Open Information Extraction (OpenIE) facilitates the open-domain discovery of textual facts. However, the prevailing solutions evaluate OpenIE models on in-domain test sets aside from the training corpus, which certainly violates the initial task principle of domain-independence. In this paper, we propose to advance OpenIE towards a more realistic scenario: generalizing over unseen target domains with different data distributions from the source training domains, termed Generalized OpenIE. For this purpose, we first introduce GLOBE, a large-scale human-annotated multi-domain OpenIE benchmark, to examine the robustness of recent OpenIE models to domain shifts, and the relative performance degradation of up to 70% implies the challenges of generalized OpenIE. Then, we propose DragonIE, which explores a minimalist graph expression of textual fact: directed acyclic graph, to improve the OpenIE generalization. Extensive experiments demonstrate that DragonIE beats the previous methods in both in-domain and out-of-domain settings by as much as 6.0% in F1 score absolutely, but there is still ample room for improvement.

开放信息提取（OpenIE）促进了独立于域的大型语料库的关系事实的发现。该技术很好地适合许多开放世界的自然语言理解场景，例如自动知识基础构建，开放域问答和明确的推理。由于深度学习技术的快速发展，已经提出了许多神经开放式体系结构并取得了可观的性能。在这项调查中，我们提供了有关状态神经开放模型的广泛概述，其关键设计决策，优势和劣势。然后，我们讨论当前解决方案的局限性以及OpenIE问题本身的开放问题。最后，我们列出了最近的趋势，这些趋势可以帮助扩大其范围和适用性，从而为Openie的未来研究设定了有希望的方向。据我们所知，本文是有关此特定主题的第一篇评论。

当实体提到可能是不连续的，命名实体识别（ner）仍然挑战。现有方法将识别过程分解为几个顺序步骤。在培训中，他们预测金色中间结果的条件，而推理依赖于前一步的模型输出，这引入了曝光偏差。为了解决这个问题，我们首先构造每个句子的段图，其中每个节点都表示段（其自己的连续实体，或者是不连续实体的一部分），并且边缘链接属于同一实体的两个节点。节点和边缘可以分别在一个阶段中产生网格标记方案，并使用名为MAC的新颖体系结构共同学习。然后，不连续的ner可以被重新重整为发现图中的最大批变并在每个集团中连接跨度的非参数过程。三个基准测试的实验表明，我们的方法优于最先进的（SOTA）结果，在F1上提高了高达3.5个百分点，并在SOTA模型上实现了5倍的加速。

由于文件传达了丰富的人类知识，并且通常存在于企业中，因此建筑文档的对话系统已经越来越兴趣。其中，如何理解和从文档中检索信息是一个具有挑战性的研究问题。先前的工作忽略了文档的视觉属性，并将其视为纯文本，从而导致不完整的方式。在本文中，我们提出了一个布局感知文档级信息提取数据集，以促进从视觉上丰富文档（VRD）中提取结构和语义知识的研究，以在对话系统中产生准确的响应。 Lie包含来自4,061页的产品和官方文件的三个提取任务的62K注释，成为我们最大的知识，成为最大的基于VRD的信息提取数据集。我们还开发了扩展基于令牌的语言模型的基准方法，以考虑像人类这样的布局功能。经验结果表明，布局对于基于VRD的提取至关重要，系统演示还验证了提取的知识可以帮助找到用户关心的答案。

One of the common traits of past and present approaches for Semantic Role Labeling (SRL) is that they rely upon discrete labels drawn from a predefined linguistic inventory to classify predicate senses and their arguments. However, we argue this need not be the case. In this paper, we present an approach that leverages Definition Modeling to introduce a generalized formulation of SRL as the task of describing predicate-argument structures using natural language definitions instead of discrete labels. Our novel formulation takes a first step towards placing interpretability and flexibility foremost, and yet our experiments and analyses on PropBank-style and FrameNet-style, dependency-based and span-based SRL also demonstrate that a flexible model with an interpretable output does not necessarily come at the expense of performance. We release our software for research purposes at https://github.com/SapienzaNLP/dsrl.

到目前为止，命名实体识别（ner）已经参与了三种主要类型，包括平面，重叠（嵌套）和不连续的ner，主要是单独研究。最近，为统一的人员建立了一个日益增长的兴趣，并与一个单一模型同时解决上述三个工作。当前最佳性能的方法主要包括基于跨度和序列到序列的模型，不幸的是，前者仅关注边界识别，后者可能遭受暴露偏差。在这项工作中，我们通过将统一的ner建模为Word-Word关系分类来提出一种小说替代方案，即W ^ 2ner。通过有效地建模具有下面邻近字（NNW）和尾页字 - *（THW- *）关系的实体单词之间的邻近关系来解决统一网内的内核瓶颈。基于W ^ 2ner方案，我们开发了一个神经框架，其中统一的网格被建模为单词对的2D网格。然后，我们提出了多粒度的2D卷积，以便更好地精炼网格表示。最后，共同预测器用于足够原因的单词关系。我们对14个广泛使用的基准数据集进行了广泛的实验，用于平板，重叠和不连续的NER（8英语和6个中文数据集），我们的型号击败了所有当前的顶级表演基线，推动了最先进的表演统一的网。

Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) is the task of automatically detecting and correcting errors in text. The task not only includes the correction of grammatical errors, such as missing prepositions and mismatched subject-verb agreement, but also orthographic and semantic errors, such as misspellings and word choice errors respectively. The field has seen significant progress in the last decade, motivated in part by a series of five shared tasks, which drove the development of rule-based methods, statistical classifiers, statistical machine translation, and finally neural machine translation systems which represent the current dominant state of the art. In this survey paper, we condense the field into a single article and first outline some of the linguistic challenges of the task, introduce the most popular datasets that are available to researchers (for both English and other languages), and summarise the various methods and techniques that have been developed with a particular focus on artificial error generation. We next describe the many different approaches to evaluation as well as concerns surrounding metric reliability, especially in relation to subjective human judgements, before concluding with an overview of recent progress and suggestions for future work and remaining challenges. We hope that this survey will serve as comprehensive resource for researchers who are new to the field or who want to be kept apprised of recent developments.

Machine reading comprehension (MRC) is a long-standing topic in natural language processing (NLP). The MRC task aims to answer a question based on the given context. Recently studies focus on multi-hop MRC which is a more challenging extension of MRC, which to answer a question some disjoint pieces of information across the context are required. Due to the complexity and importance of multi-hop MRC, a large number of studies have been focused on this topic in recent years, therefore, it is necessary and worth reviewing the related literature. This study aims to investigate recent advances in the multi-hop MRC approaches based on 31 studies from 2018 to 2022. In this regard, first, the multi-hop MRC problem definition will be introduced, then 31 models will be reviewed in detail with a strong focus on their multi-hop aspects. They also will be categorized based on their main techniques. Finally, a fine-grain comprehensive comparison of the models and techniques will be presented.

现代神经开放式系统和基准的主要缺点是，它们优先考虑萃取中的信息高于其成分的紧凑性。这严重限制了开放式提取物在许多下游任务中的有用性。如果提取是紧凑和共享成分，则可以改善提取的效用。为此，我们研究了使用基于神经的方法鉴定紧凑提取的问题。我们提出了Compactie，这是一种使用新型管道方法的开放式系统，以产生具有重叠成分的紧凑型提取物。它首先检测到提取的成分，然后将它们链接到构建提取物。我们通过处理现有基准测试获得的紧凑提取物进行训练。我们在CARB和WIEL57数据集上的实验表明，紧凑型发现比以前的系统高1.5x-2x提取物，具有高精度，在OpenIE中建立了新的最新性能。

对于指定的实体识别（NER），基于序列标签和基于跨度的范例大不相同。先前的研究表明，这两个范式具有明显的互补优势，但是据我们所知，很少有模型试图在单个NER模型中利用这些优势。在我们以前的工作中，我们提出了一种称为捆绑学习（BL）的范式来解决上述问题。 BL范式将两个NER范式捆绑在一起，从而使NER模型通过加权总结每个范式的训练损失来共同调整其参数。但是，三个关键问题仍未解决：BL何时起作用？ BL为什么工作？ BL可以增强现有的最新（SOTA）NER模型吗？为了解决前两个问题，我们实施了三个NER模型，涉及一个基于序列标签的模型-Seqner，Seqner，一个基于跨度的NER模型 - 机器人，以及将Seqner和Spanner捆绑在一起的BL-NER。我们根据来自五个域的11个NER数据集的实验结果得出两个关于这两个问题的结论。然后，我们将BL应用于现有的五个SOTA NER模型，以研究第三期，包括三个基于序列标签的模型和两个基于SPAN的模型。实验结果表明，BL始终提高其性能，表明可以通过将BL纳入当前的SOTA系统来构建新的SOTA NER系统。此外，我们发现BL降低了实体边界和类型预测错误。此外，我们比较了两种常用的标签标签方法以及三种类型的跨度语义表示。

事件提取（EE）是信息提取的重要任务，该任务旨在从非结构化文本中提取结构化事件信息。大多数先前的工作都专注于提取平坦的事件，同时忽略重叠或嵌套的事件。多个重叠和嵌套EE的模型包括几个连续的阶段来提取事件触发器和参数，这些阶段患有错误传播。因此，我们设计了一种简单而有效的标记方案和模型，以将EE作为单词关系识别，称为oneee。触发器或参数单词之间的关系在一个阶段同时识别出并行网格标记，从而产生非常快的事件提取速度。该模型配备了自适应事件融合模块，以生成事件感知表示表示和距离感知的预测指标，以整合单词关系识别的相对距离信息，从经验上证明这是有效的机制。对3个重叠和嵌套的EE基准测试的实验，即少数FC，GENIA11和GENIA13，表明Oneee实现了最新的（SOTA）结果。此外，ONEEE的推理速度比相同条件下的基线的推理速度快，并且由于它支持平行推断，因此可以进一步改善。

The lack of label data is one of the significant bottlenecks for Chinese Spelling Check (CSC). Existing researches use the method of automatic generation by exploiting unlabeled data to expand the supervised corpus. However, there is a big gap between the real input scenario and automatic generated corpus. Thus, we develop a competitive general speller ECSpell which adopts the Error Consistent masking strategy to create data for pretraining. This error consistency masking strategy is used to specify the error types of automatically generated sentences which is consistent with real scene. The experimental result indicates our model outperforms previous state-of-the-art models on the general benchmark. Moreover, spellers often work within a particular domain in real life. Due to lots of uncommon domain terms, experiments on our built domain specific datasets show that general models perform terribly. Inspired by the common practice of input methods, we propose to add an alterable user dictionary to handle the zero-shot domain adaption problem. Specifically, we attach a User Dictionary guided inference module (UD) to a general token classification based speller. Our experiments demonstrate that ECSpell$^{UD}$, namely ECSpell combined with UD, surpasses all the other baselines largely, even approaching the performance on the general benchmark.

As an important fine-grained sentiment analysis problem, aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA), aiming to analyze and understand people's opinions at the aspect level, has been attracting considerable interest in the last decade. To handle ABSA in different scenarios, various tasks are introduced for analyzing different sentiment elements and their relations, including the aspect term, aspect category, opinion term, and sentiment polarity. Unlike early ABSA works focusing on a single sentiment element, many compound ABSA tasks involving multiple elements have been studied in recent years for capturing more complete aspect-level sentiment information. However, a systematic review of various ABSA tasks and their corresponding solutions is still lacking, which we aim to fill in this survey. More specifically, we provide a new taxonomy for ABSA which organizes existing studies from the axes of concerned sentiment elements, with an emphasis on recent advances of compound ABSA tasks. From the perspective of solutions, we summarize the utilization of pre-trained language models for ABSA, which improved the performance of ABSA to a new stage. Besides, techniques for building more practical ABSA systems in cross-domain/lingual scenarios are discussed. Finally, we review some emerging topics and discuss some open challenges to outlook potential future directions of ABSA.

The widely studied task of Natural Language Inference (NLI) requires a system to recognize whether one piece of text is textually entailed by another, i.e. whether the entirety of its meaning can be inferred from the other. In current NLI datasets and models, textual entailment relations are typically defined on the sentence- or paragraph-level. However, even a simple sentence often contains multiple propositions, i.e. distinct units of meaning conveyed by the sentence. As these propositions can carry different truth values in the context of a given premise, we argue for the need to recognize the textual entailment relation of each proposition in a sentence individually. We propose PropSegmEnt, a corpus of over 35K propositions annotated by expert human raters. Our dataset structure resembles the tasks of (1) segmenting sentences within a document to the set of propositions, and (2) classifying the entailment relation of each proposition with respect to a different yet topically-aligned document, i.e. documents describing the same event or entity. We establish strong baselines for the segmentation and entailment tasks. Through case studies on summary hallucination detection and document-level NLI, we demonstrate that our conceptual framework is potentially useful for understanding and explaining the compositionality of NLI labels.

Natural Language Generation (NLG) has improved exponentially in recent years thanks to the development of sequence-to-sequence deep learning technologies such as Transformer-based language models. This advancement has led to more fluent and coherent NLG, leading to improved development in downstream tasks such as abstractive summarization, dialogue generation and data-to-text generation. However, it is also apparent that deep learning based generation is prone to hallucinate unintended text, which degrades the system performance and fails to meet user expectations in many real-world scenarios. To address this issue, many studies have been presented in measuring and mitigating hallucinated texts, but these have never been reviewed in a comprehensive manner before. In this survey, we thus provide a broad overview of the research progress and challenges in the hallucination problem in NLG. The survey is organized into two parts: (1) a general overview of metrics, mitigation methods, and future directions; and (2) an overview of task-specific research progress on hallucinations in the following downstream tasks, namely abstractive summarization, dialogue generation, generative question answering, data-to-text generation, machine translation, and visual-language generation. This survey serves to facilitate collaborative efforts among researchers in tackling the challenge of hallucinated texts in NLG.

开放信息提取（OpenIE）的最先进的神经方法通常以自回旋或基于谓词的方式迭代地提取三重态（或元组），以免产生重复。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种可以平等或更成功的问题的不同方法。也就是说，我们提出了一种新型的单通道方法，用于开放式启发，该方法受到计算机视觉的对象检测算法的启发。我们使用基于双方匹配的订单不足损失，迫使独特的预测和用于序列标签的仅基于变压器的纯编码体系结构。与质量指标和推理时间相比，与标准基准的最新模型相比，提出的方法更快，并且表现出卓越或类似的性能。我们的模型在CARB上的新最新性能为OIE2016评估，而推断的速度比以前的最新状态更快。我们还在两种语言的零弹奏设置中评估了模型的多语言版本，并引入了一种生成合成多语言数据的策略，以微调每个特定语言的模型。在这种情况下，我们在多语言Re-OIE2016上显示了15％的性能提高，葡萄牙语和西班牙语的F1达到75％。代码和型号可在https://github.com/sberbank-ai/detie上找到。

Nowadays, time-stamped web documents related to a general news query floods spread throughout the Internet, and timeline summarization targets concisely summarizing the evolution trajectory of events along the timeline. Unlike traditional document summarization, timeline summarization needs to model the time series information of the input events and summarize important events in chronological order. To tackle this challenge, in this paper, we propose a Unified Timeline Summarizer (UTS) that can generate abstractive and extractive timeline summaries in time order. Concretely, in the encoder part, we propose a graph-based event encoder that relates multiple events according to their content dependency and learns a global representation of each event. In the decoder part, to ensure the chronological order of the abstractive summary, we propose to extract the feature of event-level attention in its generation process with sequential information remained and use it to simulate the evolutionary attention of the ground truth summary. The event-level attention can also be used to assist in extracting summary, where the extracted summary also comes in time sequence. We augment the previous Chinese large-scale timeline summarization dataset and collect a new English timeline dataset. Extensive experiments conducted on these datasets and on the out-of-domain Timeline 17 dataset show that UTS achieves state-of-the-art performance in terms of both automatic and human evaluations.

我们提出了一个新的框架，在增强的自然语言（TANL）之间的翻译，解决了许多结构化预测语言任务，包括联合实体和关系提取，嵌套命名实体识别，关系分类，语义角色标记，事件提取，COREREFED分辨率和对话状态追踪。通过培训特定于特定于任务的鉴别分类器来说，我们将其作为一种在增强的自然语言之间的翻译任务，而不是通过培训问题，而不是解决问题，而是可以轻松提取任务相关信息。我们的方法可以匹配或优于所有任务的特定于任务特定模型，特别是在联合实体和关系提取（Conll04，Ade，NYT和ACE2005数据集）上实现了新的最先进的结果，与关系分类（偶尔和默示）和语义角色标签（Conll-2005和Conll-2012）。我们在使用相同的架构和超参数的同时为所有任务使用相同的架构和超级参数，甚至在培训单个模型时同时解决所有任务（多任务学习）。最后，我们表明，由于更好地利用标签语义，我们的框架也可以显着提高低资源制度的性能。

本次调查绘制了用于分析社交媒体数据的生成方法的研究状态的广泛的全景照片（Sota）。它填补了空白，因为现有的调查文章在其范围内或被约会。我们包括两个重要方面，目前正在挖掘和建模社交媒体的重要性：动态和网络。社会动态对于了解影响影响或疾病的传播，友谊的形成，友谊的形成等，另一方面，可以捕获各种复杂关系，提供额外的洞察力和识别否则将不会被注意的重要模式。

To effectively train accurate Relation Extraction models, sufficient and properly labeled data is required. Adequately labeled data is difficult to obtain and annotating such data is a tricky undertaking. Previous works have shown that either accuracy has to be sacrificed or the task is extremely time-consuming, if done accurately. We are proposing an approach in order to produce high-quality datasets for the task of Relation Extraction quickly. Neural models, trained to do Relation Extraction on the created datasets, achieve very good results and generalize well to other datasets. In our study, we were able to annotate 10,022 sentences for 19 relations in a reasonable amount of time, and trained a commonly used baseline model for each relation.