野火预测一直是人文学科蓬勃发展的最关键任务之一。它在保护人类生活中起着至关重要的作用。另一方面,由于其随机和混乱的特性,野火预测很困难。我们通过将一系列野火图像解释为视频来解决问题,并用它来预测火灾将来的表现。但是,创建说明未来固有不确定性的视频预测模型是具有挑战性的。已发布的大部分尝试都是基于随机图像 - 自动回调的复发网络,该网络增加了各种性能和应用困难,例如计算成本和大量数据集的效率有限。另一种可能性是使用结合框架合成和时间动力学的完全潜在的时间模型。但是,由于设计和培训问题,文献中尚未提出过随机视频预测的这种模型。本文通过引入一种新型的随机时间模型来解决这些问题,该模型的动力学在潜在空间中驱动。它自然可以通过允许我们更轻巧,更容易解释的潜在模型来击败GOY-16数据集上的先前最新方法来预测视频动态。结果将与各种基准模型进行比较。
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不确定性在未来预测中起关键作用。未来是不确定的。这意味着可能有很多可能的未来。未来的预测方法应涵盖坚固的全部可能性。在自动驾驶中,涵盖预测部分中的多种模式对于做出安全至关重要的决策至关重要。尽管近年来计算机视觉系统已大大提高,但如今的未来预测仍然很困难。几个示例是未来的不确定性,全面理解的要求以及嘈杂的输出空间。在本论文中,我们通过以随机方式明确地对运动进行建模并学习潜在空间中的时间动态,从而提出了解决这些挑战的解决方案。
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Denoising diffusion probabilistic models are a promising new class of generative models that mark a milestone in high-quality image generation. This paper showcases their ability to sequentially generate video, surpassing prior methods in perceptual and probabilistic forecasting metrics. We propose an autoregressive, end-to-end optimized video diffusion model inspired by recent advances in neural video compression. The model successively generates future frames by correcting a deterministic next-frame prediction using a stochastic residual generated by an inverse diffusion process. We compare this approach against five baselines on four datasets involving natural and simulation-based videos. We find significant improvements in terms of perceptual quality for all datasets. Furthermore, by introducing a scalable version of the Continuous Ranked Probability Score (CRPS) applicable to video, we show that our model also outperforms existing approaches in their probabilistic frame forecasting ability.
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The task of video prediction and generation is known to be notoriously difficult, with the research in this area largely limited to short-term predictions. Though plagued with noise and stochasticity, videos consist of features that are organised in a spatiotemporal hierarchy, different features possessing different temporal dynamics. In this paper, we introduce Dynamic Latent Hierarchy (DLH) -- a deep hierarchical latent model that represents videos as a hierarchy of latent states that evolve over separate and fluid timescales. Each latent state is a mixture distribution with two components, representing the immediate past and the predicted future, causing the model to learn transitions only between sufficiently dissimilar states, while clustering temporally persistent states closer together. Using this unique property, DLH naturally discovers the spatiotemporal structure of a dataset and learns disentangled representations across its hierarchy. We hypothesise that this simplifies the task of modeling temporal dynamics of a video, improves the learning of long-term dependencies, and reduces error accumulation. As evidence, we demonstrate that DLH outperforms state-of-the-art benchmarks in video prediction, is able to better represent stochasticity, as well as to dynamically adjust its hierarchical and temporal structure. Our paper shows, among other things, how progress in representation learning can translate into progress in prediction tasks.
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在自动驾驶中,在车辆周围所有代理的位置和运动方面预测未来是计划的关键要求。最近,通过将多个相机感知的丰富感觉信息融合到紧凑的鸟类视图表示以执行预测的情况下,已经出现了一种新的感知和预测的联合表述。但是,由于多个合理的预测,未来预测的质量会随着时间的推移而降低到更长的时间范围。在这项工作中,我们通过随机时间模型解决了未来预测中的这种固有的不确定性。我们的模型通过在每个时间步骤中通过随机残差更新来学习潜在空间中的时间动态。通过在每个时间步骤中从学习的分布中取样,我们获得了与以前的工作相比更准确的未来预测,尤其是在现场的空间上扩展两个区域,并在更长的时间范围内进行时间范围。尽管每个时间步骤进行了单独的处理,但我们的模型仍然通过解耦动态学习和未来预测的产生而有效。
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事件摄像机对场景的亮度变化异步,独立于每个像素。由于属性,这些相机具有不同的特征:高动态范围(HDR),高时间分辨率和低功耗。但是,应将事件摄像机的结果处理为计算机视觉任务的替代表示。另外,它们通常很嘈杂,并且在几乎没有事件的地区导致性能不佳。近年来,许多研究人员试图重建事件中的视频。但是,由于缺乏不规则和不连续数据的时间信息,它们没有提供高质量的视频。为了克服这些困难,我们引入了一个E2V-SDE,该E2V-SDE由随机微分方程(SDE)控制在潜在空间中。因此,E2V-SDE可以在任意时间步骤中快速重建图像,并对看不见的数据做出现实的预测。此外,我们成功采用了各种图像组成技术来提高图像清晰度和时间一致性。通过对模拟和实际场景数据集进行广泛的实验,我们验证了我们的模型在各种视频重建设置下的表现优于最先进的方法。就图像质量而言,LPIPS得分提高了12%,重建速度比ET-NET高87%。
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Methods based on ordinary differential equations (ODEs) are widely used to build generative models of time-series. In addition to high computational overhead due to explicitly computing hidden states recurrence, existing ODE-based models fall short in learning sequence data with sharp transitions - common in many real-world systems - due to numerical challenges during optimization. In this work, we propose LS4, a generative model for sequences with latent variables evolving according to a state space ODE to increase modeling capacity. Inspired by recent deep state space models (S4), we achieve speedups by leveraging a convolutional representation of LS4 which bypasses the explicit evaluation of hidden states. We show that LS4 significantly outperforms previous continuous-time generative models in terms of marginal distribution, classification, and prediction scores on real-world datasets in the Monash Forecasting Repository, and is capable of modeling highly stochastic data with sharp temporal transitions. LS4 sets state-of-the-art for continuous-time latent generative models, with significant improvement of mean squared error and tighter variational lower bounds on irregularly-sampled datasets, while also being x100 faster than other baselines on long sequences.
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DeNoising扩散模型代表了计算机视觉中最新的主题,在生成建模领域表现出了显着的结果。扩散模型是一个基于两个阶段的深层生成模型,一个正向扩散阶段和反向扩散阶段。在正向扩散阶段,通过添加高斯噪声,输入数据在几个步骤中逐渐受到干扰。在反向阶段,模型的任务是通过学习逐步逆转扩散过程来恢复原始输入数据。尽管已知的计算负担,即由于采样过程中涉及的步骤数量,扩散模型对生成样品的质量和多样性得到了广泛赞赏。在这项调查中,我们对视觉中应用的denoising扩散模型的文章进行了全面综述,包括该领域的理论和实际贡献。首先,我们识别并介绍了三个通用扩散建模框架,这些框架基于扩散概率模型,噪声调节得分网络和随机微分方程。我们进一步讨论了扩散模型与其他深层生成模型之间的关系,包括变异自动编码器,生成对抗网络,基于能量的模型,自回归模型和正常流量。然后,我们介绍了计算机视觉中应用的扩散模型的多角度分类。最后,我们说明了扩散模型的当前局限性,并设想了一些有趣的未来研究方向。
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近期对抗性生成建模的突破导致了能够生产高质量的视频样本的模型,即使在真实世界视频的大型和复杂的数据集上也是如此。在这项工作中,我们专注于视频预测的任务,其中给出了从视频中提取的一系列帧,目标是生成合理的未来序列。我们首先通过对鉴别器分解进行系统的实证研究并提出产生更快的收敛性和更高性能的系统来提高本领域的最新技术。然后,我们分析发电机中的复发单元,并提出了一种新的复发单元,其根据预测的运动样本来改变其过去的隐藏状态,并改进它以处理DIS闭塞,场景变化和其他复杂行为。我们表明,这种经常性单位始终如一地优于以前的设计。我们的最终模型导致最先进的性能中的飞跃,从大型动力学-600数据集中获得25.7的测试集Frechet视频距离为25.7,下降到69.2。
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扩散模型是一类深入生成模型,在具有密集理论建立的各种任务上显示出令人印象深刻的结果。尽管与其他最先进的模型相比,扩散模型的样本合成质量和多样性令人印象深刻,但它们仍然遭受了昂贵的抽样程序和次优可能的估计。最近的研究表明,对提高扩散模型的性能的热情非常热情。在本文中,我们对扩散模型的现有变体进行了首次全面综述。具体而言,我们提供了扩散模型的第一个分类法,并将它们分类为三种类型,即采样加速增强,可能性最大化的增强和数据将来增强。我们还详细介绍了其他五个生成模型(即变异自动编码器,生成对抗网络,正常流量,自动回归模型和基于能量的模型),并阐明扩散模型与这些生成模型之间的连接。然后,我们对扩散模型的应用进行彻底研究,包括计算机视觉,自然语言处理,波形信号处理,多模式建模,分子图生成,时间序列建模和对抗性纯化。此外,我们提出了与这种生成模型的发展有关的新观点。
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Autonomous systems not only need to understand their current environment, but should also be able to predict future actions conditioned on past states, for instance based on captured camera frames. However, existing models mainly focus on forecasting future video frames for short time-horizons, hence being of limited use for long-term action planning. We propose Multi-Scale Hierarchical Prediction (MSPred), a novel video prediction model able to simultaneously forecast future possible outcomes of different levels of granularity at different spatio-temporal scales. By combining spatial and temporal downsampling, MSPred efficiently predicts abstract representations such as human poses or locations over long time horizons, while still maintaining a competitive performance for video frame prediction. In our experiments, we demonstrate that MSPred accurately predicts future video frames as well as high-level representations (e.g. keypoints or semantics) on bin-picking and action recognition datasets, while consistently outperforming popular approaches for future frame prediction. Furthermore, we ablate different modules and design choices in MSPred, experimentally validating that combining features of different spatial and temporal granularity leads to a superior performance. Code and models to reproduce our experiments can be found in https://github.com/AIS-Bonn/MSPred.
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创建视频是为了表达情感,交换信息和分享经验。视频合成很长时间以来一直吸引了研究人员。尽管视觉合成的进步驱动了迅速的进展,但大多数现有研究都集中在提高框架的质量和之间的过渡上,而在生成更长的视频方面几乎没有取得进展。在本文中,我们提出了一种基于3D-VQGAN和Transformers的方法,以生成具有数千帧的视频。我们的评估表明,我们的模型在16架视频剪辑中培训了来自UCF-101,Sky TimeLapse和Taichi-HD数据集等标准基准测试片段,可以生成多样化,连贯和高质量的长视频。我们还展示了我们通过将时间信息与文本和音频结合在一起来生成有意义的长视频的方法的条件扩展。可以在https://songweige.github.io/projects/tats/index.html上找到视频和代码。
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Giving machines the ability to imagine possible new objects or scenes from linguistic descriptions and produce their realistic renderings is arguably one of the most challenging problems in computer vision. Recent advances in deep generative models have led to new approaches that give promising results towards this goal. In this paper, we introduce a new method called DiCoMoGAN for manipulating videos with natural language, aiming to perform local and semantic edits on a video clip to alter the appearances of an object of interest. Our GAN architecture allows for better utilization of multiple observations by disentangling content and motion to enable controllable semantic edits. To this end, we introduce two tightly coupled networks: (i) a representation network for constructing a concise understanding of motion dynamics and temporally invariant content, and (ii) a translation network that exploits the extracted latent content representation to actuate the manipulation according to the target description. Our qualitative and quantitative evaluations demonstrate that DiCoMoGAN significantly outperforms existing frame-based methods, producing temporally coherent and semantically more meaningful results.
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在这项工作中,我们介绍了基于补丁的以对象为中心的视频变压器(POVT),这是一种基于区域的新型视频生成体系结构,利用以对象为中心的信息来有效地对视频中的时间动态进行建模。我们在视频预测中通过自回旋变压器在压缩视频的离散潜在空间中进行了先前的工作,并通过边界框进行了更改,以增加对象以对象为中心的信息。由于以对象为中心表示的更好的可压缩性,我们可以通过允许模型仅访问对象信息以获取更长的视野时间信息来提高训练效率。当对以对象为中心的各种困难数据集进行评估时,我们的方法可与其他视频生成模型更好或相等的性能,同时在计算上更有效和可扩展。此外,我们表明我们的方法能够通过边界框操作执行以对象为中心的可控性,这可能有助于下游任务,例如视频编辑或视觉计划。示例可在https://sites.google.com/view/povt-public} {https://sites.google.com/view/povt-public获取
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深度学习表现出巨大的生成任务潜力。生成模型是可以根据某些隐含参数随机生成观测值的模型类。最近,扩散模型由于其发电能力而成为一类生成模型。如今,已经取得了巨大的成就。除了计算机视觉,语音产生,生物信息学和自然语言处理外,还需要在该领域探索更多应用。但是,扩散模型具有缓慢生成过程的自然缺点,从而导致许多增强的作品。该调查总结了扩散模型的领域。我们首先说明了两项具有里程碑意义的作品的主要问题-DDPM和DSM。然后,我们提供各种高级技术,以加快扩散模型 - 训练时间表,无训练采样,混合模型以及得分和扩散统一。关于现有模型,我们还根据特定的NFE提供了FID得分的基准和NLL。此外,引入了带有扩散模型的应用程序,包括计算机视觉,序列建模,音频和科学AI。最后,该领域以及局限性和进一步的方向都进行了摘要。
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Time series anomaly detection has applications in a wide range of research fields and applications, including manufacturing and healthcare. The presence of anomalies can indicate novel or unexpected events, such as production faults, system defects, or heart fluttering, and is therefore of particular interest. The large size and complex patterns of time series have led researchers to develop specialised deep learning models for detecting anomalous patterns. This survey focuses on providing structured and comprehensive state-of-the-art time series anomaly detection models through the use of deep learning. It providing a taxonomy based on the factors that divide anomaly detection models into different categories. Aside from describing the basic anomaly detection technique for each category, the advantages and limitations are also discussed. Furthermore, this study includes examples of deep anomaly detection in time series across various application domains in recent years. It finally summarises open issues in research and challenges faced while adopting deep anomaly detection models.
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本文介绍了一个名为DTVNet的新型端到端动态时间流逝视频生成框架,以从归一化运动向量上的单个景观图像生成多样化的延期视频。所提出的DTVNET由两个子模块组成:\ EMPH {光学流编码器}(OFE)和\ EMPH {动态视频生成器}(DVG)。 OFE将一系列光学流程图映射到编码所生成视频的运动信息的\ Emph {归一化运动向量}。 DVG包含来自运动矢量和单个景观图像的运动和内容流。此外,它包含一个编码器,用于学习共享内容特征和解码器,以构造具有相应运动的视频帧。具体地,\ EMPH {运动流}介绍多个\ EMPH {自适应实例归一化}(Adain)层,以集成用于控制对象运动的多级运动信息。在测试阶段,基于仅一个输入图像,可以产生具有相同内容但具有相同运动信息但各种运动信息的视频。此外,我们提出了一个高分辨率的景区时间流逝视频数据集,命名为快速天空时间,以评估不同的方法,可以被视为高质量景观图像和视频生成任务的新基准。我们进一步对天空延时,海滩和快速天空数据集进行实验。结果证明了我们对最先进的方法产生高质量和各种动态视频的方法的优越性。
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在本文中,我们建议通过从GAN中学习独立反向潜在代码的轨迹来对视频动态进行建模。整个序列被视为初始潜在代码连续轨迹的离散时间观察,通过将每个潜在代码视为移动粒子,而潜在空间是高维动态系统。因此,代表不同框架的潜在代码被重新重新构成初始框架的状态转换,可以通过神经普通微分方程对其进行建模。学习的连续轨迹使我们能够执行无限的框架插值和一致的视频操作。后一个任务是重新引入的,用于视频编辑,其优势是仅在所有框架上保持时间一致性时才需要将核心操作应用于第一帧。广泛的实验表明,我们的方法实现了最先进的性能,但计算较少。
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我们为高维顺序数据提出了深度潜在的变量模型。我们的模型将潜在空间分解为内容和运动变量。为了模拟多样化的动态,我们将运动空间分成子空间,并为每个子空间引入一个独特的哈密顿运算符。Hamiltonian配方提供可逆动态,学习限制运动路径以保护不变性属性。运动空间的显式分裂将哈密顿人分解成对称组,并提供动态的长期可分离性。这种拆分也意味着可以学习的表示,这很容易解释和控制。我们展示了我们模型来交换两个视频的运动,从给定的图像和无条件序列生成产生各种动作的序列。
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We are introducing a multi-scale predictive model for video prediction here, whose design is inspired by the "Predictive Coding" theories and "Coarse to Fine" approach. As a predictive coding model, it is updated by a combination of bottom-up and top-down information flows, which is different from traditional bottom-up training style. Its advantage is to reduce the dependence on input information and improve its ability to predict and generate images. Importantly, we achieve with a multi-scale approach -- higher level neurons generate coarser predictions (lower resolution), while the lower level generate finer predictions (higher resolution). This is different from the traditional predictive coding framework in which higher level predict the activity of neurons in lower level. To improve the predictive ability, we integrate an encoder-decoder network in the LSTM architecture and share the final encoded high-level semantic information between different levels. Additionally, since the output of each network level is an RGB image, a smaller LSTM hidden state can be used to retain and update the only necessary hidden information, avoiding being mapped to an overly discrete and complex space. In this way, we can reduce the difficulty of prediction and the computational overhead. Finally, we further explore the training strategies, to address the instability in adversarial training and mismatch between training and testing in long-term prediction. Code is available at https://github.com/Ling-CF/MSPN.
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