用声明知识(RDK)和顺序决策(SDM)推理是人工智能的两个关键研究领域。RDK方法的原因是具有声明领域知识,包括常识性知识,它是先验或随着时间的收购,而SDM方法(概率计划和强化学习)试图计算行动政策,以最大程度地提高时间范围内预期的累积效用;两类方法的原因是存在不确定性。尽管这两个领域拥有丰富的文献,但研究人员尚未完全探索他们的互补优势。在本文中,我们调查了利用RDK方法的算法,同时在不确定性下做出顺序决策。我们讨论重大发展,开放问题和未来工作的方向。
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虽然深增强学习已成为连续决策问题的有希望的机器学习方法,但对于自动驾驶或医疗应用等高利害域来说仍然不够成熟。在这种情况下,学习的政策需要例如可解释,因此可以在任何部署之前检查它(例如,出于安全性和验证原因)。本调查概述了各种方法,以实现加固学习(RL)的更高可解释性。为此,我们将解释性(作为模型的财产区分开来和解释性(作为HOC操作后的讲话,通过代理的干预),并在RL的背景下讨论它们,并强调前概念。特别是,我们认为可译文的RL可能会拥抱不同的刻面:可解释的投入,可解释(转型/奖励)模型和可解释的决策。根据该计划,我们总结和分析了与可解释的RL相关的最近工作,重点是过去10年来发表的论文。我们还简要讨论了一些相关的研究领域并指向一些潜在的有前途的研究方向。
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我们介绍了一个临时团队的体系结构,该体系结构指的是在没有事先协调的一组代理团队中的合作。此问题的最新方法通常包括一个数据驱动的组件,该组件使用先前观察的悠久历史来对其他代理(或代理类型)的行为进行建模并确定临时代理的行为。在许多实际领域中,找到大型培训数据集是一项挑战,并且要了解和逐步扩展现有模型以说明团队组成或域属性的变化所必需的。我们的架构结合了基于知识和数据驱动的推理和学习原理。具体而言,我们使一个临时代理能够通过先前的常识域知识和其他代理行为的简单预测模型执行非单调逻辑推理。我们使用基准模拟的多种协作域Fort Attack来证明我们的体系结构支持适应不可预见的变化,增量学习和修订其他代理人行为的模型,从有限的样本中,临时代理商的决策中的透明度,并且比相比,比较更好的绩效数据驱动基线。
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最近的自主代理和机器人的应用,如自动驾驶汽车,情景的培训师,勘探机器人和服务机器人带来了关注与当前生成人工智能(AI)系统相关的至关重要的信任相关挑战。尽管取得了巨大的成功,基于连接主义深度学习神经网络方法的神经网络方法缺乏解释他们对他人的决策和行动的能力。没有符号解释能力,它们是黑色盒子,这使得他们的决定或行动不透明,这使得难以信任它们在安全关键的应用中。最近对AI系统解释性的立场目睹了可解释的人工智能(XAI)的几种方法;然而,大多数研究都专注于应用于计算科学中的数据驱动的XAI系统。解决越来越普遍的目标驱动器和机器人的研究仍然缺失。本文评论了可解释的目标驱动智能代理和机器人的方法,重点是解释和沟通代理人感知功能的技术(示例,感官和愿景)和认知推理(例如,信仰,欲望,意图,计划和目标)循环中的人类。审查强调了强调透明度,可辨与和持续学习以获得解释性的关键策略。最后,本文提出了解释性的要求,并提出了用于实现有效目标驱动可解释的代理和机器人的路线图。
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Neural-symbolic computing (NeSy), which pursues the integration of the symbolic and statistical paradigms of cognition, has been an active research area of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for many years. As NeSy shows promise of reconciling the advantages of reasoning and interpretability of symbolic representation and robust learning in neural networks, it may serve as a catalyst for the next generation of AI. In the present paper, we provide a systematic overview of the important and recent developments of research on NeSy AI. Firstly, we introduce study history of this area, covering early work and foundations. We further discuss background concepts and identify key driving factors behind the development of NeSy. Afterward, we categorize recent landmark approaches along several main characteristics that underline this research paradigm, including neural-symbolic integration, knowledge representation, knowledge embedding, and functionality. Then, we briefly discuss the successful application of modern NeSy approaches in several domains. Finally, we identify the open problems together with potential future research directions. This survey is expected to help new researchers enter this rapidly-developing field and accelerate progress towards data-and knowledge-driven AI.
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临时团队合作是设计可以与新队友合作而无需事先协调的研究问题的研究问题。这项调查做出了两个贡献:首先,它提供了对临时团队工作问题不同方面的结构化描述。其次,它讨论了迄今为止该领域取得的进展,并确定了临时团队工作中需要解决的直接和长期开放问题。
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主动同时定位和映射(SLAM)是规划和控制机器人运动以构建周围环境中最准确,最完整的模型的问题。自从三十多年前出现了积极感知的第一项基础工作以来,该领域在不同科学社区中受到了越来越多的关注。这带来了许多不同的方法和表述,并回顾了当前趋势,对于新的和经验丰富的研究人员来说都是非常有价值的。在这项工作中,我们在主动大满贯中调查了最先进的工作,并深入研究了仍然需要注意的公开挑战以满足现代应用程序的需求。为了实现现实世界的部署。在提供了历史观点之后,我们提出了一个统一的问题制定并审查经典解决方案方案,该方案将问题分解为三个阶段,以识别,选择和执行潜在的导航措施。然后,我们分析替代方法,包括基于深入强化学习的信念空间规划和现代技术,以及审查有关多机器人协调的相关工作。该手稿以讨论新的研究方向的讨论,解决可再现的研究,主动的空间感知和实际应用,以及其他主题。
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The reinforcement learning paradigm is a popular way to address problems that have only limited environmental feedback, rather than correctly labeled examples, as is common in other machine learning contexts. While significant progress has been made to improve learning in a single task, the idea of transfer learning has only recently been applied to reinforcement learning tasks. The core idea of transfer is that experience gained in learning to perform one task can help improve learning performance in a related, but different, task. In this article we present a framework that classifies transfer learning methods in terms of their capabilities and goals, and then use it to survey the existing literature, as well as to suggest future directions for transfer learning work.
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机器人系统的长期自主权隐含地需要可靠的平台,这些平台能够自然处理硬件和软件故障,行为问题或缺乏知识。基于模型的可靠平台还需要在系统开发过程中应用严格的方法,包括使用正确的构造技术来实现机器人行为。随着机器人的自治水平的提高,提供系统可靠性的提供成本也会增加。我们认为,自主机器人的可靠性可靠性可以从几种认知功能,知识处理,推理和元评估的正式模型中受益。在这里,我们为自动机器人代理的认知体系结构的生成模型提出了案例,该模型订阅了基于模型的工程和可靠性,自主计算和知识支持机器人技术的原则。
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嘈杂的传感,不完美的控制和环境变化是许多现实世界机器人任务的定义特征。部分可观察到的马尔可夫决策过程(POMDP)提供了一个原则上的数学框架,用于建模和解决不确定性下的机器人决策和控制任务。在过去的十年中,它看到了许多成功的应用程序,涵盖了本地化和导航,搜索和跟踪,自动驾驶,多机器人系统,操纵和人类机器人交互。这项调查旨在弥合POMDP模型的开发与算法之间的差距,以及针对另一端的不同机器人决策任务的应用。它分析了这些任务的特征,并将它们与POMDP框架的数学和算法属性联系起来,以进行有效的建模和解决方案。对于从业者来说,调查提供了一些关键任务特征,以决定何时以及如何成功地将POMDP应用于机器人任务。对于POMDP算法设计师,该调查为将POMDP应用于机器人系统的独特挑战提供了新的见解,并指出了有希望的新方向进行进一步研究。
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即将开发我们呼叫所体现的系统的新一代越来越自主和自学习系统。在将这些系统部署到真实上下文中,我们面临各种工程挑战,因为它以有益的方式协调所体现的系统的行为至关重要,确保他们与我们以人为本的社会价值观的兼容性,并且设计可验证安全可靠的人类-Machine互动。我们正在争辩说,引发系统工程将来自嵌入到体现系统的温室,并确保动态联合的可信度,这种情况意识到的情境意识,意图,探索,探险,不断发展,主要是不可预测的,越来越自主的体现系统在不确定,复杂和不可预测的现实世界环境中。我们还识别了许多迫切性的系统挑战,包括可信赖的体现系统,包括强大而人为的AI,认知架构,不确定性量化,值得信赖的自融化以及持续的分析和保证。
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The concept of intelligent system has emerged in information technology as a type of system derived from successful applications of artificial intelligence. The goal of this paper is to give a general description of an intelligent system, which integrates previous approaches and takes into account recent advances in artificial intelligence. The paper describes an intelligent system in a generic way, identifying its main properties and functional components. The presented description follows a pragmatic approach to be used in an engineering context as a general framework to analyze and build intelligent systems. Its generality and its use is illustrated with real-world system examples and related with artificial intelligence methods.
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语言基础的挑战是通过在现实世界中的引用中充分理解自然语言。尽管可以使用AI技术,但此类技术对人类机器人团队的广泛采用和有效性依赖于用户信任。这项调查提供了有关语言基础的新兴信任领域的三项贡献,包括a)根据AI技术,数据集和用户界面的语言基础研究概述;b)与语言基础有关的六个假设信任因素,这些因素在人机清洁团队经验中进行了经验测试;c)对语言基础的信任的未来研究指示。
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建立可以探索开放式环境的自主机器,发现可能的互动,自主构建技能的曲目是人工智能的一般目标。发展方法争辩说,这只能通过可以生成,选择和学习解决自己问题的自主和本质上动机的学习代理人来实现。近年来,我们已经看到了发育方法的融合,特别是发展机器人,具有深度加强学习(RL)方法,形成了发展机器学习的新领域。在这个新域中,我们在这里审查了一组方法,其中深入RL算法训练,以解决自主获取的开放式曲目的发展机器人问题。本质上动机的目标条件RL算法训练代理商学习代表,产生和追求自己的目标。自我生成目标需要学习紧凑的目标编码以及它们的相关目标 - 成就函数,这导致与传统的RL算法相比,这导致了新的挑战,该算法设计用于使用外部奖励信号解决预定义的目标集。本文提出了在深度RL和发育方法的交叉口中进行了这些方法的类型,调查了最近的方法并讨论了未来的途径。
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Recent progress in artificial intelligence (AI) has renewed interest in building systems that learn and think like people. Many advances have come from using deep neural networks trained end-to-end in tasks such as object recognition, video games, and board games, achieving performance that equals or even beats humans in some respects. Despite their biological inspiration and performance achievements, these systems differ from human intelligence in crucial ways. We review progress in cognitive science suggesting that truly human-like learning and thinking machines will have to reach beyond current engineering trends in both what they learn, and how they learn it. Specifically, we argue that these machines should (a) build causal models of the world that support explanation and understanding, rather than merely solving pattern recognition problems; (b) ground learning in intuitive theories of physics and psychology, to support and enrich the knowledge that is learned; and (c) harness compositionality and learning-to-learn to rapidly acquire and generalize knowledge to new tasks and situations. We suggest concrete challenges and promising routes towards these goals that can combine the strengths of recent neural network advances with more structured cognitive models.
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We are currently unable to specify human goals and societal values in a way that reliably directs AI behavior. Law-making and legal interpretation form a computational engine that converts opaque human values into legible directives. "Law Informs Code" is the research agenda capturing complex computational legal processes, and embedding them in AI. Similar to how parties to a legal contract cannot foresee every potential contingency of their future relationship, and legislators cannot predict all the circumstances under which their proposed bills will be applied, we cannot ex ante specify rules that provably direct good AI behavior. Legal theory and practice have developed arrays of tools to address these specification problems. For instance, legal standards allow humans to develop shared understandings and adapt them to novel situations. In contrast to more prosaic uses of the law (e.g., as a deterrent of bad behavior through the threat of sanction), leveraged as an expression of how humans communicate their goals, and what society values, Law Informs Code. We describe how data generated by legal processes (methods of law-making, statutory interpretation, contract drafting, applications of legal standards, legal reasoning, etc.) can facilitate the robust specification of inherently vague human goals. This increases human-AI alignment and the local usefulness of AI. Toward society-AI alignment, we present a framework for understanding law as the applied philosophy of multi-agent alignment. Although law is partly a reflection of historically contingent political power - and thus not a perfect aggregation of citizen preferences - if properly parsed, its distillation offers the most legitimate computational comprehension of societal values available. If law eventually informs powerful AI, engaging in the deliberative political process to improve law takes on even more meaning.
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Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a popular machine learning paradigm where intelligent agents interact with the environment to fulfill a long-term goal. Driven by the resurgence of deep learning, Deep RL (DRL) has witnessed great success over a wide spectrum of complex control tasks. Despite the encouraging results achieved, the deep neural network-based backbone is widely deemed as a black box that impedes practitioners to trust and employ trained agents in realistic scenarios where high security and reliability are essential. To alleviate this issue, a large volume of literature devoted to shedding light on the inner workings of the intelligent agents has been proposed, by constructing intrinsic interpretability or post-hoc explainability. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive review of existing works on eXplainable RL (XRL) and introduce a new taxonomy where prior works are clearly categorized into model-explaining, reward-explaining, state-explaining, and task-explaining methods. We also review and highlight RL methods that conversely leverage human knowledge to promote learning efficiency and performance of agents while this kind of method is often ignored in XRL field. Some challenges and opportunities in XRL are discussed. This survey intends to provide a high-level summarization of XRL and to motivate future research on more effective XRL solutions. Corresponding open source codes are collected and categorized at https://github.com/Plankson/awesome-explainable-reinforcement-learning.
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事实证明,在学习环境中,社会智能代理(SIA)的部署在不同的应用领域具有多个优势。社会代理创作工具使场景设计师能够创造出对SIAS行为的高度控制的量身定制体验,但是,另一方面,这是有代价的,因为该方案及其创作的复杂性可能变得霸道。在本文中,我们介绍了可解释的社会代理创作工具的概念,目的是分析社会代理的创作工具是否可以理解和解释。为此,我们检查了创作工具Fatima-Toolkit是否可以理解,并且从作者的角度来看,其创作步骤可以解释。我们进行了两项用户研究,以定量评估Fatima-Toolkit的解释性,可理解性和透明度,从场景设计师的角度来看。关键发现之一是,法蒂玛 - 库尔基特(Fatima-Toolkit)的概念模型通常是可以理解的,但是基于情感的概念并不那么容易理解和使用。尽管关于Fatima-Toolkit的解释性有一些积极的方面,但仍需要取得进展,以实现完全可以解释的社会代理商创作工具。我们提供一组关键概念和可能的解决方案,可以指导开发人员构建此类工具。
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最近围绕语言处理模型的复杂性的最新炒作使人们对机器获得了类似人类自然语言的指挥的乐观情绪。人工智能中自然语言理解的领域声称在这一领域取得了长足的进步,但是,在这方面和其他学科中使用“理解”的概念性清晰,使我们很难辨别我们实际上有多近的距离。目前的方法和剩余挑战的全面,跨学科的概述尚待进行。除了语言知识之外,这还需要考虑我们特定于物种的能力,以对,记忆,标签和传达我们(足够相似的)体现和位置经验。此外,测量实际约束需要严格分析当前模型的技术能力,以及对理论可能性和局限性的更深入的哲学反思。在本文中,我将所有这些观点(哲学,认知语言和技术)团结在一起,以揭开达到真实(人类般的)语言理解所涉及的挑战。通过解开当前方法固有的理论假设,我希望说明我们距离实现这一目标的实际程度,如果确实是目标。
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AI的蓬勃发展提示建议,AI技术应该是“以人为本”。然而,没有明确的定义,对人工人工智能或短,HCAI的含义。本文旨在通过解决HCAI的一些基础方面来改善这种情况。为此,我们介绍了术语HCAI代理商,以指配备有AI组件的任何物理或软件计算代理,并与人类交互和/或协作。本文识别参与HCAI代理的五个主要概念组件:观察,要求,行动,解释和模型。我们看到HCAI代理的概念,以及其组件和功能,作为弥合人以人为本的AI技术和非技术讨论的一种方式。在本文中,我们专注于采用在人类存在的动态环境中运行的单一代理的情况分析。
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