For policymakers wishing to make evidence-based decisions, one of the challenges is how to combine the relevant information and evidence in a coherent and defensible manner in order to formulate and evaluate candidate policies. Policymakers often need to rely on experts with disparate fields of expertise when making policy choices in complex, multi-faceted, dynamic environments such as those dealing with ecosystem services. The pressures affecting the survival and pollination capabilities of honey bees (Apis mellifera), wild bees and other pollinators is well-documented, but incomplete. In order to estimate the potential effectiveness of various candidate policies to support pollination services, there is an urgent need to quantify the effect of various combinations of variables on the pollination ecosystem service, utilising available information, models and expert judgement. In this paper, we present a new application of the integrating decision support system methodology for combining inputs from multiple panels of experts to evaluate policies to support an abundant pollinator population.
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恐怖群体的活动对公众的安全和福祉带来了严重的威胁。反恐当局旨在在投入行动之前识别和挫败恐怖群体的计划。虽然恐怖群体的活动可能被隐藏和伪装,但这些群体的成员需要沟通和协调组织他们的活动。当局可以利用这种可观察行为和通信数据来估计恐怖组织构成的威胁。然而,为了可信,任何此类统计模型需要折叠在本集团的每个成员构成的威胁水平。与其他良性形式的社交网络不同,考虑到恐怖主义群体作为可更换的成员,给出了该集团造成伤害的综合能力的不完整图片。在这里,我们开发了一个贝叶斯集成决策支持系统,可以将与恐怖主义组的每个成员相关的信息以及集团的组合活动。
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成语是小的,可重复使用的贝叶斯网络(BN)片段,代表不确定推理的通用类型。本文展示了如何使用成语来构建用于使用数据和知识组合的产品安全和风险评估的因果BN。我们表明,我们引入的特定产品安全习惯足以建立完整的BN模型,以评估各种产品的安全性和风险。即使有限(或没有)产品测试数据,安全调节器和产品制造商也可以使用最终的模型。
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发现新药是寻求并证明因果关系。作为一种新兴方法利用人类的知识和创造力,数据和机器智能,因果推论具有减少认知偏见并改善药物发现决策的希望。尽管它已经在整个价值链中应用了,但因子推理的概念和实践对许多从业者来说仍然晦涩难懂。本文提供了有关因果推理的非技术介绍,审查了其最新应用,并讨论了在药物发现和开发中采用因果语言的机会和挑战。
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ISO 14971是用于医疗设备风险管理的主要标准。尽管它指定了医疗设备风险管理的要求,但并未指定执行风险管理的特定方法。因此,医疗设备制造商可以自由开发或使用任何适当的方法来管理医疗设备的风险。最常用的方法,例如故障树分析(FTA),无法为计算风险估计有限或没有可用的历史数据或数据对数据存在二阶不确定性时提供合理的依据。在本文中,我们使用混合贝叶斯网络(BNS)提出了一种新颖的医疗设备风险管理方法,该方法解决了经典方法(例如FTA)的局限性,并结合了影响医疗设备风险的相关因素。提出的BN方法是通用的,但可以按系统的基础进行实例化,我们将其应用于除颤器设备,以证明生产和后期生产过程中医疗设备风险管理所涉及的过程。该示例已根据现实世界数据进行验证。
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因果关系是理解世界的科学努力的基本组成部分。不幸的是,在心理学和社会科学中,因果关系仍然是禁忌。由于越来越多的建议采用因果方法进行研究的重要性,我们重新制定了心理学研究方法的典型方法,以使不可避免的因果理论与其余的研究渠道协调。我们提出了一个新的过程,该过程始于从因果发现和机器学习的融合中纳入技术的发展,验证和透明的理论形式规范。然后,我们提出将完全指定的理论模型的复杂性降低到与给定目标假设相关的基本子模型中的方法。从这里,我们确定利息量是否可以从数据中估算出来,如果是的,则建议使用半参数机器学习方法来估计因果关系。总体目标是介绍新的研究管道,该管道可以(a)促进与测试因果理论的愿望兼容的科学询问(b)鼓励我们的理论透明代表作为明确的数学对象,(c)将我们的统计模型绑定到我们的统计模型中该理论的特定属性,因此减少了理论到模型间隙通常引起的规范不足问题,以及(d)产生因果关系和可重复性的结果和估计。通过具有现实世界数据的教学示例来证明该过程,我们以摘要和讨论来结论。
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深度学习模式和地球观察的协同组合承诺支持可持续发展目标(SDGS)。新的发展和夸张的申请已经在改变人类将面临生活星球挑战的方式。本文审查了当前对地球观测数据的最深入学习方法,以及其在地球观测中深度学习的快速发展受到影响和实现最严重的SDG的应用。我们系统地审查案例研究至1)实现零饥饿,2)可持续城市,3)提供保管安全,4)减轻和适应气候变化,5)保留生物多样性。关注重要的社会,经济和环境影响。提前令人兴奋的时期即将到来,算法和地球数据可以帮助我们努力解决气候危机并支持更可持续发展的地方。
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This report summarises the outcomes of a systematic literature search to identify Bayesian network models used to support decision making in healthcare. After describing the search methodology, the selected research papers are briefly reviewed, with the view to identify publicly available models and datasets that are well suited to analysis using the causal interventional analysis software tool developed in Wang B, Lyle C, Kwiatkowska M (2021). Finally, an experimental evaluation of applying the software on a selection of models is carried out and preliminary results are reported.
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Mission teams are exposed to the emotional toll of life and death decisions. These are small groups of specially trained people supported by intelligent machines for dealing with stressful environments and scenarios. We developed a composite model for stress monitoring in such teams of human and autonomous machines. This modelling aims to identify the conditions that may contribute to mission failure. The proposed model is composed of three parts: 1) a computational logic part that statically describes the stress states of teammates; 2) a decision part that manifests the mission status at any time; 3) a stress propagation part based on standard Susceptible-Infected-Susceptible (SIS) paradigm. In contrast to the approaches such as agent-based, random-walk and game models, the proposed model combines various mechanisms to satisfy the conditions of stress propagation in small groups. Our core approach involves data structures such as decision tables and decision diagrams. These tools are adaptable to human-machine teaming as well.
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Adequately assigning credit to actions for future outcomes based on their contributions is a long-standing open challenge in Reinforcement Learning. The assumptions of the most commonly used credit assignment method are disadvantageous in tasks where the effects of decisions are not immediately evident. Furthermore, this method can only evaluate actions that have been selected by the agent, making it highly inefficient. Still, no alternative methods have been widely adopted in the field. Hindsight Credit Assignment is a promising, but still unexplored candidate, which aims to solve the problems of both long-term and counterfactual credit assignment. In this thesis, we empirically investigate Hindsight Credit Assignment to identify its main benefits, and key points to improve. Then, we apply it to factored state representations, and in particular to state representations based on the causal structure of the environment. In this setting, we propose a variant of Hindsight Credit Assignment that effectively exploits a given causal structure. We show that our modification greatly decreases the workload of Hindsight Credit Assignment, making it more efficient and enabling it to outperform the baseline credit assignment method on various tasks. This opens the way to other methods based on given or learned causal structures.
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机器学习(ML)系统的开发和部署可以用现代工具轻松执行,但该过程通常是匆忙和意思是结束的。缺乏勤奋会导致技术债务,范围蠕变和未对准的目标,模型滥用和失败,以及昂贵的后果。另一方面,工程系统遵循明确定义的流程和测试标准,以简化高质量,可靠的结果的开发。极端是航天器系统,其中关键任务措施和鲁棒性在开发过程中根深蒂固。借鉴航天器工程和ML的经验(通过域名通过产品的研究),我们开发了一种经过验证的机器学习开发和部署的系统工程方法。我们的“机器学习技术准备水平”(MLTRL)框架定义了一个原则的过程,以确保强大,可靠和负责的系统,同时为ML工作流程流线型,包括来自传统软件工程的关键区别。 MLTRL甚至更多,MLTRL为跨团队和组织的人们定义了一个人工智能和机器学习技术的人员。在这里,我们描述了通过生产化和部署在医学诊断,消费者计算机视觉,卫星图像和粒子物理学等领域,以通过生产和部署在基本研究中开发ML方法的几个现实世界使用情况的框架和阐明。
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基于AI和机器学习的决策系统已在各种现实世界中都使用,包括医疗保健,执法,教育和金融。不再是牵强的,即设想一个未来,自治系统将推动整个业务决策,并且更广泛地支持大规模决策基础设施以解决社会最具挑战性的问题。当人类做出决定时,不公平和歧视的问题普遍存在,并且当使用几乎没有透明度,问责制和公平性的机器做出决定时(或可能会放大)。在本文中,我们介绍了\ textit {Causal公平分析}的框架,目的是填补此差距,即理解,建模,并可能解决决策设置中的公平性问题。我们方法的主要见解是将观察到数据中存在的差异的量化与基本且通常是未观察到的因果机制收集的因果机制的收集,这些机制首先会产生差异,挑战我们称之为因果公平的基本问题分析(FPCFA)。为了解决FPCFA,我们研究了分解差异和公平性的经验度量的问题,将这种变化归因于结构机制和人群的不同单位。我们的努力最终达到了公平地图,这是组织和解释文献中不同标准之间关系的首次系统尝试。最后,我们研究了进行因果公平分析并提出一本公平食谱的最低因果假设,该假设使数据科学家能够评估不同影响和不同治疗的存在。
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Ongoing risks from climate change have impacted the livelihood of global nomadic communities, and are likely to lead to increased migratory movements in coming years. As a result, mobility considerations are becoming increasingly important in energy systems planning, particularly to achieve energy access in developing countries. Advanced Plug and Play control strategies have been recently developed with such a decentralized framework in mind, more easily allowing for the interconnection of nomadic communities, both to each other and to the main grid. In light of the above, the design and planning strategy of a mobile multi-energy supply system for a nomadic community is investigated in this work. Motivated by the scale and dimensionality of the associated uncertainties, impacting all major design and decision variables over the 30-year planning horizon, Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is implemented for the design and planning problem tackled. DRL based solutions are benchmarked against several rigid baseline design options to compare expected performance under uncertainty. The results on a case study for ger communities in Mongolia suggest that mobile nomadic energy systems can be both technically and economically feasible, particularly when considering flexibility, although the degree of spatial dispersion among households is an important limiting factor. Key economic, sustainability and resilience indicators such as Cost, Equivalent Emissions and Total Unmet Load are measured, suggesting potential improvements compared to available baselines of up to 25%, 67% and 76%, respectively. Finally, the decomposition of values of flexibility and plug and play operation is presented using a variation of real options theory, with important implications for both nomadic communities and policymakers focused on enabling their energy access.
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在过去的五十年中,研究人员已经开发了设计和改进了应急响应管理(ERM)系统的统计,数据驱动,分析和算法方法。该问题已被认为是本质上的困难,并且构成了不确定性下的时空决策,这在文献中已经解决了不同的假设和方法。该调查提供了对这些方法的详细审查,重点关注有关四个子流程的关键挑战和问题:(a)事件预测,(b)入射检测,(c)资源分配,和(c)计算机辅助调度紧急响应。我们突出了该领域前后工作的优势和缺点,并探讨了不同建模范式之间的相似之处和差异。我们通过说明这种复杂领域未来研究的开放挑战和机会的结论。
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This review presents empirical researchers with recent advances in causal inference, and stresses the paradigmatic shifts that must be undertaken in moving from traditional statistical analysis to causal analysis of multivariate data. Special emphasis is placed on the assumptions that underly all causal inferences, the languages used in formulating those assumptions, the conditional nature of all causal and counterfactual claims, and the methods that have been developed for the assessment of such claims. These advances are illustrated using a general theory of causation based on the Structural Causal Model (SCM) described in Pearl (2000a), which subsumes and unifies other approaches to causation, and provides a coherent mathematical foundation for the analysis of causes and counterfactuals. In particular, the paper surveys the development of mathematical tools for inferring (from a combination of data and assumptions) answers to three types of causal queries: (1) queries about the effects of potential interventions, (also called "causal effects" or "policy evaluation") (2) queries about probabilities of counterfactuals, (including assessment of "regret," "attribution" or "causes of effects") and (3) queries about direct and indirect effects (also known as "mediation"). Finally, the paper defines the formal and conceptual relationships between the structural and potential-outcome frameworks and presents tools for a symbiotic analysis that uses the strong features of both.
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在迅速增长的海上风电场市场中出现了增加风力涡轮机尺寸和距离的全球趋势。在英国,海上风电业于2019年生产了英国最多的电力,前一年增加了19.6%。目前,英国将进一步增加产量,旨在增加安装的涡轮机容量74.7%,如最近的冠村租赁轮次反映。通过如此巨大的增长,该部门现在正在寻求机器人和人工智能(RAI),以解决生命周期服务障碍,以支持可持续和有利可图的海上风能生产。如今,RAI应用主要用于支持运营和维护的短期目标。然而,前进,RAI在海上风基础设施的全部生命周期中有可能发挥关键作用,从测量,规划,设计,物流,运营支持,培训和退役。本文介绍了离岸可再生能源部门的RAI的第一个系统评论之一。在当前和未来的要求方面,在行业和学术界的离岸能源需求分析了rai的最先进的。我们的评论还包括对支持RAI的投资,监管和技能开发的详细评估。通过专利和学术出版数据库进行详细分析确定的关键趋势,提供了对安全合规性和可靠性的自主平台认证等障碍的见解,这是自主车队中可扩展性的数字架构,适应性居民运营和优化的适应性规划人机互动对人与自治助理的信赖伙伴关系。
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预测组合在预测社区中蓬勃发展,近年来,已经成为预测研究和活动主流的一部分。现在,由单个(目标)系列产生的多个预测组合通过整合来自不同来源收集的信息,从而提高准确性,从而减轻了识别单个“最佳”预测的风险。组合方案已从没有估计的简单组合方法演变为涉及时间变化的权重,非线性组合,组件之间的相关性和交叉学习的复杂方法。它们包括结合点预测和结合概率预测。本文提供了有关预测组合的广泛文献的最新评论,并参考可用的开源软件实施。我们讨论了各种方法的潜在和局限性,并突出了这些思想如何随着时间的推移而发展。还调查了有关预测组合实用性的一些重要问题。最后,我们以当前的研究差距和未来研究的潜在见解得出结论。
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COVID-19的大流行提出了对多个领域决策者的流行预测的重要性,从公共卫生到整个经济。虽然预测流行进展经常被概念化为类似于天气预测,但是它具有一些关键的差异,并且仍然是一项非平凡的任务。疾病的传播受到人类行为,病原体动态,天气和环境条件的多种混杂因素的影响。由于政府公共卫生和资助机构的倡议,捕获以前无法观察到的方面的丰富数据来源的可用性增加了研究的兴趣。这尤其是在“以数据为中心”的解决方案上进行的一系列工作,这些解决方案通过利用非传统数据源以及AI和机器学习的最新创新来增强我们的预测能力的潜力。这项调查研究了各种数据驱动的方法论和实践进步,并介绍了一个概念框架来导航它们。首先,我们列举了与流行病预测相关的大量流行病学数据集和新的数据流,捕获了各种因素,例如有症状的在线调查,零售和商业,流动性,基因组学数据等。接下来,我们将讨论关注最近基于数据驱动的统计和深度学习方法的方法和建模范式,以及将机械模型知识域知识与统计方法的有效性和灵活性相结合的新型混合模型类别。我们还讨论了这些预测系统的现实部署中出现的经验和挑战,包括预测信息。最后,我们重点介绍了整个预测管道中发现的一些挑战和开放问题。
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一个令人着迷的假设是,人类和动物的智力可以通过一些原则(而不是启发式方法的百科全书清单)来解释。如果这个假设是正确的,我们可以更容易地理解自己的智能并建造智能机器。就像物理学一样,原理本身不足以预测大脑等复杂系统的行为,并且可能需要大量计算来模拟人类式的智力。这一假设将表明,研究人类和动物所剥削的归纳偏见可以帮助阐明这些原则,并为AI研究和神经科学理论提供灵感。深度学习已经利用了几种关键的归纳偏见,这项工作考虑了更大的清单,重点是关注高级和顺序有意识的处理的工作。阐明这些特定原则的目的是,它们有可能帮助我们建立从人类的能力中受益于灵活分布和系统概括的能力的AI系统,目前,这是一个领域艺术机器学习和人类智力。
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制定和实施结构健康监测系统的主要动机是获得有关制定结构和维护结构和维护的能力的前景。遗憾的是,对于对应于感兴趣结构的健康状态信息的测量数据的描述性标签很少在监控系统之前可用。该问题限制了传统监督和无监督方法对机器学习的适用性,以便在统计分类机制下进行决策支持SHM系统。本文提出了一种基于风险的主动学习的制定,其中类标签信息的查询被每个初期数据点的所述信息的预期值引导。当应用于结构性健康监测时,可以将类标签查询映射到兴趣结构的检查中,以确定其健康状态。在本文中,通过代表数值示例解释和可视化基于风险的主动学习过程,随后应用于Z24桥梁基准。案例研究结果表明,通过统计分类器的基于风险的主动学习可以改善决策者的性能,从而考虑决策过程本身。
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