估计没有先验知识的新对象的相对姿势是一个困难的问题，而它是机器人技术和增强现实中非常需要的能力。我们提出了一种方法，可以在训练图像和对象的3D几何形状都没有可用时跟踪对象中对象的6D运动。因此，与以前的作品相反，我们的方法可以立即考虑开放世界中的未知对象，而无需任何先前的信息或特定的培训阶段。我们考虑两个架构，一个基于两个帧，另一个依赖于变压器编码器，它们可以利用任意数量的过去帧。我们仅使用具有域随机化的合成渲染训练架构。我们在具有挑战性的数据集上的结果与以前需要更多信息的作品（训练目标对象，3D模型和/或深度数据的培训图像）相当。我们的源代码可从https://github.com/nv-nguyen/pizza获得

Estimating 6D poses of objects from images is an important problem in various applications such as robot manipulation and virtual reality. While direct regression of images to object poses has limited accuracy, matching rendered images of an object against the input image can produce accurate results. In this work, we propose a novel deep neural network for 6D pose matching named DeepIM. Given an initial pose estimation, our network is able to iteratively refine the pose by matching the rendered image against the observed image. The network is trained to predict a relative pose transformation using a disentangled representation of 3D location and 3D orientation and an iterative training process. Experiments on two commonly used benchmarks for 6D pose estimation demonstrate that DeepIM achieves large improvements over stateof-the-art methods. We furthermore show that DeepIM is able to match previously unseen objects.

We introduce MegaPose, a method to estimate the 6D pose of novel objects, that is, objects unseen during training. At inference time, the method only assumes knowledge of (i) a region of interest displaying the object in the image and (ii) a CAD model of the observed object. The contributions of this work are threefold. First, we present a 6D pose refiner based on a render&compare strategy which can be applied to novel objects. The shape and coordinate system of the novel object are provided as inputs to the network by rendering multiple synthetic views of the object's CAD model. Second, we introduce a novel approach for coarse pose estimation which leverages a network trained to classify whether the pose error between a synthetic rendering and an observed image of the same object can be corrected by the refiner. Third, we introduce a large-scale synthetic dataset of photorealistic images of thousands of objects with diverse visual and shape properties and show that this diversity is crucial to obtain good generalization performance on novel objects. We train our approach on this large synthetic dataset and apply it without retraining to hundreds of novel objects in real images from several pose estimation benchmarks. Our approach achieves state-of-the-art performance on the ModelNet and YCB-Video datasets. An extensive evaluation on the 7 core datasets of the BOP challenge demonstrates that our approach achieves performance competitive with existing approaches that require access to the target objects during training. Code, dataset and trained models are available on the project page: https://megapose6d.github.io/.

We introduce a novel method for 3D object detection and pose estimation from color images only. We first use segmentation to detect the objects of interest in 2D even in presence of partial occlusions and cluttered background. By contrast with recent patch-based methods, we rely on a "holistic" approach: We apply to the detected objects a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) trained to predict their 3D poses in the form of 2D projections of the corners of their 3D bounding boxes. This, however, is not sufficient for handling objects from the recent T-LESS dataset: These objects exhibit an axis of rotational symmetry, and the similarity of two images of such an object under two different poses makes training the CNN challenging. We solve this problem by restricting the range of poses used for training, and by introducing a classifier to identify the range of a pose at run-time before estimating it. We also use an optional additional step that refines the predicted poses. We improve the state-of-the-art on the LINEMOD dataset from 73.7% [2] to 89.3% of correctly registered RGB frames. We are also the first to report results on the Occlusion dataset [1] using color images only. We obtain 54% of frames passing the Pose 6D criterion on average on several sequences of the T-LESS dataset, compared to the 67% of the state-of-the-art [10] on the same sequences which uses both color and depth. The full approach is also scalable, as a single network can be trained for multiple objects simultaneously.

We introduce an approach for recovering the 6D pose of multiple known objects in a scene captured by a set of input images with unknown camera viewpoints. First, we present a single-view single-object 6D pose estimation method, which we use to generate 6D object pose hypotheses. Second, we develop a robust method for matching individual 6D object pose hypotheses across different input images in order to jointly estimate camera viewpoints and 6D poses of all objects in a single consistent scene. Our approach explicitly handles object symmetries, does not require depth measurements, is robust to missing or incorrect object hypotheses, and automatically recovers the number of objects in the scene. Third, we develop a method for global scene refinement given multiple object hypotheses and their correspondences across views. This is achieved by solving an object-level bundle adjustment problem that refines the poses of cameras and objects to minimize the reprojection error in all views. We demonstrate that the proposed method, dubbed Cosy-Pose, outperforms current state-of-the-art results for single-view and multi-view 6D object pose estimation by a large margin on two challenging benchmarks: the YCB-Video and T-LESS datasets. Code and pre-trained models are available on the project webpage. 5

我们提出了一种称为DPODV2（密集姿势对象检测器）的三个阶段6 DOF对象检测方法，该方法依赖于致密的对应关系。我们将2D对象检测器与密集的对应关系网络和多视图姿势细化方法相结合，以估计完整的6 DOF姿势。与通常仅限于单眼RGB图像的其他深度学习方法不同，我们提出了一个统一的深度学习网络，允许使用不同的成像方式（RGB或DEPTH）。此外，我们提出了一种基于可区分渲染的新型姿势改进方法。主要概念是在多个视图中比较预测并渲染对应关系，以获得与所有视图中预测的对应关系一致的姿势。我们提出的方法对受控设置中的不同数据方式和培训数据类型进行了严格的评估。主要结论是，RGB在对应性估计中表现出色，而如果有良好的3D-3D对应关系，则深度有助于姿势精度。自然，他们的组合可以实现总体最佳性能。我们进行广泛的评估和消融研究，以分析和验证几个具有挑战性的数据集的结果。 DPODV2在所有这些方面都取得了出色的成果，同时仍然保持快速和可扩展性，独立于使用的数据模式和培训数据的类型

We introduce a Transformer based 6D Object Pose Estimation framework VideoPose, comprising an end-to-end attention based modelling architecture, that attends to previous frames in order to estimate accurate 6D Object Poses in videos. Our approach leverages the temporal information from a video sequence for pose refinement, along with being computationally efficient and robust. Compared to existing methods, our architecture is able to capture and reason from long-range dependencies efficiently, thus iteratively refining over video sequences. Experimental evaluation on the YCB-Video dataset shows that our approach is on par with the state-of-the-art Transformer methods, and performs significantly better relative to CNN based approaches. Further, with a speed of 33 fps, it is also more efficient and therefore applicable to a variety of applications that require real-time object pose estimation. Training code and pretrained models are available at https://github.com/ApoorvaBeedu/VideoPose

Estimating the 6D pose of known objects is important for robots to interact with the real world. The problem is challenging due to the variety of objects as well as the complexity of a scene caused by clutter and occlusions between objects. In this work, we introduce PoseCNN, a new Convolutional Neural Network for 6D object pose estimation. PoseCNN estimates the 3D translation of an object by localizing its center in the image and predicting its distance from the camera. The 3D rotation of the object is estimated by regressing to a quaternion representation. We also introduce a novel loss function that enables PoseCNN to handle symmetric objects. In addition, we contribute a large scale video dataset for 6D object pose estimation named the YCB-Video dataset. Our dataset provides accurate 6D poses of 21 objects from the YCB dataset observed in 92 videos with 133,827 frames. We conduct extensive experiments on our YCB-Video dataset and the OccludedLINEMOD dataset to show that PoseCNN is highly robust to occlusions, can handle symmetric objects, and provide accurate pose estimation using only color images as input. When using depth data to further refine the poses, our approach achieves state-of-the-art results on the challenging OccludedLINEMOD dataset. Our code and dataset are available at https://rse-lab.cs.washington.edu/projects/posecnn/.

The goal of this paper is to estimate the 6D pose and dimensions of unseen object instances in an RGB-D image. Contrary to "instance-level" 6D pose estimation tasks, our problem assumes that no exact object CAD models are available during either training or testing time. To handle different and unseen object instances in a given category, we introduce Normalized Object Coordinate Space (NOCS)-a shared canonical representation for all possible object instances within a category. Our region-based neural network is then trained to directly infer the correspondence from observed pixels to this shared object representation (NOCS) along with other object information such as class label and instance mask. These predictions can be combined with the depth map to jointly estimate the metric 6D pose and dimensions of multiple objects in a cluttered scene. To train our network, we present a new contextaware technique to generate large amounts of fully annotated mixed reality data. To further improve our model and evaluate its performance on real data, we also provide a fully annotated real-world dataset with large environment and instance variation. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed method is able to robustly estimate the pose and size of unseen object instances in real environments while also achieving state-of-the-art performance on standard 6D pose estimation benchmarks.

本文提出了一种类别级别的6D对象姿势和形状估计方法IDAPS，其允许在类别中跟踪6D姿势并估计其3D形状。我们使用深度图像作为输入开发类别级别自动编码器网络，其中来自自动编码器编码的特征嵌入在类别中对象的姿势。自动编码器可用于粒子过滤器框架，以估计和跟踪类别中的对象的姿势。通过利用基于符号距离函数的隐式形状表示，我们构建延迟网络以估计给定对象的估计姿势的3D形状的潜在表示。然后，估计的姿势和形状可用于以迭代方式互相更新。我们的类别级别6D对象姿势和形状估计流水线仅需要2D检测和分段进行初始化。我们在公开的数据集中评估我们的方法，并展示其有效性。特别是，我们的方法在形状估计上实现了相对高的准确性。

We propose a single-shot approach for simultaneously detecting an object in an RGB image and predicting its 6D pose without requiring multiple stages or having to examine multiple hypotheses. Unlike a recently proposed single-shot technique for this task [11] that only predicts an approximate 6D pose that must then be refined, ours is accurate enough not to require additional post-processing. As a result, it is much faster -50 fps on a Titan X (Pascal) GPU -and more suitable for real-time processing. The key component of our method is a new CNN architecture inspired by [28,29] that directly predicts the 2D image locations of the projected vertices of the object's 3D bounding box. The object's 6D pose is then estimated using a PnP algorithm.For single object and multiple object pose estimation on the LINEMOD and OCCLUSION datasets, our approach substantially outperforms other recent 26] when they are all used without postprocessing. During post-processing, a pose refinement step can be used to boost the accuracy of these two methods, but at 10 fps or less, they are much slower than our method.

我们介绍了一种简单而有效的算法，它使用卷积神经网络直接从视频中估计对象。我们的方法利用了视频序列的时间信息，并计算了支持机器人和AR域的计算上高效且鲁棒。我们所提出的网络采用预先训练的2D对象检测器作为输入，并通过经常性神经网络聚合视觉特征以在每个帧处进行预测。YCB-Video数据集的实验评估表明，我们的方法与最先进的算法相提并论。此外，通过30 FPS的速度，它也比现有技术更有效，因此适用于需要实时对象姿态估计的各种应用。

We propose a method for in-hand 3D scanning of an unknown object from a sequence of color images. We cast the problem as reconstructing the object surface from un-posed multi-view images and rely on a neural implicit surface representation that captures both the geometry and the appearance of the object. By contrast with most NeRF-based methods, we do not assume that the camera-object relative poses are known and instead simultaneously optimize both the object shape and the pose trajectory. As global optimization over all the shape and pose parameters is prone to fail without coarse-level initialization of the poses, we propose an incremental approach which starts by splitting the sequence into carefully selected overlapping segments within which the optimization is likely to succeed. We incrementally reconstruct the object shape and track the object poses independently within each segment, and later merge all the segments by aligning poses estimated at the overlapping frames. Finally, we perform a global optimization over all the aligned segments to achieve full reconstruction. We experimentally show that the proposed method is able to reconstruct the shape and color of both textured and challenging texture-less objects, outperforms classical methods that rely only on appearance features, and its performance is close to recent methods that assume known camera poses.

6D对象姿势估计是计算机视觉和机器人研究中的基本问题之一。尽管最近在同一类别内将姿势估计概括为新的对象实例（即类别级别的6D姿势估计）方面已做出了许多努力，但考虑到有限的带注释数据，它仍然在受限的环境中受到限制。在本文中，我们收集了Wild6D，这是一种具有不同实例和背景的新的未标记的RGBD对象视频数据集。我们利用这些数据在野外概括了类别级别的6D对象姿势效果，并通过半监督学习。我们提出了一个新模型，称为呈现姿势估计网络reponet，该模型使用带有合成数据的自由地面真实性共同训练，以及在现实世界数据上具有轮廓匹配的目标函数。在不使用实际数据上的任何3D注释的情况下，我们的方法优于先前数据集上的最先进方法，而我们的WILD6D测试集（带有手动注释进行评估）则优于较大的边距。带有WILD6D数据的项目页面：https：//oasisyang.github.io/semi-pose。

虽然最近出现了类别级的9DOF对象姿势估计，但由于较大的对象形状和颜色等类别内差异，因此，先前基于对应的或直接回归方法的准确性均受到限制。 - 级别的物体姿势和尺寸炼油机Catre，能够迭代地增强点云的姿势估计以产生准确的结果。鉴于初始姿势估计，Catre通过对齐部分观察到的点云和先验的抽象形状来预测初始姿势和地面真理之间的相对转换。具体而言，我们提出了一种新颖的分离体系结构，以了解旋转与翻译/大小估计之间的固有区别。广泛的实验表明，我们的方法在REAL275，Camera25和LM基准测试中的最先进方法高达〜85.32Hz，并在类别级别跟踪上取得了竞争成果。我们进一步证明，Catre可以对看不见的类别进行姿势改进。可以使用代码和训练有素的型号。

视觉世界可以以稀疏相互作用的不同实体来嘲笑。在动态视觉场景中发现这种组合结构已被证明对端到端的计算机视觉方法有挑战，除非提供明确的实例级别的监督。利用运动提示的基于老虎机的模型最近在学习代表，细分和跟踪对象的情况下没有直接监督显示了巨大的希望，但是它们仍然无法扩展到复杂的现实世界多对象视频。为了弥合这一差距，我们从人类发展中汲取灵感，并假设以深度信号形式的场景几何形状的信息可以促进以对象为中心的学习。我们介绍了一种以对象为中心的视频模型SAVI ++，该模型经过训练，可以预测基于插槽的视频表示的深度信号。通过进一步利用模型缩放的最佳实践，我们能够训练SAVI ++以细分使用移动摄像机记录的复杂动态场景，其中包含在自然主义背景上具有不同外观的静态和移动对象，而无需进行分割监督。最后，我们证明，通过使用从LIDAR获得的稀疏深度信号，Savi ++能够从真实World Waymo Open DataSet中的视频中学习新兴对象细分和跟踪。

6D object pose estimation problem has been extensively studied in the field of Computer Vision and Robotics. It has wide range of applications such as robot manipulation, augmented reality, and 3D scene understanding. With the advent of Deep Learning, many breakthroughs have been made; however, approaches continue to struggle when they encounter unseen instances, new categories, or real-world challenges such as cluttered backgrounds and occlusions. In this study, we will explore the available methods based on input modality, problem formulation, and whether it is a category-level or instance-level approach. As a part of our discussion, we will focus on how 6D object pose estimation can be used for understanding 3D scenes.

在机器人和计算机视觉社区中，6D对象姿态跟踪已被广泛研究。最有前途的解决方案，利用深度神经网络和/或过滤和优化，在标准基准上表现出显着的性能。然而，为了我们的最佳知识，这些尚未对快速的对象动作彻底进行测试。在这种情况下跟踪性能显着降低，特别是对于未实现实时性能并引入不可忽略的延迟的方法。在这项工作中，我们介绍了RGB-D图像流的6D对象姿势和速度跟踪的卡尔曼滤波方法。通过利用实时光流，Roft使低帧速率卷积神经网络的延迟输出与RGB-D输入流的实例分段和6D对象姿态估计实现快速和精确的6D对象姿势和速度跟踪。我们在新引入的照片型数据集中测试我们的方法，Fast-YCB，包括来自YCB模型集的快速移动对象，以及对象的数据集和手动姿势估计HO-3D。结果表明，我们的方法优于6D对象姿势跟踪的最先进方法，同时还提供6D对象速度跟踪。显示实验的视频作为补充材料提供。

最新的6D对象构成估计方法，包括无监督的方法，需要许多真实的训练图像。不幸的是，对于某些应用，例如在空间或深水下的应用程序，几乎是不可能获取真实图像的，即使是未注释的。在本文中，我们提出了一种可以仅在合成图像上训练的方法，也可以选择使用一些其他真实图像。鉴于从第一个网络获得的粗糙姿势估计，它使用第二个网络来预测使用粗糙姿势和真实图像呈现的图像之间的密集2D对应场，并渗透了所需的姿势校正。与最新方法相比，这种方法对合成图像和真实图像之间的域变化敏感得多。它与需要注释的真实图像进行训练时的方法表现出色，并且在使用二十个真实图像的情况下，它们的表现要优于它们。

结合同时定位和映射（SLAM）估计和动态场景建模可以高效地在动态环境中获得机器人自主权。机器人路径规划和障碍避免任务依赖于场景中动态对象运动的准确估计。本文介绍了VDO-SLAM，这是一种强大的视觉动态对象感知SLAM系统，用于利用语义信息，使得能够在场景中进行准确的运动估计和跟踪动态刚性物体，而无需任何先前的物体形状或几何模型的知识。所提出的方法识别和跟踪环境中的动态对象和静态结构，并将这些信息集成到统一的SLAM框架中。这导致机器人轨迹的高度准确估计和对象的全部SE（3）运动以及环境的时空地图。该系统能够从对象的SE（3）运动中提取线性速度估计，为复杂的动态环境中的导航提供重要功能。我们展示了所提出的系统对许多真实室内和室外数据集的性能，结果表明了对最先进的算法的一致和实质性的改进。可以使用源代码的开源版本。