In many real-world scenarios, the absence of external knowledge source like Wikipedia restricts question answering systems to rely on latent internal knowledge in limited dialogue data. In addition, humans often seek answers by asking several questions for more comprehensive information. As the dialog becomes more extensive, machines are challenged to refer to previous conversation rounds to answer questions. In this work, we propose to leverage latent knowledge in existing conversation logs via a neural Retrieval-Reading system, enhanced with a TFIDF-based text summarizer refining lengthy conversational history to alleviate the long context issue. Our experiments show that our Retrieval-Reading system can exploit retrieved background knowledge to generate significantly better answers. The results also indicate that our context summarizer significantly helps both the retriever and the reader by introducing more concise and less noisy contextual information.
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We introduce a large scale MAchine Reading COmprehension dataset, which we name MS MARCO. The dataset comprises of 1,010,916 anonymized questionssampled from Bing's search query logs-each with a human generated answer and 182,669 completely human rewritten generated answers. In addition, the dataset contains 8,841,823 passages-extracted from 3,563,535 web documents retrieved by Bing-that provide the information necessary for curating the natural language answers. A question in the MS MARCO dataset may have multiple answers or no answers at all. Using this dataset, we propose three different tasks with varying levels of difficulty: (i) predict if a question is answerable given a set of context passages, and extract and synthesize the answer as a human would (ii) generate a well-formed answer (if possible) based on the context passages that can be understood with the question and passage context, and finally (iii) rank a set of retrieved passages given a question. The size of the dataset and the fact that the questions are derived from real user search queries distinguishes MS MARCO from other well-known publicly available datasets for machine reading comprehension and question-answering. We believe that the scale and the real-world nature of this dataset makes it attractive for benchmarking machine reading comprehension and question-answering models.
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对话式AI中的现有研究主要将面向任务的对话框(TOD)和问题答案(QA)视为单独的任务。为了构建可以完成用户任务和支持信息寻求信息的对话代理的目标,构建一个可以访问各种外部知识的系统,构建一个处理TOD和QA的系统非常重要。在这项工作中,我们提出了一项新任务,开放式TOD(OB-TOD),将TOD与QA任务相结合,并将外部知识源扩展到包括明确的知识源(例如Web)和隐式知识源(例如,例如,预训练的语言模型)。我们创建了一个新的数据集ob-multiwoz,在这里,我们在其中丰富了Tod会议,并使用类似QA的信息寻求基于外部知识的经验。我们提出了一个统一的模型Opera(开放式末端到端任务对话框),可以适当地访问明确和隐性的外部知识,以解决定义的任务。实验结果表明,与闭环基线相比,Opera的表现出色,并说明了两种知识类型的价值。
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Open-Domain Generative Question Answering has achieved impressive performance in English by combining document-level retrieval with answer generation. These approaches, which we refer to as GenQA, can generate complete sentences, effectively answering both factoid and non-factoid questions. In this paper, we extend GenQA to the multilingual and cross-lingual settings. For this purpose, we first introduce GenTyDiQA, an extension of the TyDiQA dataset with well-formed and complete answers for Arabic, Bengali, English, Japanese, and Russian. Based on GenTyDiQA, we design a cross-lingual generative model that produces full-sentence answers by exploiting passages written in multiple languages, including languages different from the question. Our cross-lingual generative system outperforms answer sentence selection baselines for all 5 languages and monolingual generative pipelines for three out of five languages studied.
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问题回答(QA)是信息检索和信息提取领域内的一项自然理解任务,由于基于机器阅读理解的模型的强劲发展,近年来,近年来,近年来的计算语言学和人工智能研究社区引起了很多关注。基于读者的质量检查系统是一种高级搜索引擎,可以使用机器阅读理解(MRC)技术在开放域或特定领域特定文本中找到正确的查询或问题的答案。 MRC和QA系统中的数据资源和机器学习方法的大多数进步尤其是在两种资源丰富的语言中显着开发的,例如英语和中文。像越南人这样的低资源语言见证了关于质量检查系统的稀缺研究。本文介绍了XLMRQA,这是第一个在基于Wikipedia的文本知识源(使用UIT-Viquad语料库)上使用基于变压器的读取器的越南质量检查系统,使用深​​层神经网络模型优于DRQA和BERTSERINI,优于两个可靠的QA系统分别为24.46%和6.28%。从三个系统获得的结果中,我们分析了问题类型对质量检查系统性能的影响。
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Natural Language Generation (NLG) has improved exponentially in recent years thanks to the development of sequence-to-sequence deep learning technologies such as Transformer-based language models. This advancement has led to more fluent and coherent NLG, leading to improved development in downstream tasks such as abstractive summarization, dialogue generation and data-to-text generation. However, it is also apparent that deep learning based generation is prone to hallucinate unintended text, which degrades the system performance and fails to meet user expectations in many real-world scenarios. To address this issue, many studies have been presented in measuring and mitigating hallucinated texts, but these have never been reviewed in a comprehensive manner before. In this survey, we thus provide a broad overview of the research progress and challenges in the hallucination problem in NLG. The survey is organized into two parts: (1) a general overview of metrics, mitigation methods, and future directions; and (2) an overview of task-specific research progress on hallucinations in the following downstream tasks, namely abstractive summarization, dialogue generation, generative question answering, data-to-text generation, machine translation, and visual-language generation. This survey serves to facilitate collaborative efforts among researchers in tackling the challenge of hallucinated texts in NLG.
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由于人类参与者的参与,收集培训对话系统的数据可能非常昂贵,并且需要广泛的注释。特别是在文档接地的对话系统中,人类专家需要仔细阅读非结构化文件以回答用户的问题。结果,现有的文档接地对话对话数据集相对较小,并且妨碍了对话系统的有效培训。在本文中,我们提出了一种通过生成对话模型在文档上接地的自动数据增强技术。对话模型由用户BOT和代理机器人组成,可以在给定输入文档的情况下合成不同的对话,然后用于训练下游模型。在补充原始数据集时,我们的方法可以实现对传统数据增强方法的显着改进。我们还在低资源环境中实现了良好的性能。
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对于开放式对话问题应答(CQA),可以检索最相关的段落来回答问题,但与标准通道检索相比,这是具有挑战性,因为它需要了解完整的对话背景而不是单个查询。此外,重新列车良好的检索者(例如用于非对话查询)最初开发的搜索引擎都可以昂贵。为了便于他们的使用,我们开发了一个查询重写模型Conqrr,可以将上下文中的会话问题重写为独立的问题。它培训了一种新颖的奖励功能,可以直接优化检索,并且可以使用强化学习来适应任何固定的黑箱猎犬。我们展示了Conqrr在最近的开放式CQA数据集上实现了最先进的结果,这是来自三个不同来源的对话组合。我们还开展了广泛的实验,以表明CONQRR为任何给定的固定猎犬的有效性。
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Humans gather information through conversations involving a series of interconnected questions and answers. For machines to assist in information gathering, it is therefore essential to enable them to answer conversational questions. We introduce CoQA, a novel dataset for building Conversational Question Answering systems. 1 Our dataset contains 127k questions with answers, obtained from 8k conversations about text passages from seven diverse domains. The questions are conversational, and the answers are free-form text with their corresponding evidence highlighted in the passage. We analyze CoQA in depth and show that conversational questions have challenging phenomena not present in existing reading comprehension datasets, e.g., coreference and pragmatic reasoning. We evaluate strong dialogue and reading comprehension models on CoQA. The best system obtains an F1 score of 65.4%, which is 23.4 points behind human performance (88.8%), indicating there is ample room for improvement. We present CoQA as a challenge to the community at https://stanfordnlp. github.io/coqa.
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过去十年互联网上可用的信息和信息量增加。该数字化导致自动应答系统需要从冗余和过渡知识源中提取富有成效的信息。这些系统旨在利用自然语言理解(NLU)从此巨型知识源到用户查询中最突出的答案,从而取决于问题答案(QA)字段。问题答案涉及但不限于用户问题映射的步骤,以获取相关查询,检索相关信息,从检索到的信息等找到最佳合适的答案等。当前对深度学习模型的当前改进估计所有这些任务的令人信服的性能改进。在本综述工作中,根据问题的类型,答案类型,证据答案来源和建模方法进行分析QA场的研究方向。此细节随后是自动问题生成,相似性检测和语言的低资源可用性等领域的开放挑战。最后,提出了对可用数据集和评估措施的调查。
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在寻求信息的对话中,用户与代理商进行对话,以提出一系列通常可以不足或过度指定的问题。理想的代理商首先将通过搜索其基本知识来源,然后与用户进行适当互动以解决它,从而确定他们处于这种情况。但是,大多数现有研究都无法或人为地纳入此类代理端计划。在这项工作中,我们介绍了Inscit(发音为Insight),这是一种用于与混合互动相互作用的信息寻求对话的数据集。它包含从805个人类对话中进行的4.7k用户代理转弯,代理商对Wikipedia进行搜索,并要求澄清或提供相关信息以解决用户查询。我们定义了两个子任务,即证据通过识别和响应产生,以及一种新的人类评估协议来评估模型绩效。我们根据对话知识识别和开放域问题的最新模型报告了两个强大的基线的结果。这两种模型都显着不足,并且没有产生连贯和信息丰富的反应,这表明未来的研究有足够的改进空间。
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有关应答数据集和模型的研究在研究界中获得了很多关注。其中许多人释放了自己的问题应答数据集以及模型。我们在该研究领域看到了巨大的进展。本调查的目的是识别,总结和分析许多研究人员释放的现有数据集,尤其是在非英语数据集以及研究代码和评估指标等资源中。在本文中,我们审查了问题应答数据集,这些数据集可以以法语,德语,日语,中文,阿拉伯语,俄语以及多语言和交叉的问答数据集进行英语。
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最近,电子商务平台上的产品问题应答(PQA)引起了越来越幅度的关注,因为它可以作为智能的在线购物助理和改善客户购物体验。它的关键功能,自动回答的产品相关问题的生成,通过旨在在与问题相关的答案时产生内容保存。然而,现有方法忽略了PQA,即个性化的重要特征。提供相同的“完全总结”回答所有客户的回答不足,因为许多客户更愿意通过考虑自己的偏好对产品方面或信息需求的偏好来看待具有定制信息的个性化答案。为了解决这一挑战,我们提出了一种新颖的个性化答复生成方法(页面),具有多视角偏好建模,探讨了历史用户生成的内容,以模拟用户偏好,以在PQA中生成个性化答案。具体而言,我们首先将问题相关的用户历史作为外部知识作为模拟知识级用户偏好。然后我们利用高斯SoftMax分布模型来捕获潜在的方面级别用户偏好。最后,我们通过利用个人用户偏好和动态用户词汇表,开发一个角色感知指针网络以在内容和样式方面生成个性化答案。实验结果对现实世界电子商务QA数据集表明,所提出的方法通过生成信息和定制答案来表明现有方法,并显示电子商务中的答案可以从个性化中受益。
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This paper proposes a question-answering system that can answer questions whose supporting evidence is spread over multiple (potentially long) documents. The system, called Visconde, uses a three-step pipeline to perform the task: decompose, retrieve, and aggregate. The first step decomposes the question into simpler questions using a few-shot large language model (LLM). Then, a state-of-the-art search engine is used to retrieve candidate passages from a large collection for each decomposed question. In the final step, we use the LLM in a few-shot setting to aggregate the contents of the passages into the final answer. The system is evaluated on three datasets: IIRC, Qasper, and StrategyQA. Results suggest that current retrievers are the main bottleneck and that readers are already performing at the human level as long as relevant passages are provided. The system is also shown to be more effective when the model is induced to give explanations before answering a question. Code is available at \url{https://github.com/neuralmind-ai/visconde}.
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问题答案(QA)是自然语言处理中最具挑战性的最具挑战性的问题之一(NLP)。问答(QA)系统试图为给定问题产生答案。这些答案可以从非结构化或结构化文本生成。因此,QA被认为是可以用于评估文本了解系统的重要研究区域。大量的QA研究致力于英语语言,调查最先进的技术和实现最先进的结果。然而,由于阿拉伯QA中的研究努力和缺乏大型基准数据集,在阿拉伯语问答进展中的研究努力得到了很大速度的速度。最近许多预先接受的语言模型在许多阿拉伯语NLP问题中提供了高性能。在这项工作中,我们使用四个阅读理解数据集来评估阿拉伯QA的最先进的接种变压器模型,它是阿拉伯语 - 队,ArcD,AQAD和TYDIQA-GoldP数据集。我们微调并比较了Arabertv2基础模型,ArabertV0.2大型型号和ARAElectra模型的性能。在最后,我们提供了一个分析,了解和解释某些型号获得的低绩效结果。
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大型语言模型可以产生流畅的对话,但往往是幻觉的事实不准确。虽然检索式增强的模型有助于缓解这个问题,但他们仍然面临着推理的艰难挑战,以便同时提供正确的知识和产生对话。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种模块化模型,知识响应(K2R),将知识纳入会话代理商,这将这个问题分解为两个更简单的步骤。 K2R首先生成一个知识序列,给定对话背景作为中间步骤。在此“推理步骤”之后,该模型随后参加自己生成的知识序列,以及对话背景,以产生最终的响应。在详细的实验中,我们发现这种模型在知识接地的对话任务中少幻觉,并且在可解释性和模块化方面具有优势。特别地,它可以用来将QA和对话系统一起融合在一起,以使对话代理能够提供知识渊博的答案,或者QA模型,以在零拍摄设置中给出对话响应。
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人类通常通过利用关于他们正在交谈的人的主题和背景信息的先验知识来进行对话。然而,现有的会话代理和数据集不考虑此类综合信息,因此它们有一个限制生成知识和人格正确融合的话语。为解决此问题,我们介绍了一个呼叫进行定制对话(焦点)数据集,其中包括用户的角色和维基百科知识建立了自定义答案。为了评估预先训练的语言模型的信息和定制话语的能力,我们利用BART和GPT-2以及基于变压器的模型。我们评估了他们的生成能力,自动分数并对人类评估进行定性结果。我们仔细检查模型是否反映了我们提出的两个子任务,人物接地(PG)和知识接地(KG)的充分人物和知识。此外,我们表明我们的数据的话语通过接地质量评估来构建具有正确的知识和角色。
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Open-domain question answering relies on efficient passage retrieval to select candidate contexts, where traditional sparse vector space models, such as TF-IDF or BM25, are the de facto method. In this work, we show that retrieval can be practically implemented using dense representations alone, where embeddings are learned from a small number of questions and passages by a simple dualencoder framework. When evaluated on a wide range of open-domain QA datasets, our dense retriever outperforms a strong Lucene-BM25 system greatly by 9%-19% absolute in terms of top-20 passage retrieval accuracy, and helps our end-to-end QA system establish new state-of-the-art on multiple open-domain QA benchmarks. 1 * Equal contribution 1 The code and trained models have been released at https://github.com/facebookresearch/DPR.
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知识密集型任务,例如开放域问题答案(QA),需要访问大量的世界知识或领域知识。知识密集型任务的一种常见方法是采用检索到阅读的管道,该管道首先从诸如Wikipedia之类的外部语料库中检索少数相关的上下文文档,然后预测在检索文档的条件下得到答案。在本文中,我们提出了一种新的观点,可以通过用大型语言模型生成器代替文档检索器来解决知识密集型任务。我们称我们的方法生成-Read Read(GenRead),该方法首先提示大型语言模型根据给定问题生成上下文文档,然后读取生成的文档以产生最终答案。此外,我们提出了一种基于聚类的提示方法,该方法选择了不同的提示,从而产生了涵盖不同观点的生成文档,从而更好地回忆了可接受的答案。我们对三个不同的知识密集任务进行了广泛的实验,包括开放域质量检查,事实检查和对话系统。值得注意的是,GenRead在Triviaqa和WebQ上实现了71.6和54.4的精确匹配分数,显着超过了最先进的检索到+4.0和+3.9的最先进的dpr-fid,而无需从任何外部知识源中检索任何文档。最后,我们证明可以通过结合检索和生成来进一步提高模型性能。
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在会话机读数中,系统需要解释自然语言规则,回答“可以获得”诸如VA保健福利“等高级问题?”,并询问后续澄清问题,答案是回答原始问题所必需的。但是,现有的作品假设为每个用户问题提供规则文本,这些问题忽略了实际情况中的基本检索步骤。在这项工作中,我们提出并调查了会话机读取的开放式检索。在开放式检索设置中,相关规则文本未知,以便系统需要从规则文本的集合中检索问题相关的证据,并根据对话方式根据多个检索的规则文本回答用户的高级问题。我们提出泥泞,通过话语细分提取规则文本中规则文本中的条件的多通道话语感知的素食推理,进行多级征集推理,以直接回答用户问题,或者向澄清后续问题提出询问更多信息。在我们创建的或-ShiSC数据集上,泥遍达到最先进的性能,优于现有的单通道对话机阅读模型以及通过大边距的新的多通道对话机读取基线。此外,我们对深入的分析进行了深入的分析,为这个新的设置和模型提供了新的见解。
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