Convergence bounds are one of the main tools to obtain information on the performance of a distributed machine learning task, before running the task itself. In this work, we perform a set of experiments to assess to which extent, and in which way, such bounds can predict and improve the performance of real-world distributed (namely, federated) learning tasks. We find that, as can be expected given the way they are obtained, bounds are quite loose and their relative magnitude reflects the training rather than the testing loss. More unexpectedly, we find that some of the quantities appearing in the bounds turn out to be very useful to identify the clients that are most likely to contribute to the learning process, without requiring the disclosure of any information about the quality or size of their datasets. This suggests that further research is warranted on the ways -- often counter-intuitive -- in which convergence bounds can be exploited to improve the performance of real-world distributed learning tasks.
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分布式机器学习的传统方法是将学习算法调整到网络中,例如减少更新以遏制开销。相反,基于智能边缘的网络使得可以遵循相反的方法,即定义围绕要执行的学习任务的逻辑网络拓扑,以达到所需的学习表现。在本文中,我们提出了一个系统模型,该模型在监督机器学习的背景下捕获了此类方面,考虑了学习节点(执行计算)和信息节点(提供数据)。然后,我们制定了选择(i)的问题,哪些学习和信息节点应配合以完成学习任务,以及(ii)执行的迭代次数,以最大程度地减少学习成本,同时满足目标预测错误和执行时间。在证明了上述问题的重要属性之后,我们设计了一种名为DoubleClemb的算法,该算法可以找到1+1/| i | -competive解决方案(具有i是一组信息节点),具有分立最差的复杂性。我们的绩效评估,利用现实世界的网络拓扑并考虑分类和回归任务,还表明,双重攀登与最佳,优于最先进的替代方案非常匹配。
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To make machine learning (ML) sustainable and apt to run on the diverse devices where relevant data is, it is essential to compress ML models as needed, while still meeting the required learning quality and time performance. However, how much and when an ML model should be compressed, and {\em where} its training should be executed, are hard decisions to make, as they depend on the model itself, the resources of the available nodes, and the data such nodes own. Existing studies focus on each of those aspects individually, however, they do not account for how such decisions can be made jointly and adapted to one another. In this work, we model the network system focusing on the training of DNNs, formalize the above multi-dimensional problem, and, given its NP-hardness, formulate an approximate dynamic programming problem that we solve through the PACT algorithmic framework. Importantly, PACT leverages a time-expanded graph representing the learning process, and a data-driven and theoretical approach for the prediction of the loss evolution to be expected as a consequence of training decisions. We prove that PACT's solutions can get as close to the optimum as desired, at the cost of an increased time complexity, and that, in any case, such complexity is polynomial. Numerical results also show that, even under the most disadvantageous settings, PACT outperforms state-of-the-art alternatives and closely matches the optimal energy cost.
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联合学习(FL)是一个分布式的机器学习框架,可以减轻数据孤岛,在该筒仓中,分散的客户在不共享其私人数据的情况下协作学习全球模型。但是,客户的非独立且相同分布的(非IID)数据对训练有素的模型产生了负面影响,并且具有不同本地更新的客户可能会在每个通信回合中对本地梯度造成巨大差距。在本文中,我们提出了一种联合矢量平均(FedVeca)方法来解决上述非IID数据问题。具体而言,我们为与本地梯度相关的全球模型设定了一个新的目标。局部梯度定义为具有步长和方向的双向向量,其中步长为局部更新的数量,并且根据我们的定义将方向分为正和负。在FedVeca中,方向受步尺的影响,因此我们平均双向向量,以降低不同步骤尺寸的效果。然后,我们理论上分析了步骤大小与全球目标之间的关系,并在每个通信循环的步骤大小上获得上限。基于上限,我们为服务器和客户端设计了一种算法,以自适应调整使目标接近最佳的步骤大小。最后,我们通过构建原型系统对不同数据集,模型和场景进行实验,实验结果证明了FedVeca方法的有效性和效率。
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联合学习(FL)使多个设备能够在不共享其个人数据的情况下协作学习全局模型。在现实世界应用中,不同的各方可能具有异质数据分布和有限的通信带宽。在本文中,我们有兴趣提高FL系统的通信效率。我们根据梯度规范的重要性调查和设计设备选择策略。特别是,我们的方法包括在每个通信轮中选择具有最高梯度值的最高规范的设备。我们研究了这种选择技术的收敛性和性能,并将其与现有技术进行比较。我们用非IID设置执行几个实验。结果显示了我们的方法的收敛性,与随机选择比较的测试精度相当大。
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联合学习产生了重大兴趣,几乎所有作品都集中在一个“星形”拓扑上,其中节点/设备每个都连接到中央服务器。我们远离此架构,并将其通过网络维度扩展到最终设备和服务器之间存在多个节点的情况。具体而言,我们开发多级混合联合学习(MH-FL),是层内模型学习的混合,将网络视为基于多层群集的结构。 MH-FL认为集群中的节点中的拓扑结构,包括通过设备到设备(D2D)通信形成的本地网络,并假设用于联合学习的半分散式架构。它以协作/协作方式(即,使用D2D交互)在不同网络层处的设备进行编程,以在模型参数上形成本地共识,并将其与树形层次层的层之间的多级参数中继相结合。我们相对于网络拓扑(例如,光谱半径)和学习算法的参数来得出MH-F1的收敛的大界限(例如,不同簇中的D2D圆数的数量)。我们在不同的集群中获得了一系列D2D轮的政策,以保证有限的最佳差距或收敛到全局最佳。然后,我们开发一个分布式控制算法,用于MH-FL在每个集群中调整每个集群的D2D轮,以满足特定的收敛标准。我们在现实世界数据集上的实验验证了我们的分析结果,并展示了MH-FL在资源利用率指标方面的优势。
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联合学习(FL)能够通过定期聚合培训的本地参数来在多个边缘用户执行大的分布式机器学习任务。为了解决在无线迷雾云系统上实现支持的关键挑战(例如,非IID数据,用户异质性),我们首先基于联合平均(称为FedFog)的高效流行算法来执行梯度参数的本地聚合在云端的FOG服务器和全球培训更新。接下来,我们通过调查新的网络知识的流动系统,在无线雾云系统中雇用FEDFog,这促使了全局损失和完成时间之间的平衡。然后开发了一种迭代算法以获得系统性能的精确测量,这有助于设计有效的停止标准以输出适当数量的全局轮次。为了缓解级体效果,我们提出了一种灵活的用户聚合策略,可以先培训快速用户在允许慢速用户加入全局培训更新之前获得一定程度的准确性。提供了使用若干现实世界流行任务的广泛数值结果来验证FEDFOG的理论融合。我们还表明,拟议的FL和通信的共同设计对于在实现学习模型的可比准确性的同时,基本上提高资源利用是必要的。
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联合学习偏离“将数据发送到模型”的规范“向数据发送模型”。当在边缘生态系统中使用时,许多异构边缘设备通过不同的方式收集数据并通过不同的网络信道连接参与培训过程。由于设备故障或网络问题,这种生态系统中的边缘设备的失败很可能。在本文中,我们首先分析边缘设备数量对FL模型的影响,并提供一种选择有助于该模型的最佳设备的策略。我们观察所选设备失败并提供缓解策略以确保强大的联合学习技术的影响。
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通过增加无线设备的计算能力,以及用户和设备生成的数据的前所未有的级别,已经出现了新的分布式机器学习(ML)方法。在无线社区中,由于其通信效率及其处理非IID数据问题的能力,联邦学习(FL)特别有趣。可以通过称为空中计算(AIRCOMP)的无线通信方法加速FL训练,其利用同时上行链路传输的干扰以有效地聚合模型更新。但是,由于Aircomp利用模拟通信,因此它引入了不可避免的估计错误。在本文中,我们研究了这种估计误差对FL的收敛性的影响,并提出了一种改进资源受限无线网络的方法的转移。首先,我们通过静态通道重新传输获得最佳Aircomp电源控制方案。然后,我们调查了传递的空中流体的性能,并在流失函数上找到两个上限。最后,我们提出了一种选择最佳重传的启发式,可以在训练ML模型之前计算。数值结果表明,引入重传可能导致ML性能提高,而不会在通信或计算方面产生额外的成本。此外,我们为我们的启发式提供了模拟结果,表明它可以正确地确定不同无线网络设置和机器学习问题的最佳重传次数。
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通过参与大规模联合学习(FL)优化的设备的异构性质的激励,我们专注于由区块链(BC)技术赋予的异步服务器的FL解决方案。与主要采用的FL方法相比,假设同步操作,我们提倡一个异步方法,由此,模型聚合作为客户端提交本地更新。异步设置与具有异构客户端的实际大规模设置中的联合优化思路非常适合。因此,它可能导致通信开销和空闲时段的效率提高。为了评估启用了BC启用的FL的学习完成延迟,我们提供了基于批量服务队列理论的分析模型。此外,我们提供仿真结果以评估同步和异步机制的性能。涉及BC启用的流量的重要方面,例如网络大小,链路容量或用户要求,并分析并分析。随着我们的结果表明,同步设置导致比异步案例更高的预测精度。然而,异步联合优化在许多情况下提供了更低的延迟,从而在处理大数据集时成为一种吸引力的FL解决方案,严重的时序约束(例如,近实时应用)或高度不同的训练数据。
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随着数据生成越来越多地在没有连接连接的设备上进行,因此与机器学习(ML)相关的流量将在无线网络中无处不在。许多研究表明,传统的无线协议高效或不可持续以支持ML,这创造了对新的无线通信方法的需求。在这项调查中,我们对最先进的无线方法进行了详尽的审查,这些方法是专门设计用于支持分布式数据集的ML服务的。当前,文献中有两个明确的主题,模拟的无线计算和针对ML优化的数字无线电资源管理。这项调查对这些方法进行了全面的介绍,回顾了最重要的作品,突出了开放问题并讨论了应用程序方案。
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本文提出并表征了联合学习(OARF)的开放应用程序存储库,是联合机器学习系统的基准套件。以前可用的联合学习基准主要集中在合成数据集上,并使用有限数量的应用程序。 OARF模仿更现实的应用方案,具有公开的数据集,如图像,文本和结构数据中的不同数据孤岛。我们的表征表明,基准套件在数据大小,分布,特征分布和学习任务复杂性中多样化。与参考实施的广泛评估显示了联合学习系统的重要方面的未来研究机会。我们开发了参考实现,并评估了联合学习的重要方面,包括模型准确性,通信成本,吞吐量和收敛时间。通过这些评估,我们发现了一些有趣的发现,例如联合学习可以有效地提高端到端吞吐量。
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与训练数据中心的训练传统机器学习(ML)模型相反,联合学习(FL)训练ML模型,这些模型在资源受限的异质边缘设备上包含的本地数据集上。现有的FL算法旨在为所有参与的设备学习一个单一的全球模型,这对于所有参与培训的设备可能没有帮助,这是由于整个设备的数据的异质性。最近,Hanzely和Richt \'{A} Rik(2020)提出了一种新的配方,以培训个性化的FL模型,旨在平衡传统的全球模型与本地模型之间的权衡,该模型可以使用其私人数据对单个设备进行培训只要。他们得出了一种称为无环梯度下降(L2GD)的新算法,以解决该算法,并表明该算法会在需要更多个性化的情况下,可以改善沟通复杂性。在本文中,我们为其L2GD算法配备了双向压缩机制,以进一步减少本地设备和服务器之间的通信瓶颈。与FL设置中使用的其他基于压缩的算法不同,我们的压缩L2GD算法在概率通信协议上运行,在概率通信协议中,通信不会按固定的时间表进行。此外,我们的压缩L2GD算法在没有压缩的情况下保持与香草SGD相似的收敛速率。为了验证算法的效率,我们在凸和非凸问题上都进行了多种数值实验,并使用各种压缩技术。
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Emerging technologies and applications including Internet of Things (IoT), social networking, and crowd-sourcing generate large amounts of data at the network edge. Machine learning models are often built from the collected data, to enable the detection, classification, and prediction of future events. Due to bandwidth, storage, and privacy concerns, it is often impractical to send all the data to a centralized location. In this paper, we consider the problem of learning model parameters from data distributed across multiple edge nodes, without sending raw data to a centralized place. Our focus is on a generic class of machine learning models that are trained using gradientdescent based approaches. We analyze the convergence bound of distributed gradient descent from a theoretical point of view, based on which we propose a control algorithm that determines the best trade-off between local update and global parameter aggregation to minimize the loss function under a given resource budget. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated via extensive experiments with real datasets, both on a networked prototype system and in a larger-scale simulated environment. The experimentation results show that our proposed approach performs near to the optimum with various machine learning models and different data distributions.
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In recent years, mobile devices are equipped with increasingly advanced sensing and computing capabilities. Coupled with advancements in Deep Learning (DL), this opens up countless possibilities for meaningful applications, e.g., for medical purposes and in vehicular networks. Traditional cloudbased Machine Learning (ML) approaches require the data to be centralized in a cloud server or data center. However, this results in critical issues related to unacceptable latency and communication inefficiency. To this end, Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) has been proposed to bring intelligence closer to the edge, where data is produced. However, conventional enabling technologies for ML at mobile edge networks still require personal data to be shared with external parties, e.g., edge servers. Recently, in light of increasingly stringent data privacy legislations and growing privacy concerns, the concept of Federated Learning (FL) has been introduced. In FL, end devices use their local data to train an ML model required by the server. The end devices then send the model updates rather than raw data to the server for aggregation. FL can serve as an enabling technology in mobile edge networks since it enables the collaborative training of an ML model and also enables DL for mobile edge network optimization. However, in a large-scale and complex mobile edge network, heterogeneous devices with varying constraints are involved. This raises challenges of communication costs, resource allocation, and privacy and security in the implementation of FL at scale. In this survey, we begin with an introduction to the background and fundamentals of FL. Then, we highlight the aforementioned challenges of FL implementation and review existing solutions. Furthermore, we present the applications of FL for mobile edge network optimization. Finally, we discuss the important challenges and future research directions in FL.
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联邦学习(FL)引起了人们对在存储在多个用户中的数据中启用隐私的机器学习的兴趣,同时避免将数据移动到偏离设备上。但是,尽管数据永远不会留下用户的设备,但仍然无法保证隐私,因为用户培训数据的重大计算以训练有素的本地模型的形式共享。最近,这些本地模型通过不同的隐私攻击(例如模型反演攻击)构成了实质性的隐私威胁。作为一种补救措施,通过保证服务器只能学习全局聚合模型更新,而不是单个模型更新,从而开发了安全汇总(SA)作为保护佛罗里达隐私的框架。尽管SA确保没有泄漏有关单个模型更新超出汇总模型更新的其他信息,但对于SA实际上可以提供多少私密性fl,没有正式的保证;由于有关单个数据集的信息仍然可以通过在服务器上计算的汇总模型泄漏。在这项工作中,我们对使用SA的FL的正式隐私保证进行了首次分析。具体而言,我们使用共同信息(MI)作为定量度量,并在每个用户数据集的信息上可以通过汇总的模型更新泄漏有关多少信息。当使用FEDSGD聚合算法时,我们的理论界限表明,隐私泄漏量随着SA参与FL的用户数量而线性减少。为了验证我们的理论界限,我们使用MI神经估计量来凭经验评估MNIST和CIFAR10数据集的不同FL设置下的隐私泄漏。我们的实验验证了FEDSGD的理论界限,随着用户数量和本地批量的增长,隐私泄漏的减少,并且随着培训回合的数量,隐私泄漏的增加。
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机器学习已开始在许多应用中发挥核心作用。这些应用程序中的许多应用程序通常还涉及由于设计约束(例如多元系统)或计算/隐私原因(例如,在智能手机数据上学习),这些数据集分布在多个计算设备/机器上。这样的应用程序通常需要以分散的方式执行学习任务,其中没有直接连接到所有节点的中央服务器。在现实世界中的分散设置中,由于设备故障,网络攻击等,节点容易出现未发现的故障,这可能会崩溃非稳固的学习算法。本文的重点是在发生拜占庭失败的节点的存在下对分散学习的鲁棒化。拜占庭故障模型允许故障节点任意偏离其预期行为,从而确保设计最健壮的算法的设计。但是,与分布式学习相反,对分散学习中拜占庭式的弹性的研究仍处于起步阶段。特别是,现有的拜占庭式分散学习方法要么不能很好地扩展到大规模的机器学习模型,要么缺乏统计收敛性可确保有助于表征其概括错误。在本文中,引入了一个可扩展的,拜占庭式的分散的机器学习框架,称为拜占庭的分散梯度下降(桥梁)。本文中还提供了强烈凸出问题和一类非凸问题的算法和统计收敛保证。此外,使用大规模的分散学习实验来确定桥梁框架是可扩展的,并且为拜占庭式弹性凸和非convex学习提供了竞争结果。
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本文认为,考虑了深神经网络(DNN)训练中最佳梯度无损压缩的问题。渐变压缩在许多分布式DNN培训方案中是相关的,包括最近流行的联合学习(FL)场景,其中每个远程用户通过无噪声限制通道连接到参数服务器(PS)。在分布式DNN培训中,如果可用的底层梯度分布,则可以使用经典的无损压缩方法来减少传送渐变条目所需的比特数。平均场分析表明,梯度更新可以被认为是独立的随机变量,而拉普拉斯近似可以用来争论梯度具有近似于某些制度中的正常(范数)分布的分布。在本文中,我们认为,对于某些实际兴趣的网络,梯度条目可以很好地建模为具有广义的正常(Gennorm)分布。我们提供了数值评估,以验证假设进流模型提供了对DNN梯度尾部分布的更准确的预测。此外,在将诸如Huffman编码的经典修复到可变无损编码算法应用于量化的梯度更新,该建模选择在梯度的无损压缩方面提供了具体的改进。后一种结果确实提供了一种有效的压缩策略,具有较低的内存和计算复杂性,在分布式DNN培训场景中具有很大的实际相关性。
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Federated learning is a distributed framework according to which a model is trained over a set of devices, while keeping data localized. This framework faces several systemsoriented challenges which include (i) communication bottleneck since a large number of devices upload their local updates to a parameter server, and (ii) scalability as the federated network consists of millions of devices. Due to these systems challenges as well as issues related to statistical heterogeneity of data and privacy concerns, designing a provably efficient federated learning method is of significant importance yet it remains challenging. In this paper, we present FedPAQ, a communication-efficient Federated Learning method with Periodic Averaging and Quantization. FedPAQ relies on three key features: (1) periodic averaging where models are updated locally at devices and only periodically averaged at the server; (2) partial device participation where only a fraction of devices participate in each round of the training; and (3) quantized messagepassing where the edge nodes quantize their updates before uploading to the parameter server. These features address the communications and scalability challenges in federated learning. We also show that FedPAQ achieves near-optimal theoretical guarantees for strongly convex and non-convex loss functions and empirically demonstrate the communication-computation tradeoff provided by our method.
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In Federated Learning, we aim to train models across multiple computing units (users), while users can only communicate with a common central server, without exchanging their data samples. This mechanism exploits the computational power of all users and allows users to obtain a richer model as their models are trained over a larger set of data points. However, this scheme only develops a common output for all the users, and, therefore, it does not adapt the model to each user. This is an important missing feature, especially given the heterogeneity of the underlying data distribution for various users. In this paper, we study a personalized variant of the federated learning in which our goal is to find an initial shared model that current or new users can easily adapt to their local dataset by performing one or a few steps of gradient descent with respect to their own data. This approach keeps all the benefits of the federated learning architecture, and, by structure, leads to a more personalized model for each user. We show this problem can be studied within the Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning (MAML) framework. Inspired by this connection, we study a personalized variant of the well-known Federated Averaging algorithm and evaluate its performance in terms of gradient norm for non-convex loss functions. Further, we characterize how this performance is affected by the closeness of underlying distributions of user data, measured in terms of distribution distances such as Total Variation and 1-Wasserstein metric.Recently, the idea of personalization in FL and its connections with MAML has gained a lot of attention. In particular, [32] considers a formulation and algorithm similar to our paper, and elaborates
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