现这一目标,高度健壮和准确的状态估计是必不可少的。事实证明,结合视觉和惯性传感器方式可以在短期应用中产生准确和局部一致的结果。不幸的是,视觉惯性状态估计器遭受长期轨迹漂移的积累。为了消除这种漂移,可以将全球测量值融合到状态估计管道中。全球测量的最著名和广泛可用的来源是全球定位系统(GPS)。在本文中,我们提出了一种新颖的方法,该方法完全结合了立体视觉惯性同时定位和映射(SLAM),包括视觉循环封闭,并在基于紧密耦合且基于优化的框架中融合了全球传感器模式。结合了测量不确定性,我们提供了一个可靠的标准来解决全球参考框架初始化问题。此外,我们提出了一个类似环路的优化方案,以补偿接收GPS信号中断电中累积的漂移。在数据集和现实世界中的实验验证表明,与现有的最新方法相比,与现有的最新方法相比,我们对GPS辍学方法的鲁棒性以及其能够估算高度准确且全球一致的轨迹的能力。
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安装在微空中车辆(MAV)上的地面穿透雷达是有助于协助人道主义陆地间隙的工具。然而,合成孔径雷达图像的质量取决于雷达天线的准确和精确运动估计以及与MAV产生信息性的观点。本文介绍了一个完整的自动空气缩进的合成孔径雷达(GPSAR)系统。该系统由空间校准和时间上同步的工业级传感器套件组成,使得在地面上方,雷达成像和光学成像。自定义任务规划框架允许在地上控制地上的Stripmap和圆形(GPSAR)轨迹的生成和自动执行,以及空中成像调查飞行。基于因子图基于Dual接收机实时运动(RTK)全局导航卫星系统(GNSS)和惯性测量单元(IMU)的测量值,以获得精确,高速平台位置和方向。地面真理实验表明,传感器时机为0.8美元,正如0.1美元的那样,定位率为1 kHz。与具有不确定标题初始化的单个位置因子相比,双位置因子配方可提高高达40%,批量定位精度高达59%。我们的现场试验验证了本地化准确性和精度,使得能够相干雷达测量和检测在沙子中埋入的雷达目标。这验证了作为鸟瞰着地图检测系统的潜力。
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本文通过讨论参加了为期三年的SubT竞赛的六支球队的不同大满贯策略和成果,报道了地下大满贯的现状。特别是,本文有四个主要目标。首先,我们审查团队采用的算法,架构和系统;特别重点是以激光雷达以激光雷达为中心的SLAM解决方案(几乎所有竞争中所有团队的首选方法),异质的多机器人操作(包括空中机器人和地面机器人)和现实世界的地下操作(从存在需要处理严格的计算约束的晦涩之处)。我们不会回避讨论不同SubT SLAM系统背后的肮脏细节,这些系统通常会从技术论文中省略。其次,我们通过强调当前的SLAM系统的可能性以及我们认为与一些良好的系统工程有关的范围来讨论该领域的成熟度。第三,我们概述了我们认为是基本的开放问题,这些问题可能需要进一步的研究才能突破。最后,我们提供了在SubT挑战和相关工作期间生产的开源SLAM实现和数据集的列表,并构成了研究人员和从业人员的有用资源。
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我们提供了一种基于因子图优化的多摄像性视觉惯性内径系统,该系统通过同时使用所有相机估计运动,同时保留固定的整体特征预算。我们专注于在挑战环境中的运动跟踪,例如狭窄的走廊,具有侵略性动作的黑暗空间,突然的照明变化。这些方案导致传统的单眼或立体声测量失败。在理论上,使用额外的相机跟踪运动,但它会导致额外的复杂性和计算负担。为了克服这些挑战,我们介绍了两种新的方法来改善多相机特征跟踪。首先,除了从一体相机移动到另一个相机时,我们连续地跟踪特征的代替跟踪特征。这提高了准确性并实现了更紧凑的因子图表示。其次,我们选择跨摄像机的跟踪功能的固定预算,以降低反向结束优化时间。我们发现,使用较小的信息性功能可以保持相同的跟踪精度。我们所提出的方法使用由IMU和四个摄像机(前立体网和两个侧面)组成的硬件同步装置进行广泛测试,包括:地下矿,大型开放空间,以及带狭窄楼梯和走廊的建筑室内设计。与立体声最新的视觉惯性内径测量方法相比,我们的方法将漂移率,相对姿势误差,高达80%的翻译和旋转39%降低。
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我们在本文中介绍Raillomer,实现实时准确和鲁棒的内径测量和轨道车辆的测绘。 Raillomer从两个Lidars,IMU,火车车程和全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)接收器接收测量。作为前端,来自IMU / Royomer缩放组的估计动作De-Skews DeSoised Point云并为框架到框架激光轨道测量产生初始猜测。作为后端,配制了基于滑动窗口的因子图以共同优化多模态信息。另外,我们利用来自提取的轨道轨道和结构外观描述符的平面约束,以进一步改善对重复结构的系统鲁棒性。为了确保全局常见和更少的模糊映射结果,我们开发了一种两级映射方法,首先以本地刻度执行扫描到地图,然后利用GNSS信息来注册模块。该方法在聚集的数据集上广泛评估了多次范围内的数据集,并且表明Raillomer即使在大或退化的环境中也能提供排入量级定位精度。我们还将Raillomer集成到互动列车状态和铁路监控系统原型设计中,已经部署到实验货量交通铁路。
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We propose a framework for tightly-coupled lidar inertial odometry via smoothing and mapping, LIO-SAM, that achieves highly accurate, real-time mobile robot trajectory estimation and map-building. LIO-SAM formulates lidar-inertial odometry atop a factor graph, allowing a multitude of relative and absolute measurements, including loop closures, to be incorporated from different sources as factors into the system. The estimated motion from inertial measurement unit (IMU) pre-integration de-skews point clouds and produces an initial guess for lidar odometry optimization. The obtained lidar odometry solution is used to estimate the bias of the IMU. To ensure high performance in real-time, we marginalize old lidar scans for pose optimization, rather than matching lidar scans to a global map. Scan-matching at a local scale instead of a global scale significantly improves the real-time performance of the system, as does the selective introduction of keyframes, and an efficient sliding window approach that registers a new keyframe to a fixed-size set of prior "sub-keyframes." The proposed method is extensively evaluated on datasets gathered from three platforms over various scales and environments.
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精确和实时轨道车辆本地化以及铁路环境监测对于铁路安全至关重要。在这封信中,我们提出了一种基于多激光器的同时定位和映射(SLAM)系统,用于铁路应用。我们的方法从测量开始预处理,以便去噪并同步多个LIDAR输入。根据LIDAR放置使用不同的帧到框架注册方法。此外,我们利用来自提取的轨道轨道的平面约束来提高系统精度。本地地图进一步与利用绝对位置测量的全局地图对齐。考虑到不可避免的金属磨损和螺杆松动,在手术期间唤醒了在线外在细化。在收集3000公里的数据集上广泛验证了所提出的方法。结果表明,所提出的系统与大规模环境的有效映射一起实现了精确且稳健的本地化。我们的系统已应用于运费交通铁路以监控任务。
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Accurate and smooth global navigation satellite system (GNSS) positioning for pedestrians in urban canyons is still a challenge due to the multipath effects and the non-light-of-sight (NLOS) receptions caused by the reflections from surrounding buildings. The recently developed factor graph optimization (FGO) based GNSS positioning method opened a new window for improving urban GNSS positioning by effectively exploiting the measurement redundancy from the historical information to resist the outlier measurements. Unfortunately, the FGO-based GNSS standalone positioning is still challenged in highly urbanized areas. As an extension of the previous FGO-based GNSS positioning method, this paper exploits the potential of the pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) model in FGO to improve the GNSS standalone positioning performance in urban canyons. Specifically, the relative motion of the pedestrian is estimated based on the raw acceleration measurements from the onboard smartphone inertial measurement unit (IMU) via the PDR algorithm. Then the raw GNSS pseudorange, Doppler measurements, and relative motion from PDR are integrated using the FGO. Given the context of pedestrian navigation with a small acceleration most of the time, a novel soft motion model is proposed to smooth the states involved in the factor graph model. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified step-by-step through two datasets collected in dense urban canyons of Hong Kong using smartphone-level GNSS receivers. The comparison between the conventional extended Kalman filter, several existing methods, and FGO-based integration is presented. The results reveal that the existing FGO-based GNSS standalone positioning is highly complementary to the PDR's relative motion estimation. Both improved positioning accuracy and trajectory smoothness are obtained with the help of the proposed method.
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在本文中,我们介绍了全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)辅助激光乐队 - 视觉惯性方案RAILTOMER-V,用于准确且坚固的铁路车辆本地化和映射。 Raillomer-V在因子图上制定,由两个子系统组成:辅助LiDar惯性系统(OLIS)和距离的内径综合视觉惯性系统(OVI)。两个子系统都利用了铁路上的典型几何结构。提取的轨道轨道的平面约束用于补充OLI中的旋转和垂直误差。此外,线特征和消失点被利用以限制卵巢中的旋转漂移。拟议的框架在800公里的数据集中广泛评估,聚集在一年以上的一般速度和高速铁路,日夜。利用各个传感器的所有测量的紧密耦合集成,我们的框架准确到了长期的任务,并且足够强大地避免了退行的情景(铁路隧道)。此外,可以使用车载计算机实现实时性能。
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在本文中,我们提出了一种由静态建筑物和动态物体引起的3D LIDAR辅助全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)的非思照(NLOS)缓解方法。首先基于来自3D LIDAR传感器的实时3D点云,首先生成描述自我车辆周围的滑动窗图。然后,使用所提出的快速搜索方法,基于滑动窗口图检测NLOS接收,该方法没有初始猜测GNSS接收器的位置。而不是从进一步定位估计直接排除检测到的NLOS卫星,而是通过在滑动窗口图中检测到NLOS信号的反射点来校正伪距测量模型(1)校正伪距测量,并且(2)重塑不确定性利用新型加权方案的NLOS伪距测量。我们评估了使用汽车级GNSS接收器在香港在香港几个典型的城市峡谷中的拟议方法的表现。此外,我们还通过因子图优化评估了GNSS和惯性导航系统集成中所提出的NLOS缓解方法的潜力。
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通过实现复杂场景实现长期漂移相机姿势估计的目标,我们提出了一种全球定位框架,融合了多层的视觉,惯性和全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)测量。不同于以前的松散和紧密耦合的方法,所提出的多层融合允许我们彻底校正视觉测量仪的漂移,并在GNSS降解时保持可靠的定位。特别地,通过融合GNSS的速度,在紧紧地集成的情况下,解决视觉测量测量测量测量率和偏差估计中的尺度漂移和偏差估计的问题的问题,惯性测量单元(IMU)的预集成以及紧密相机测量的情况下 - 耦合的方式。在外层中实现全局定位,其中局部运动进一步与GNSS位置和基于长期时期的过程以松散耦合的方式融合。此外,提出了一种专用的初始化方法,以保证所有状态变量和参数的快速准确估计。我们为室内和室外公共数据集提供了拟议框架的详尽测试。平均本地化误差减少了63%,而初始化精度与最先进的工程相比,促销率为69%。我们已将算法应用于增强现实(AR)导航,人群采购高精度地图更新等大型应用。
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本文介绍了一种基于来自IMU数据的学习的位移测量的腿机器人的新型概述状态估计。最近的行人跟踪研究表明,可以使用卷积神经网络从惯性数据推断出运动。学习的惯性位移测量可以提高具有挑战性的场景的状态估计,其中腿部内径是不可靠的,例如滑动和可压缩的地形。我们的工作学会从IMU数据估算从IMU数据融合的位移测量,然后与传统的腿部腿部融合。我们的方法大大降低了诸如在视觉中部署的腿部机器人和Lidar被否定的环境(如有雾的下水道或尘土飞扬的地雷)至关重要。我们使用来自几个真正的机器人实验的数据与交叉挑战性地形的几个真正的机器人实验进行了比较了来自EKF和增量固定滞后因子图估计的结果。与传统的运动惯用估计器相比,我们的结果在挑战情景中表明相对姿势误差的减少37%,而无需学习测量。当在视觉降级环境中的视觉系统中使用时,我们还展示了22%的误差减少,例如地下矿井。
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Visual Inertial Odometry (VIO) is one of the most established state estimation methods for mobile platforms. However, when visual tracking fails, VIO algorithms quickly diverge due to rapid error accumulation during inertial data integration. This error is typically modeled as a combination of additive Gaussian noise and a slowly changing bias which evolves as a random walk. In this work, we propose to train a neural network to learn the true bias evolution. We implement and compare two common sequential deep learning architectures: LSTMs and Transformers. Our approach follows from recent learning-based inertial estimators, but, instead of learning a motion model, we target IMU bias explicitly, which allows us to generalize to locomotion patterns unseen in training. We show that our proposed method improves state estimation in visually challenging situations across a wide range of motions by quadrupedal robots, walking humans, and drones. Our experiments show an average 15% reduction in drift rate, with much larger reductions when there is total vision failure. Importantly, we also demonstrate that models trained with one locomotion pattern (human walking) can be applied to another (quadruped robot trotting) without retraining.
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在这封信中,我们提出了一个可靠的实时,实时的,惯性导航系统(INS) - 中心的GNSS-视觉惯性导航系统(IC-GVIN),用于轮式机器人,其中在两个状态估计中都可以完全利用精确的INS和视觉过程。为了改善系统的鲁棒性,通过严格的离群策略,在整个基于关键帧的视觉过程中采用了INS信息。采用GNSS来执行IC-GVIN的准确和方便的初始化,并进一步用于在大规模环境中实现绝对定位。 IMU,Visual和GNSS测量值紧密地融合在因子图优化的框架内。进行了专用的实验,以评估轮式机器人上IC-GVIN的鲁棒性和准确性。 IC-GVIN在带有移动对象的各种视觉降低场景中表现出卓越的鲁棒性。与最先进的视觉惯性导航系统相比,所提出的方法在各种环境中都能提高鲁棒性和准确性。我们开源的代码与GitHub上的数据集结合在一起
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A monocular visual-inertial system (VINS), consisting of a camera and a low-cost inertial measurement unit (IMU), forms the minimum sensor suite for metric six degreesof-freedom (DOF) state estimation. However, the lack of direct distance measurement poses significant challenges in terms of IMU processing, estimator initialization, extrinsic calibration, and nonlinear optimization. In this work, we present VINS-Mono: a robust and versatile monocular visual-inertial state estimator. Our approach starts with a robust procedure for estimator initialization and failure recovery. A tightly-coupled, nonlinear optimization-based method is used to obtain high accuracy visual-inertial odometry by fusing pre-integrated IMU measurements and feature observations. A loop detection module, in combination with our tightly-coupled formulation, enables relocalization with minimum computation overhead. We additionally perform four degrees-of-freedom pose graph optimization to enforce global consistency. We validate the performance of our system on public datasets and real-world experiments and compare against other state-of-the-art algorithms. We also perform onboard closed-loop autonomous flight on the MAV platform and port the algorithm to an iOS-based demonstration. We highlight that the proposed work is a reliable, complete, and versatile system that is applicable for different applications that require high accuracy localization. We open source our implementations for both PCs 1 and iOS mobile devices 2 .
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对自主导航和室内应用程序勘探机器人的最新兴趣刺激了对室内同时定位和映射(SLAM)机器人系统的研究。尽管大多数这些大满贯系统使用视觉和激光雷达传感器与探针传感器同时使用,但这些探针传感器会随着时间的流逝而漂移。为了打击这种漂移,视觉大满贯系统部署计算和内存密集型搜索算法来检测“环闭合”,这使得轨迹估计在全球范围内保持一致。为了绕过这些资源(计算和内存)密集算法,我们提出了VIWID,该算法将WiFi和视觉传感器集成在双层系统中。这种双层方法将局部和全局轨迹估计的任务分开,从而使VIWID资源有效,同时实现PAR或更好的性能到最先进的视觉大满贯。我们在四个数据集上展示了VIWID的性能,涵盖了超过1500 m的遍历路径,并分别显示出4.3倍和4倍的计算和记忆消耗量与最先进的视觉和LIDAR SLAM SLAM系统相比,具有PAR SLAM性能。
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我们提出了一种准确而坚固的多模态传感器融合框架,Metroloc,朝着最极端的场景之一,大规模地铁车辆本地化和映射。 Metroloc在以IMU为中心的状态估计器上构建,以较轻耦合的方法紧密地耦合光检测和测距(LIDAR),视觉和惯性信息。所提出的框架由三个子模块组成:IMU Odometry,LiDar - 惯性内径术(LIO)和视觉惯性内径(VIO)。 IMU被视为主要传感器,从LIO和VIO实现了从LIO和VIO的观察,以限制加速度计和陀螺仪偏差。与以前的点LIO方法相比,我们的方法通过将线路和平面特征引入运动估计来利用更多几何信息。 VIO还通过使用两条线和点来利用环境结构信息。我们所提出的方法在具有维护车辆的长期地铁环境中广泛测试。实验结果表明,该系统比使用实时性能的最先进的方法更准确和强大。此外,我们开发了一系列虚拟现实(VR)应用,以实现高效,经济,互动的轨道车辆状态和轨道基础设施监控,已经部署到室外测试铁路。
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