语言基础的挑战是通过在现实世界中的引用中充分理解自然语言。尽管可以使用AI技术,但此类技术对人类机器人团队的广泛采用和有效性依赖于用户信任。这项调查提供了有关语言基础的新兴信任领域的三项贡献,包括a)根据AI技术,数据集和用户界面的语言基础研究概述;b)与语言基础有关的六个假设信任因素,这些因素在人机清洁团队经验中进行了经验测试;c)对语言基础的信任的未来研究指示。
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最近围绕语言处理模型的复杂性的最新炒作使人们对机器获得了类似人类自然语言的指挥的乐观情绪。人工智能中自然语言理解的领域声称在这一领域取得了长足的进步,但是,在这方面和其他学科中使用“理解”的概念性清晰,使我们很难辨别我们实际上有多近的距离。目前的方法和剩余挑战的全面,跨学科的概述尚待进行。除了语言知识之外,这还需要考虑我们特定于物种的能力,以对,记忆,标签和传达我们(足够相似的)体现和位置经验。此外,测量实际约束需要严格分析当前模型的技术能力,以及对理论可能性和局限性的更深入的哲学反思。在本文中,我将所有这些观点(哲学,认知语言和技术)团结在一起,以揭开达到真实(人类般的)语言理解所涉及的挑战。通过解开当前方法固有的理论假设,我希望说明我们距离实现这一目标的实际程度,如果确实是目标。
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最近的自主代理和机器人的应用,如自动驾驶汽车,情景的培训师,勘探机器人和服务机器人带来了关注与当前生成人工智能(AI)系统相关的至关重要的信任相关挑战。尽管取得了巨大的成功,基于连接主义深度学习神经网络方法的神经网络方法缺乏解释他们对他人的决策和行动的能力。没有符号解释能力,它们是黑色盒子,这使得他们的决定或行动不透明,这使得难以信任它们在安全关键的应用中。最近对AI系统解释性的立场目睹了可解释的人工智能(XAI)的几种方法;然而,大多数研究都专注于应用于计算科学中的数据驱动的XAI系统。解决越来越普遍的目标驱动器和机器人的研究仍然缺失。本文评论了可解释的目标驱动智能代理和机器人的方法,重点是解释和沟通代理人感知功能的技术(示例,感官和愿景)和认知推理(例如,信仰,欲望,意图,计划和目标)循环中的人类。审查强调了强调透明度,可辨与和持续学习以获得解释性的关键策略。最后,本文提出了解释性的要求,并提出了用于实现有效目标驱动可解释的代理和机器人的路线图。
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We are currently unable to specify human goals and societal values in a way that reliably directs AI behavior. Law-making and legal interpretation form a computational engine that converts opaque human values into legible directives. "Law Informs Code" is the research agenda capturing complex computational legal processes, and embedding them in AI. Similar to how parties to a legal contract cannot foresee every potential contingency of their future relationship, and legislators cannot predict all the circumstances under which their proposed bills will be applied, we cannot ex ante specify rules that provably direct good AI behavior. Legal theory and practice have developed arrays of tools to address these specification problems. For instance, legal standards allow humans to develop shared understandings and adapt them to novel situations. In contrast to more prosaic uses of the law (e.g., as a deterrent of bad behavior through the threat of sanction), leveraged as an expression of how humans communicate their goals, and what society values, Law Informs Code. We describe how data generated by legal processes (methods of law-making, statutory interpretation, contract drafting, applications of legal standards, legal reasoning, etc.) can facilitate the robust specification of inherently vague human goals. This increases human-AI alignment and the local usefulness of AI. Toward society-AI alignment, we present a framework for understanding law as the applied philosophy of multi-agent alignment. Although law is partly a reflection of historically contingent political power - and thus not a perfect aggregation of citizen preferences - if properly parsed, its distillation offers the most legitimate computational comprehension of societal values available. If law eventually informs powerful AI, engaging in the deliberative political process to improve law takes on even more meaning.
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We present a retrospective on the state of Embodied AI research. Our analysis focuses on 13 challenges presented at the Embodied AI Workshop at CVPR. These challenges are grouped into three themes: (1) visual navigation, (2) rearrangement, and (3) embodied vision-and-language. We discuss the dominant datasets within each theme, evaluation metrics for the challenges, and the performance of state-of-the-art models. We highlight commonalities between top approaches to the challenges and identify potential future directions for Embodied AI research.
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Recent progress in artificial intelligence (AI) has renewed interest in building systems that learn and think like people. Many advances have come from using deep neural networks trained end-to-end in tasks such as object recognition, video games, and board games, achieving performance that equals or even beats humans in some respects. Despite their biological inspiration and performance achievements, these systems differ from human intelligence in crucial ways. We review progress in cognitive science suggesting that truly human-like learning and thinking machines will have to reach beyond current engineering trends in both what they learn, and how they learn it. Specifically, we argue that these machines should (a) build causal models of the world that support explanation and understanding, rather than merely solving pattern recognition problems; (b) ground learning in intuitive theories of physics and psychology, to support and enrich the knowledge that is learned; and (c) harness compositionality and learning-to-learn to rapidly acquire and generalize knowledge to new tasks and situations. We suggest concrete challenges and promising routes towards these goals that can combine the strengths of recent neural network advances with more structured cognitive models.
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即将开发我们呼叫所体现的系统的新一代越来越自主和自学习系统。在将这些系统部署到真实上下文中,我们面临各种工程挑战,因为它以有益的方式协调所体现的系统的行为至关重要,确保他们与我们以人为本的社会价值观的兼容性,并且设计可验证安全可靠的人类-Machine互动。我们正在争辩说,引发系统工程将来自嵌入到体现系统的温室,并确保动态联合的可信度,这种情况意识到的情境意识,意图,探索,探险,不断发展,主要是不可预测的,越来越自主的体现系统在不确定,复杂和不可预测的现实世界环境中。我们还识别了许多迫切性的系统挑战,包括可信赖的体现系统,包括强大而人为的AI,认知架构,不确定性量化,值得信赖的自融化以及持续的分析和保证。
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通过整合人类的知识和经验,人在循环旨在以最低成本培训准确的预测模型。人类可以为机器学习应用提供培训数据,并直接完成在基于机器的方法中对管道中计算机中的难以实现的任务。在本文中,我们从数据的角度调查了人类循环的现有工作,并将它们分为三类具有渐进关系:(1)从数据处理中提高模型性能的工作,(2)通过介入模型培训提高模型性能,(3)系统的设计独立于循环的设计。使用上述分类,我们总结了该领域的主要方法;随着他们的技术优势/弱点以及自然语言处理,计算机愿景等的简单分类和讨论。此外,我们提供了一些开放的挑战和机遇。本调查打算为人类循环提供高级别的摘要,并激励有兴趣的读者,以考虑设计有效的循环解决方案的方法。
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内容的离散和连续表示(例如,语言或图像)具有有趣的属性,以便通过机器的理解或推理此内容来探索或推理。该职位论文提出了我们关于离散和持续陈述的作用及其在深度学习领域的作用的意见。目前的神经网络模型计算连续值数据。信息被压缩成密集,分布式嵌入式。通过Stark对比,人类在他们的语言中使用离散符号。此类符号代表了来自共享上下文信息的含义的世界的压缩版本。此外,人工推理涉及在认知水平处符号操纵,这促进了抽象的推理,知识和理解的构成,泛化和高效学习。通过这些见解的动机,在本文中,我们认为,结合离散和持续的陈述及其处理对于构建展示一般情报形式的系统至关重要。我们建议并讨论了几个途径,可以在包含离散元件来结合两种类型的陈述的优点来改进当前神经网络。
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There has been a recent resurgence in the area of explainable artificial intelligence as researchers and practitioners seek to make their algorithms more understandable. Much of this research is focused on explicitly explaining decisions or actions to a human observer, and it should not be controversial to say that looking at how humans explain to each other can serve as a useful starting point for explanation in artificial intelligence. However, it is fair to say that most work in explainable artificial intelligence uses only the researchers' intuition of what constitutes a 'good' explanation. There exists vast and valuable bodies of research in philosophy, psychology, and cognitive science of how people define, generate, select, evaluate, and present explanations, which argues that people employ certain cognitive biases and social expectations towards the explanation process. This paper argues that the field of explainable artificial intelligence should build on this existing research, and reviews relevant papers from philosophy, cognitive psychology/science, and social psychology, which study these topics. It draws out some important findings, and discusses ways that these can be infused with work on explainable artificial intelligence.
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In this chapter, we review and discuss the transformation of AI technology in HCI/UX work and assess how AI technology will change how we do the work. We first discuss how AI can be used to enhance the result of user research and design evaluation. We then discuss how AI technology can be used to enhance HCI/UX design. Finally, we discuss how AI-enabled capabilities can improve UX when users interact with computing systems, applications, and services.
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Any organization needs to improve their products, services, and processes. In this context, engaging with customers and understanding their journey is essential. Organizations have leveraged various techniques and technologies to support customer engagement, from call centres to chatbots and virtual agents. Recently, these systems have used Machine Learning (ML) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) to analyze large volumes of customer feedback and engagement data. The goal is to understand customers in context and provide meaningful answers across various channels. Despite multiple advances in Conversational Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Recommender Systems (RS), it is still challenging to understand the intent behind customer questions during the customer journey. To address this challenge, in this paper, we study and analyze the recent work in Conversational Recommender Systems (CRS) in general and, more specifically, in chatbot-based CRS. We introduce a pipeline to contextualize the input utterances in conversations. We then take the next step towards leveraging reverse feature engineering to link the contextualized input and learning model to support intent recognition. Since performance evaluation is achieved based on different ML models, we use transformer base models to evaluate the proposed approach using a labelled dialogue dataset (MSDialogue) of question-answering interactions between information seekers and answer providers.
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本次调查绘制了用于分析社交媒体数据的生成方法的研究状态的广泛的全景照片(Sota)。它填补了空白,因为现有的调查文章在其范围内或被约会。我们包括两个重要方面,目前正在挖掘和建模社交媒体的重要性:动态和网络。社会动态对于了解影响影响或疾病的传播,友谊的形成,友谊的形成等,另一方面,可以捕获各种复杂关系,提供额外的洞察力和识别否则将不会被注意的重要模式。
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问答系统被认为是流行且经常有效的信息在网络上寻求信息的手段。在这样的系统中,寻求信息者可以通过自然语言提出问题来获得对他们的查询的简短回应。交互式问题回答是一种最近提出且日益流行的解决方案,它位于问答和对话系统的交集。一方面,用户可以以普通语言提出问题,并找到对她的询问的实际回答;另一方面,如果在初始请求中有多个可能的答复,很少或歧义,则系统可以将问题交通会话延长到对话中。通过允许用户提出更多问题,交互式问题回答使用户能够与系统动态互动并获得更精确的结果。这项调查提供了有关当前文献中普遍存在的交互式提问方法的详细概述。它首先要解释提问系统的基本原理,从而定义新的符号和分类法,以将所有已确定的作品结合在统一框架内。然后,根据提出的方法,评估方法和数据集/应用程序域来介绍和检查有关交互式问题解答系统的审查已发表的工作。我们还描述了围绕社区提出的特定任务和问题的趋势,从而阐明了学者的未来利益。 GitHub页面的综合综合了本文献研究中涵盖的所有主要主题,我们的工作得到了进一步的支持。 https://sisinflab.github.io/interactive-question-answering-systems-survey/
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用声明知识(RDK)和顺序决策(SDM)推理是人工智能的两个关键研究领域。RDK方法的原因是具有声明领域知识,包括常识性知识,它是先验或随着时间的收购,而SDM方法(概率计划和强化学习)试图计算行动政策,以最大程度地提高时间范围内预期的累积效用;两类方法的原因是存在不确定性。尽管这两个领域拥有丰富的文献,但研究人员尚未完全探索他们的互补优势。在本文中,我们调查了利用RDK方法的算法,同时在不确定性下做出顺序决策。我们讨论重大发展,开放问题和未来工作的方向。
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建立一种人类综合人工认知系统,即人工综合情报(AGI),是人工智能(AI)领域的圣杯。此外,实现人工系统实现认知发展的计算模型将是脑和认知科学的优秀参考。本文介绍了一种通过集成元素认知模块来开发认知架构的方法,以实现整个模块的训练。这种方法是基于两个想法:(1)脑激发AI,学习人类脑建筑以构建人类级智能,(2)概率的生成模型(PGM)基础的认知系统,为发展机器人开发认知系统通过整合PGM。发展框架称为全大脑PGM(WB-PGM),其根本地不同于现有的认知架构,因为它可以通过基于感官电机信息的系统不断学习。在这项研究中,我们描述了WB-PGM的基本原理,基于PGM的元素认知模块的当前状态,与人类大脑的关系,对认知模块的整合的方法,以及未来的挑战。我们的研究结果可以作为大脑研究的参考。随着PGMS描述变量之间的明确信息关系,本说明书提供了从计算科学到脑科学的可解释指导。通过提供此类信息,神经科学的研究人员可以向AI和机器人提供的研究人员提供反馈,以及目前模型缺乏对大脑的影响。此外,它可以促进神经认知科学的研究人员以及AI和机器人的合作。
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虽然深增强学习已成为连续决策问题的有希望的机器学习方法,但对于自动驾驶或医疗应用等高利害域来说仍然不够成熟。在这种情况下,学习的政策需要例如可解释,因此可以在任何部署之前检查它(例如,出于安全性和验证原因)。本调查概述了各种方法,以实现加固学习(RL)的更高可解释性。为此,我们将解释性(作为模型的财产区分开来和解释性(作为HOC操作后的讲话,通过代理的干预),并在RL的背景下讨论它们,并强调前概念。特别是,我们认为可译文的RL可能会拥抱不同的刻面:可解释的投入,可解释(转型/奖励)模型和可解释的决策。根据该计划,我们总结和分析了与可解释的RL相关的最近工作,重点是过去10年来发表的论文。我们还简要讨论了一些相关的研究领域并指向一些潜在的有前途的研究方向。
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一个令人着迷的假设是,人类和动物的智力可以通过一些原则(而不是启发式方法的百科全书清单)来解释。如果这个假设是正确的,我们可以更容易地理解自己的智能并建造智能机器。就像物理学一样,原理本身不足以预测大脑等复杂系统的行为,并且可能需要大量计算来模拟人类式的智力。这一假设将表明,研究人类和动物所剥削的归纳偏见可以帮助阐明这些原则,并为AI研究和神经科学理论提供灵感。深度学习已经利用了几种关键的归纳偏见,这项工作考虑了更大的清单,重点是关注高级和顺序有意识的处理的工作。阐明这些特定原则的目的是,它们有可能帮助我们建立从人类的能力中受益于灵活分布和系统概括的能力的AI系统,目前,这是一个领域艺术机器学习和人类智力。
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Neural-symbolic computing (NeSy), which pursues the integration of the symbolic and statistical paradigms of cognition, has been an active research area of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for many years. As NeSy shows promise of reconciling the advantages of reasoning and interpretability of symbolic representation and robust learning in neural networks, it may serve as a catalyst for the next generation of AI. In the present paper, we provide a systematic overview of the important and recent developments of research on NeSy AI. Firstly, we introduce study history of this area, covering early work and foundations. We further discuss background concepts and identify key driving factors behind the development of NeSy. Afterward, we categorize recent landmark approaches along several main characteristics that underline this research paradigm, including neural-symbolic integration, knowledge representation, knowledge embedding, and functionality. Then, we briefly discuss the successful application of modern NeSy approaches in several domains. Finally, we identify the open problems together with potential future research directions. This survey is expected to help new researchers enter this rapidly-developing field and accelerate progress towards data-and knowledge-driven AI.
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过去十年已经看到人工智能(AI)的显着进展,这导致了用于解决各种问题的算法。然而,通过增加模型复杂性并采用缺乏透明度的黑匣子AI模型来满足这种成功。为了响应这种需求,已经提出了说明的AI(Xai)以使AI更透明,从而提高关键结构域中的AI。虽然有几个关于Xai主题的Xai主题的评论,但在Xai中发现了挑战和潜在的研究方向,这些挑战和研究方向被分散。因此,本研究为Xai组织的挑战和未来的研究方向提出了系统的挑战和未来研究方向:(1)基于机器学习生命周期的Xai挑战和研究方向,基于机器的挑战和研究方向阶段:设计,开发和部署。我们认为,我们的META调查通过为XAI地区的未来探索指导提供了XAI文学。
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