We introduce a Transformer based 6D Object Pose Estimation framework VideoPose, comprising an end-to-end attention based modelling architecture, that attends to previous frames in order to estimate accurate 6D Object Poses in videos. Our approach leverages the temporal information from a video sequence for pose refinement, along with being computationally efficient and robust. Compared to existing methods, our architecture is able to capture and reason from long-range dependencies efficiently, thus iteratively refining over video sequences. Experimental evaluation on the YCB-Video dataset shows that our approach is on par with the state-of-the-art Transformer methods, and performs significantly better relative to CNN based approaches. Further, with a speed of 33 fps, it is also more efficient and therefore applicable to a variety of applications that require real-time object pose estimation. Training code and pretrained models are available at https://github.com/ApoorvaBeedu/VideoPose

我们介绍了一种简单而有效的算法，它使用卷积神经网络直接从视频中估计对象。我们的方法利用了视频序列的时间信息，并计算了支持机器人和AR域的计算上高效且鲁棒。我们所提出的网络采用预先训练的2D对象检测器作为输入，并通过经常性神经网络聚合视觉特征以在每个帧处进行预测。YCB-Video数据集的实验评估表明，我们的方法与最先进的算法相提并论。此外，通过30 FPS的速度，它也比现有技术更有效，因此适用于需要实时对象姿态估计的各种应用。

Estimating the 6D pose of known objects is important for robots to interact with the real world. The problem is challenging due to the variety of objects as well as the complexity of a scene caused by clutter and occlusions between objects. In this work, we introduce PoseCNN, a new Convolutional Neural Network for 6D object pose estimation. PoseCNN estimates the 3D translation of an object by localizing its center in the image and predicting its distance from the camera. The 3D rotation of the object is estimated by regressing to a quaternion representation. We also introduce a novel loss function that enables PoseCNN to handle symmetric objects. In addition, we contribute a large scale video dataset for 6D object pose estimation named the YCB-Video dataset. Our dataset provides accurate 6D poses of 21 objects from the YCB dataset observed in 92 videos with 133,827 frames. We conduct extensive experiments on our YCB-Video dataset and the OccludedLINEMOD dataset to show that PoseCNN is highly robust to occlusions, can handle symmetric objects, and provide accurate pose estimation using only color images as input. When using depth data to further refine the poses, our approach achieves state-of-the-art results on the challenging OccludedLINEMOD dataset. Our code and dataset are available at https://rse-lab.cs.washington.edu/projects/posecnn/.

Estimating 6D poses of objects from images is an important problem in various applications such as robot manipulation and virtual reality. While direct regression of images to object poses has limited accuracy, matching rendered images of an object against the input image can produce accurate results. In this work, we propose a novel deep neural network for 6D pose matching named DeepIM. Given an initial pose estimation, our network is able to iteratively refine the pose by matching the rendered image against the observed image. The network is trained to predict a relative pose transformation using a disentangled representation of 3D location and 3D orientation and an iterative training process. Experiments on two commonly used benchmarks for 6D pose estimation demonstrate that DeepIM achieves large improvements over stateof-the-art methods. We furthermore show that DeepIM is able to match previously unseen objects.

估计没有先验知识的新对象的相对姿势是一个困难的问题，而它是机器人技术和增强现实中非常需要的能力。我们提出了一种方法，可以在训练图像和对象的3D几何形状都没有可用时跟踪对象中对象的6D运动。因此，与以前的作品相反，我们的方法可以立即考虑开放世界中的未知对象，而无需任何先前的信息或特定的培训阶段。我们考虑两个架构，一个基于两个帧，另一个依赖于变压器编码器，它们可以利用任意数量的过去帧。我们仅使用具有域随机化的合成渲染训练架构。我们在具有挑战性的数据集上的结果与以前需要更多信息的作品（训练目标对象，3D模型和/或深度数据的培训图像）相当。我们的源代码可从https://github.com/nv-nguyen/pizza获得

A key technical challenge in performing 6D object pose estimation from RGB-D image is to fully leverage the two complementary data sources. Prior works either extract information from the RGB image and depth separately or use costly post-processing steps, limiting their performances in highly cluttered scenes and real-time applications. In this work, we present DenseFusion, a generic framework for estimating 6D pose of a set of known objects from RGB-D images. DenseFusion is a heterogeneous architecture that processes the two data sources individually and uses a novel dense fusion network to extract pixel-wise dense feature embedding, from which the pose is estimated. Furthermore, we integrate an end-to-end iterative pose refinement procedure that further improves the pose estimation while achieving near real-time inference. Our experiments show that our method outperforms state-of-the-art approaches in two datasets, YCB-Video and LineMOD. We also deploy our proposed method to a real robot to grasp and manipulate objects based on the estimated pose. Our code and video are available at https://sites.google.com/view/densefusion/.

本文提出了一种类别级别的6D对象姿势和形状估计方法IDAPS，其允许在类别中跟踪6D姿势并估计其3D形状。我们使用深度图像作为输入开发类别级别自动编码器网络，其中来自自动编码器编码的特征嵌入在类别中对象的姿势。自动编码器可用于粒子过滤器框架，以估计和跟踪类别中的对象的姿势。通过利用基于符号距离函数的隐式形状表示，我们构建延迟网络以估计给定对象的估计姿势的3D形状的潜在表示。然后，估计的姿势和形状可用于以迭代方式互相更新。我们的类别级别6D对象姿势和形状估计流水线仅需要2D检测和分段进行初始化。我们在公开的数据集中评估我们的方法，并展示其有效性。特别是，我们的方法在形状估计上实现了相对高的准确性。

Camera pose estimation is a key step in standard 3D reconstruction pipelines that operate on a dense set of images of a single object or scene. However, methods for pose estimation often fail when only a few images are available because they rely on the ability to robustly identify and match visual features between image pairs. While these methods can work robustly with dense camera views, capturing a large set of images can be time-consuming or impractical. We propose SparsePose for recovering accurate camera poses given a sparse set of wide-baseline images (fewer than 10). The method learns to regress initial camera poses and then iteratively refine them after training on a large-scale dataset of objects (Co3D: Common Objects in 3D). SparsePose significantly outperforms conventional and learning-based baselines in recovering accurate camera rotations and translations. We also demonstrate our pipeline for high-fidelity 3D reconstruction using only 5-9 images of an object.

估计对象的6D姿势是必不可少的计算机视觉任务。但是，大多数常规方法从单个角度依赖相机数据，因此遭受遮挡。我们通过称为MV6D的新型多视图6D姿势估计方法克服了这个问题，该方法从多个角度根据RGB-D图像准确地预测了混乱场景中所有对象的6D姿势。我们将方法以PVN3D网络为基础，该网络使用单个RGB-D图像来预测目标对象的关键点。我们通过从多个视图中使用组合点云来扩展此方法，并将每个视图中的图像与密集层层融合。与当前的多视图检测网络（例如Cosypose）相反，我们的MV6D可以以端到端的方式学习多个观点的融合，并且不需要多个预测阶段或随后对预测的微调。此外，我们介绍了三个新颖的影像学数据集，这些数据集具有沉重的遮挡的混乱场景。所有这些都从多个角度包含RGB-D图像，例如语义分割和6D姿势估计。即使在摄像头不正确的情况下，MV6D也明显优于多视图6D姿势估计中最新的姿势估计。此外，我们表明我们的方法对动态相机设置具有强大的态度，并且其准确性随着越来越多的观点而逐渐增加。

We propose a single-shot approach for simultaneously detecting an object in an RGB image and predicting its 6D pose without requiring multiple stages or having to examine multiple hypotheses. Unlike a recently proposed single-shot technique for this task [11] that only predicts an approximate 6D pose that must then be refined, ours is accurate enough not to require additional post-processing. As a result, it is much faster -50 fps on a Titan X (Pascal) GPU -and more suitable for real-time processing. The key component of our method is a new CNN architecture inspired by [28,29] that directly predicts the 2D image locations of the projected vertices of the object's 3D bounding box. The object's 6D pose is then estimated using a PnP algorithm.For single object and multiple object pose estimation on the LINEMOD and OCCLUSION datasets, our approach substantially outperforms other recent 26] when they are all used without postprocessing. During post-processing, a pose refinement step can be used to boost the accuracy of these two methods, but at 10 fps or less, they are much slower than our method.

我们提出了一种用于多实例姿态估计的端到端培训方法，称为诗人（姿势估计变压器）。将卷积神经网络与变压器编码器 - 解码器架构组合，我们将多个姿势估计从图像标记为直接设置预测问题。我们的模型能够使用双方匹配方案直接出现所有个人的姿势。诗人使用基于集的全局损失进行培训，该丢失包括关键点损耗，可见性损失和载重损失。诗歌的原因与多个检测到的个人与完整图像上下文之间的关系直接预测它们并行姿势。我们展示诗人在Coco Keypoint检测任务上实现了高精度，同时具有比其他自下而上和自上而下的方法更少的参数和更高推理速度。此外，在将诗人应用于动物姿势估计时，我们表现出了成功的转移学习。据我们所知，该模型是第一个端到端的培训多实例姿态估计方法，我们希望它将成为一种简单而有前途的替代方案。

This paper addresses the challenge of 6DoF pose estimation from a single RGB image under severe occlusion or truncation. Many recent works have shown that a two-stage approach, which first detects keypoints and then solves a Perspective-n-Point (PnP) problem for pose estimation, achieves remarkable performance. However, most of these methods only localize a set of sparse keypoints by regressing their image coordinates or heatmaps, which are sensitive to occlusion and truncation. Instead, we introduce a Pixel-wise Voting Network (PVNet) to regress pixel-wise unit vectors pointing to the keypoints and use these vectors to vote for keypoint locations using RANSAC. This creates a flexible representation for localizing occluded or truncated keypoints. Another important feature of this representation is that it provides uncertainties of keypoint locations that can be further leveraged by the PnP solver. Experiments show that the proposed approach outperforms the state of the art on the LINEMOD, Occlusion LINEMOD and YCB-Video datasets by a large margin, while being efficient for real-time pose estimation. We further create a Truncation LINEMOD dataset to validate the robustness of our approach against truncation. The code will be avaliable at https://zju-3dv.github.io/pvnet/.

我们为RGB视频提供了基于变压器的神经网络体系结构，用于多对象3D重建。它依赖于表示知识的两种替代方法：作为特征的全局3D网格和一系列特定的2D网格。我们通过专用双向注意机制在两者之间逐步交换信息。我们利用有关图像形成过程的知识，以显着稀疏注意力重量矩阵，从而使我们的体系结构在记忆和计算方面可行。我们在3D特征网格的顶部附上一个detr风格的头，以检测场景中的对象并预测其3D姿势和3D形状。与以前的方法相比，我们的体系结构是单阶段，端到端可训练，并且可以从整体上考虑来自多个视频帧的场景，而无需脆弱的跟踪步骤。我们在挑战性的SCAN2CAD数据集上评估了我们的方法，在该数据集中，我们的表现要优于RGB视频的3D对象姿势估算的最新最新方法； （2）将多视图立体声与RGB-D CAD对齐结合的强大替代方法。我们计划发布我们的源代码。

培训视频中人类姿势估计的最先进模型需要具有很难获得的注释的数据集。尽管最近已将变压器用于身体姿势序列建模，但相关方法依靠伪地真相来增强目前有限的培训数据可用于学习此类模型。在本文中，我们介绍了Posebert，Posebert是一个通过掩盖建模对3D运动捕获（MOCAP）数据进行全面训练的变压器模块。它是简单，通用和通用的，因为它可以插入任何基于图像的模型的顶部，以在基于视频的模型中使用时间信息。我们展示了Posebert的变体，不同的输入从3D骨骼关键点到全身或仅仅是手（Mano）的3D参数模型的旋转。由于Posebert培训是任务不可知论的，因此该模型可以应用于姿势细化，未来的姿势预测或运动完成等几个任务。我们的实验结果验证了在各种最新姿势估计方法之上添加Posebert始终提高其性能，而其低计算成本使我们能够在实时演示中使用它，以通过A的机器人手使机器人手通过摄像头。可以在https://github.com/naver/posebert上获得测试代码和型号。

我们提出了一种称为DPODV2（密集姿势对象检测器）的三个阶段6 DOF对象检测方法，该方法依赖于致密的对应关系。我们将2D对象检测器与密集的对应关系网络和多视图姿势细化方法相结合，以估计完整的6 DOF姿势。与通常仅限于单眼RGB图像的其他深度学习方法不同，我们提出了一个统一的深度学习网络，允许使用不同的成像方式（RGB或DEPTH）。此外，我们提出了一种基于可区分渲染的新型姿势改进方法。主要概念是在多个视图中比较预测并渲染对应关系，以获得与所有视图中预测的对应关系一致的姿势。我们提出的方法对受控设置中的不同数据方式和培训数据类型进行了严格的评估。主要结论是，RGB在对应性估计中表现出色，而如果有良好的3D-3D对应关系，则深度有助于姿势精度。自然，他们的组合可以实现总体最佳性能。我们进行广泛的评估和消融研究，以分析和验证几个具有挑战性的数据集的结果。 DPODV2在所有这些方面都取得了出色的成果，同时仍然保持快速和可扩展性，独立于使用的数据模式和培训数据的类型

We introduce MegaPose, a method to estimate the 6D pose of novel objects, that is, objects unseen during training. At inference time, the method only assumes knowledge of (i) a region of interest displaying the object in the image and (ii) a CAD model of the observed object. The contributions of this work are threefold. First, we present a 6D pose refiner based on a render&compare strategy which can be applied to novel objects. The shape and coordinate system of the novel object are provided as inputs to the network by rendering multiple synthetic views of the object's CAD model. Second, we introduce a novel approach for coarse pose estimation which leverages a network trained to classify whether the pose error between a synthetic rendering and an observed image of the same object can be corrected by the refiner. Third, we introduce a large-scale synthetic dataset of photorealistic images of thousands of objects with diverse visual and shape properties and show that this diversity is crucial to obtain good generalization performance on novel objects. We train our approach on this large synthetic dataset and apply it without retraining to hundreds of novel objects in real images from several pose estimation benchmarks. Our approach achieves state-of-the-art performance on the ModelNet and YCB-Video datasets. An extensive evaluation on the 7 core datasets of the BOP challenge demonstrates that our approach achieves performance competitive with existing approaches that require access to the target objects during training. Code, dataset and trained models are available on the project page: https://megapose6d.github.io/.

6D object pose estimation problem has been extensively studied in the field of Computer Vision and Robotics. It has wide range of applications such as robot manipulation, augmented reality, and 3D scene understanding. With the advent of Deep Learning, many breakthroughs have been made; however, approaches continue to struggle when they encounter unseen instances, new categories, or real-world challenges such as cluttered backgrounds and occlusions. In this study, we will explore the available methods based on input modality, problem formulation, and whether it is a category-level or instance-level approach. As a part of our discussion, we will focus on how 6D object pose estimation can be used for understanding 3D scenes.

变压器在自然语言处理中的成功最近引起了计算机视觉领域的关注。由于能够学习长期依赖性，变压器已被用作广泛使用的卷积运算符的替代品。事实证明，这种替代者在许多任务中都取得了成功，其中几种最先进的方法依靠变压器来更好地学习。在计算机视觉中，3D字段还见证了使用变压器来增加3D卷积神经网络和多层感知器网络的增加。尽管许多调查都集中在视力中的变压器上，但由于与2D视觉相比，由于数据表示和处理的差异，3D视觉需要特别注意。在这项工作中，我们介绍了针对不同3D视觉任务的100多种变压器方法的系统和彻底审查，包括分类，细分，检测，完成，姿势估计等。我们在3D Vision中讨论了变形金刚的设计，该设计使其可以使用各种3D表示形式处理数据。对于每个应用程序，我们强调了基于变压器的方法的关键属性和贡献。为了评估这些方法的竞争力，我们将它们的性能与12个3D基准测试的常见非转化方法进行了比较。我们通过讨论3D视觉中变压器的不同开放方向和挑战来结束调查。除了提出的论文外，我们的目标是频繁更新最新的相关论文及其相应的实现：https：//github.com/lahoud/3d-vision-transformers。

尽管来自视频的3D人类姿势估算的巨大进展，但是充分利用冗余2D姿势序列来学习用于生成一个3D姿势的代表表示的开放问题。为此，我们提出了一种改进的基于变压器的架构，称为冲压变压器，简单地有效地将长期的2D联合位置升高到单个3D姿势。具体地，采用Vanilla变压器编码器（VTE）来模拟2D姿势序列的远程依赖性。为了减少序列的冗余，vte的前馈网络中的完全连接的层被冲击卷积替换，以逐步缩小序列长度并从本地上下文聚合信息。修改的VTE称为STRIVEIVERCHER ENCODER（STE），其构建在VTE的输出时。 STE不仅有效地将远程信息聚集到分层全球和本地时尚的单载体表示，而且显着降低了计算成本。此外，全序列和单个目标帧尺度都设计了全序，分别适用于VTE和ST的输出。该方案与单个目标帧监督结合施加额外的时间平滑度约束，因此有助于产生更平滑和更准确的3D姿势。所提出的轮廓变压器在两个具有挑战性的基准数据集，Human3.6M和HumanVa-I中进行评估，并通过更少的参数实现最先进的结果。代码和模型可用于\ url {https://github.com/vegetebird/stridedtransformer-pose3d}。

6D object pose estimation has been a research topic in the field of computer vision and robotics. Many modern world applications like robot grasping, manipulation, autonomous navigation etc, require the correct pose of objects present in a scene to perform their specific task. It becomes even harder when the objects are placed in a cluttered scene and the level of occlusion is high. Prior works have tried to overcome this problem but could not achieve accuracy that can be considered reliable in real-world applications. In this paper, we present an architecture that, unlike prior work, is context-aware. It utilizes the context information available to us about the objects. Our proposed architecture treats the objects separately according to their types i.e; symmetric and non-symmetric. A deeper estimator and refiner network pair is used for non-symmetric objects as compared to symmetric due to their intrinsic differences. Our experiments show an enhancement in the accuracy of about 3.2% over the LineMOD dataset, which is considered a benchmark for pose estimation in the occluded and cluttered scenes, against the prior state-of-the-art DenseFusion. Our results also show that the inference time we got is sufficient for real-time usage.