当前的端到端自动驾驶方法要么基于计划的轨迹运行控制器，要么直接执行控制预测，这已经跨越了两条单独研究的研究线。本文看到了它们彼此的潜在相互利益，主动探讨了这两个发展良好的世界的结合。具体而言，我们的集成方法分别有两个用于轨迹计划和直接控制的分支。轨迹分支可以预测未来的轨迹，而控制分支则涉及一种新颖的多步预测方案，以便可以将当前动作与未来状态之间的关系进行推理。连接了两个分支，因此控制分支在每个时间步骤中从轨迹分支接收相应的指导。然后将来自两个分支的输出融合以实现互补的优势。我们的结果在闭环城市驾驶环境中进行了评估，并使用CARLA模拟器具有挑战性的情况。即使有了单眼相机的输入，建议的方法在官方Carla排行榜上排名第一$，超过了其他具有多个传感器或融合机制的复杂候选人。源代码和数据将在https://github.com/openperceptionx/tcp上公开提供。

在本文中，我们提出了一个系统，以培训不仅从自我车辆收集的经验，而且还观察到的所有车辆的经验。该系统使用其他代理的行为来创建更多样化的驾驶场景，而无需收集其他数据。从其他车辆学习的主要困难是没有传感器信息。我们使用一组监督任务来学习一个中间表示，这是对控制车辆的观点不变的。这不仅在训练时间提供了更丰富的信号，而且还可以在推断过程中进行更复杂的推理。了解所有车辆驾驶如何有助于预测测试时的行为，并避免碰撞。我们在闭环驾驶模拟中评估该系统。我们的系统的表现优于公共卡拉排行榜上的所有先前方法，较大的利润率将驾驶得分提高了25，路线完成率提高了24分。我们的方法赢得了2021年的卡拉自动驾驶挑战。代码和数据可在https://github.com/dotchen/lav上获得。

许多现有的自动驾驶范式涉及多个任务的多个阶段离散管道。为了更好地预测控制信号并增强用户安全性，希望从联合时空特征学习中受益的端到端方法是可取的。尽管基于激光雷达的输入或隐式设计有一些开创性的作品，但在本文中，我们在可解释的基于视觉的设置中提出了问题。特别是，我们提出了一种空间性特征学习方案，以同时同时进行感知，预测和计划任务的一组更具代表性的特征，称为ST-P3。具体而言，提出了一种以自我为中心的积累技术来保留3D空间中的几何信息，然后才能感知鸟类视图转化。设计了双重途径建模，以考虑将来的预测，以将过去的运动变化考虑到过去。引入了基于时间的精炼单元，以弥补识别基于视觉的计划的元素。据我们所知，我们是第一个系统地研究基于端视力的自主驾驶系统的每个部分。我们在开环Nuscenes数据集和闭环CARLA模拟上对以前的最先进的方法进行基准测试。结果显示了我们方法的有效性。源代码，模型和协议详细信息可在https://github.com/openperceptionx/st-p3上公开获得。

由于安全问题，自动驾驶汽车的大规模部署已不断延迟。一方面，全面的场景理解是必不可少的，缺乏这种理解会导致易受罕见但复杂的交通状况，例如突然出现未知物体。但是，从全球环境中的推理需要访问多种类型的传感器以及多模式传感器信号的足够融合，这很难实现。另一方面，学习模型中缺乏可解释性也会因无法验证的故障原因阻碍安全性。在本文中，我们提出了一个安全增强的自主驾驶框架，称为可解释的传感器融合变压器（Interfuser），以完全处理和融合来自多模式多视图传感器的信息，以实现全面的场景理解和对抗性事件检测。此外，我们的框架是从我们的框架中生成的中间解释功能，该功能提供了更多的语义，并被利用以更好地约束操作以在安全集内。我们在Carla基准测试中进行了广泛的实验，我们的模型优于先前的方法，在公共卡拉排行榜上排名第一。

Modern autonomous driving system is characterized as modular tasks in sequential order, i.e., perception, prediction and planning. As sensors and hardware get improved, there is trending popularity to devise a system that can perform a wide diversity of tasks to fulfill higher-level intelligence. Contemporary approaches resort to either deploying standalone models for individual tasks, or designing a multi-task paradigm with separate heads. These might suffer from accumulative error or negative transfer effect. Instead, we argue that a favorable algorithm framework should be devised and optimized in pursuit of the ultimate goal, i.e. planning of the self-driving-car. Oriented at this goal, we revisit the key components within perception and prediction. We analyze each module and prioritize the tasks hierarchically, such that all these tasks contribute to planning (the goal). To this end, we introduce Unified Autonomous Driving (UniAD), the first comprehensive framework up-to-date that incorporates full-stack driving tasks in one network. It is exquisitely devised to leverage advantages of each module, and provide complementary feature abstractions for agent interaction from a global perspective. Tasks are communicated with unified query design to facilitate each other toward planning. We instantiate UniAD on the challenging nuScenes benchmark. With extensive ablations, the effectiveness of using such a philosophy is proven to surpass previous state-of-the-arts by a large margin in all aspects. The full suite of codebase and models would be available to facilitate future research in the community.

为了关注自动驾驶工具的点对点导航的任务，我们提出了一种新颖的深度学习模型，该模型接受了端到端和多任务学习的方式，以同时执行感知和控制任务。该模型用于通过按照全球规划器定义的一系列路线来安全地驱动自我车辆。模型的感知部分用于编码RGBD摄像机提供的高维观察数据，同时执行语义分割，语义深度云（SDC）映射以及交通灯状态和停止符号预测。然后，控制零件将解码编码的功能以及GPS和速度计提供的其他信息，以预测带有潜在特征空间的路点。此外，还采用了两名代理来处理这些输出，并制定控制策略，以确定转向，油门和制动的水平为最终动作。在Carla模拟器上评估该模型，其各种情况由正常的对抗情况和不同的风雨制成，以模仿现实世界中的情况。此外，我们对一些最近的模型进行了比较研究，以证明驾驶多个方面的性能是合理的。此外，我们还对SDC映射和多代理进行了消融研究，以了解其角色和行为。结果，即使参数和计算负载较少，我们的模型也达到了最高的驾驶得分。为了支持未来的研究，我们可以在https://github.com/oskarnatan/end-to-end-drive上分享我们的代码。

受到人类使用多种感觉器官感知世界的事实的启发，具有不同方式的传感器在端到端驾驶中部署，以获得3D场景的全球环境。在以前的作品中，相机和激光镜的输入通过变压器融合，以更好地驾驶性能。通常将这些输入进一步解释为高级地图信息，以帮助导航任务。然而，从复杂地图输入中提取有用的信息很具有挑战性，因为冗余信息可能会误导代理商并对驾驶性能产生负面影响。我们提出了一种新颖的方法，可以从矢量化高清（HD）地图中有效提取特征，并将其利用在端到端驾驶任务中。此外，我们设计了一个新的专家，以通过考虑多道路规则来进一步增强模型性能。实验结果证明，两种提出的改进都可以使我们的代理人与其他方法相比获得卓越的性能。

Witnessing the impressive achievements of pre-training techniques on large-scale data in the field of computer vision and natural language processing, we wonder whether this idea could be adapted in a grab-and-go spirit, and mitigate the sample inefficiency problem for visuomotor driving. Given the highly dynamic and variant nature of the input, the visuomotor driving task inherently lacks view and translation invariance, and the visual input contains massive irrelevant information for decision making, resulting in predominant pre-training approaches from general vision less suitable for the autonomous driving task. To this end, we propose PPGeo (Policy Pre-training via Geometric modeling), an intuitive and straightforward fully self-supervised framework curated for the policy pretraining in visuomotor driving. We aim at learning policy representations as a powerful abstraction by modeling 3D geometric scenes on large-scale unlabeled and uncalibrated YouTube driving videos. The proposed PPGeo is performed in two stages to support effective self-supervised training. In the first stage, the geometric modeling framework generates pose and depth predictions simultaneously, with two consecutive frames as input. In the second stage, the visual encoder learns driving policy representation by predicting the future ego-motion and optimizing with the photometric error based on current visual observation only. As such, the pre-trained visual encoder is equipped with rich driving policy related representations and thereby competent for multiple visuomotor driving tasks. Extensive experiments covering a wide span of challenging scenarios have demonstrated the superiority of our proposed approach, where improvements range from 2% to even over 100% with very limited data. Code and models will be available at https://github.com/OpenDriveLab/PPGeo.

With the development of deep representation learning, the domain of reinforcement learning (RL) has become a powerful learning framework now capable of learning complex policies in high dimensional environments. This review summarises deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithms and provides a taxonomy of automated driving tasks where (D)RL methods have been employed, while addressing key computational challenges in real world deployment of autonomous driving agents. It also delineates adjacent domains such as behavior cloning, imitation learning, inverse reinforcement learning that are related but are not classical RL algorithms. The role of simulators in training agents, methods to validate, test and robustify existing solutions in RL are discussed.

在多机构动态交通情况下的自主驾驶具有挑战性：道路使用者的行为不确定，很难明确建模，并且自我车辆应与他们应用复杂的谈判技巧，例如屈服，合并和交付，以实现，以实现在各种环境中都有安全有效的驾驶。在这些复杂的动态场景中，传统的计划方法主要基于规则，并且通常会导致反应性甚至过于保守的行为。因此，他们需要乏味的人类努力来维持可行性。最近，基于深度学习的方法显示出令人鼓舞的结果，具有更好的概括能力，但手工工程的工作较少。但是，它们要么是通过有监督的模仿学习（IL）来实施的，该学习遭受了数据集偏见和分配不匹配问题，要么接受了深入强化学习（DRL）的培训，但专注于一种特定的交通情况。在这项工作中，我们建议DQ-GAT实现可扩展和主动的自主驾驶，在这些驾驶中，基于图形注意力的网络用于隐式建模相互作用，并采用了深层Q学习来以无聊的方式训练网络端到端的网络。 。在高保真驾驶模拟器中进行的广泛实验表明，我们的方法比以前的基于学习的方法和传统的基于规则的方法获得了更高的成功率，并且在可见和看不见的情况下都可以更好地摆脱安全性和效率。此外，轨迹数据集的定性结果表明，我们所学的政策可以通过实时速度转移到现实世界中。演示视频可在https://caipeide.github.io/dq-gat/上找到。

由于互动交通参与者的随机性质和道路结构的复杂性，城市自动驾驶的决策是具有挑战性的。尽管基于强化的学习（RL）决策计划有望处理城市驾驶方案，但它的样本效率低和适应性差。在本文中，我们提出了Scene-Rep Transformer，以通过更好的场景表示编码和顺序预测潜在蒸馏来提高RL决策能力。具体而言，构建了多阶段变压器（MST）编码器，不仅对自我车辆及其邻居之间的相互作用意识进行建模，而且对代理商及其候选路线之间的意图意识。具有自我监督学习目标的连续潜伏变压器（SLT）用于将未来的预测信息提炼成潜在的场景表示，以减少勘探空间并加快训练的速度。基于软演员批评的最终决策模块（SAC）将来自场景rep变压器的精制潜在场景表示输入，并输出驾驶动作。该框架在五个挑战性的模拟城市场景中得到了验证，其性能通过成功率，安全性和效率方面的数据效率和性能的大幅度提高来定量表现出来。定性结果表明，我们的框架能够提取邻居代理人的意图，以帮助做出决策并提供更多多元化的驾驶行为。

仿真是对机器人系统（例如自动驾驶汽车）进行扩展验证和验证的关键。尽管高保真物理和传感器模拟取得了进步，但在模拟道路使用者的现实行为方面仍然存在一个危险的差距。这是因为，与模拟物理和图形不同，设计人类行为的第一个原理模型通常是不可行的。在这项工作中，我们采用了一种数据驱动的方法，并提出了一种可以学会从现实世界驱动日志中产生流量行为的方法。该方法通过将交通仿真问题分解为高级意图推理和低级驾驶行为模仿，通过利用驾驶行为的双层层次结构来实现高样本效率和行为多样性。该方法还结合了一个计划模块，以获得稳定的长马行为。我们从经验上验证了我们的方法，即交通模拟（位）的双层模仿，并具有来自两个大规模驾驶数据集的场景，并表明位表明，在现实主义，多样性和长途稳定性方面可以达到平衡的交通模拟性能。我们还探索了评估行为现实主义的方法，并引入了一套评估指标以进行交通模拟。最后，作为我们的核心贡献的一部分，我们开发和开源一个软件工具，该工具将跨不同驱动数据集的数据格式统一，并将现有数据集将场景转换为交互式仿真环境。有关其他信息和视频，请参见https://sites.google.com/view/nvr-bits2022/home

Making safe and human-like decisions is an essential capability of autonomous driving systems and learning-based behavior planning is a promising pathway toward this objective. Distinguished from existing learning-based methods that directly output decisions, this work introduces a predictive behavior planning framework that learns to predict and evaluate from human driving data. Concretely, a behavior generation module first produces a diverse set of candidate behaviors in the form of trajectory proposals. Then the proposed conditional motion prediction network is employed to forecast other agents' future trajectories conditioned on each trajectory proposal. Given the candidate plans and associated prediction results, we learn a scoring module to evaluate the plans using maximum entropy inverse reinforcement learning (IRL). We conduct comprehensive experiments to validate the proposed framework on a large-scale real-world urban driving dataset. The results reveal that the conditional prediction model is able to forecast multiple possible future trajectories given a candidate behavior and the prediction results are reactive to different plans. Moreover, the IRL-based scoring module can properly evaluate the trajectory proposals and select close-to-human ones. The proposed framework outperforms other baseline methods in terms of similarity to human driving trajectories. Moreover, we find that the conditional prediction model can improve both prediction and planning performance compared to the non-conditional model, and learning the scoring module is critical to correctly evaluating the candidate plans to align with human drivers.

相应地预测周围交通参与者的未来状态，并计划安全，平稳且符合社会的轨迹对于自动驾驶汽车至关重要。当前的自主驾驶系统有两个主要问题：预测模块通常与计划模块解耦，并且计划的成本功能很难指定和调整。为了解决这些问题，我们提出了一个端到端的可区分框架，该框架集成了预测和计划模块，并能够从数据中学习成本函数。具体而言，我们采用可区分的非线性优化器作为运动计划者，该运动计划将神经网络给出的周围剂的预测轨迹作为输入，并优化了自动驾驶汽车的轨迹，从而使框架中的所有操作都可以在框架中具有可观的成本，包括成本功能权重。提出的框架经过大规模的现实驾驶数据集进行了训练，以模仿整个驾驶场景中的人类驾驶轨迹，并在开环和闭环界面中进行了验证。开环测试结果表明，所提出的方法的表现优于各种指标的基线方法，并提供以计划为中心的预测结果，从而使计划模块能够输出接近人类的轨迹。在闭环测试中，提出的方法表明能够处理复杂的城市驾驶场景和鲁棒性，以抵抗模仿学习方法所遭受的分配转移。重要的是，我们发现计划和预测模块的联合培训比在开环和闭环测试中使用单独的训练有素的预测模块进行计划要比计划更好。此外，消融研究表明，框架中的可学习组件对于确保计划稳定性和性能至关重要。

在城市环境中面对道路选项问题时，现有的仿制学习方法遭受了低效率和泛化能力。在本文中，我们提出了一种横摆引导的仿制学习方法，以提高端到端自主驾驶范式的道路选择性能，就利用培训样本和对不断变化的环境的适应性而言。具体地，偏航信息由导航图的轨迹提供。我们的端到端架构，偏航引导模仿学习与Resnet34注意（YILRATT），集成了Resnet34主干和注意机制，以获得准确的感知。它不需要高精度地图，并且在给定由消费级GPS接收器提供的偏航信息的情况下实现完全端到端的自主驱动。通过分析注意热图，我们可以揭示决策和场景感知之间的一些因果关系，特别是故障情况是由错误的感知引起的。我们在Carla 0.9.11模拟器中收集专家体验，并改善基准科尔2017和NOCRASH。实验结果表明，伊利拉特比SOTA CILRS的成功率较高26.27％。代码，数据集，基准和实验结果可以在https://github.com/yandong024/yaw-guiding -il.git找到

The last decade witnessed increasingly rapid progress in self-driving vehicle technology, mainly backed up by advances in the area of deep learning and artificial intelligence. The objective of this paper is to survey the current state-of-the-art on deep learning technologies used in autonomous driving. We start by presenting AI-based self-driving architectures, convolutional and recurrent neural networks, as well as the deep reinforcement learning paradigm. These methodologies form a base for the surveyed driving scene perception, path planning, behavior arbitration and motion control algorithms. We investigate both the modular perception-planning-action pipeline, where each module is built using deep learning methods, as well as End2End systems, which directly map sensory information to steering commands. Additionally, we tackle current challenges encountered in designing AI architectures for autonomous driving, such as their safety, training data sources and computational hardware. The comparison presented in this survey helps to gain insight into the strengths and limitations of deep learning and AI approaches for autonomous driving and assist with design choices. 1

The feasibility of collecting a large amount of expert demonstrations has inspired growing research interests in learning-to-drive settings, where models learn by imitating the driving behaviour from experts. However, exclusively relying on imitation can limit agents' generalisability to novel scenarios that are outside the support of the training data. In this paper, we address this challenge by factorising the driving task, based on the intuition that modular architectures are more generalisable and more robust to changes in the environment compared to monolithic, end-to-end frameworks. Specifically, we draw inspiration from the trajectory forecasting community and reformulate the learning-to-drive task as obstacle-aware perception and grounding, distribution-aware goal prediction, and model-based planning. Firstly, we train the obstacle-aware perception module to extract salient representation of the visual context. Then, we learn a multi-modal goal distribution by performing conditional density-estimation using normalising flow. Finally, we ground candidate trajectory predictions road geometry, and plan the actions based on on vehicle dynamics. Under the CARLA simulator, we report state-of-the-art results on the CARNOVEL benchmark.

Accurately predicting interactive road agents' future trajectories and planning a socially compliant and human-like trajectory accordingly are important for autonomous vehicles. In this paper, we propose a planning-centric prediction neural network, which takes surrounding agents' historical states and map context information as input, and outputs the joint multi-modal prediction trajectories for surrounding agents, as well as a sequence of control commands for the ego vehicle by imitation learning. An agent-agent interaction module along the time axis is proposed in our network architecture to better comprehend the relationship among all the other intelligent agents on the road. To incorporate the map's topological information, a Dynamic Graph Convolutional Neural Network (DGCNN) is employed to process the road network topology. Besides, the whole architecture can serve as a backbone for the Differentiable Integrated motion Prediction with Planning (DIPP) method by providing accurate prediction results and initial planning commands. Experiments are conducted on real-world datasets to demonstrate the improvements made by our proposed method in both planning and prediction accuracy compared to the previous state-of-the-art methods.

Aerial view of test environment (b) Vision-based driving, view from onboard camera (c) Side view of vehicle Fig. 1. Conditional imitation learning allows an autonomous vehicle trained end-to-end to be directed by high-level commands. (a) We train and evaluate robotic vehicles in the physical world (top) and in simulated urban environments (bottom). (b) The vehicles drive based on video from a forward-facing onboard camera. At the time these images were taken, the vehicle was given the command "turn right at the next intersection". (c) The trained controller handles sensorimotor coordination (staying on the road, avoiding collisions) and follows the provided commands.

在这项工作中，我们提出了世界上第一个基于闭环ML的自动驾驶计划基准。虽然存在基于ML的ML的越来越多的ML的议员，但缺乏已建立的数据集和指标限制了该领域的进展。自主车辆运动预测的现有基准专注于短期运动预测，而不是长期规划。这导致了以前的作品来使用基于L2的度量标准的开放循环评估，这不适合公平地评估长期规划。我们的基准通过引入大规模驾驶数据集，轻量级闭环模拟器和特定于运动规划的指标来克服这些限制。我们提供高质量的数据集，在美国和亚洲的4个城市提供1500h的人类驾驶数据，具有广泛不同的交通模式（波士顿，匹兹堡，拉斯维加斯和新加坡）。我们将提供具有无功代理的闭环仿真框架，并提供一系列一般和方案特定的规划指标。我们计划在Neurips 2021上发布数据集，并在2022年初开始组织基准挑战。