To effectively train accurate Relation Extraction models, sufficient and properly labeled data is required. Adequately labeled data is difficult to obtain and annotating such data is a tricky undertaking. Previous works have shown that either accuracy has to be sacrificed or the task is extremely time-consuming, if done accurately. We are proposing an approach in order to produce high-quality datasets for the task of Relation Extraction quickly. Neural models, trained to do Relation Extraction on the created datasets, achieve very good results and generalize well to other datasets. In our study, we were able to annotate 10,022 sentences for 19 relations in a reasonable amount of time, and trained a commonly used baseline model for each relation.
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为了减少人际关系提取(RE)任务的注释,提出了遥远的监督方法,同时却在低性能方面挣扎。在这项工作中,我们提出了一个新颖的DSRE-NLI框架,该框架既考虑了现有知识库的遥远监督,又考虑了对其他任务的预读语言模型的间接监督。 DSRE-NLI通过半自动关系语言(SARV)机制为现成的自然语言推理(NLI)发动机充满电,以提供间接的监督并进一步巩固远处注释以使多型分类重新模型受益。基于NLI的间接监督仅获取一个从人类的关系模板作为每个关系的语义通用模板,然后模板集由高质量的文本模式富集,从遥远的注释的语料库中自动开采。通过两种简单有效的数据整合策略,培训数据的质量得到了显着提高。广泛的实验表明,所提出的框架可显着改善远距离监督的RE基准数据集上的SOTA性能(最高为F1的7.73%)。
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In this paper we introduce a new publicly available dataset for verification against textual sources, FEVER: Fact Extraction and VERification. It consists of 185,445 claims generated by altering sentences extracted from Wikipedia and subsequently verified without knowledge of the sentence they were derived from.The claims are classified as SUPPORTED, RE-FUTED or NOTENOUGHINFO by annotators achieving 0.6841 in Fleiss κ. For the first two classes, the annotators also recorded the sentence(s) forming the necessary evidence for their judgment. To characterize the challenge of the dataset presented, we develop a pipeline approach and compare it to suitably designed oracles. The best accuracy we achieve on labeling a claim accompanied by the correct evidence is 31.87%, while if we ignore the evidence we achieve 50.91%. Thus we believe that FEVER is a challenging testbed that will help stimulate progress on claim verification against textual sources.
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Raredis Corpus含有超过5,000个罕见疾病,近6,000个临床表现都是注释。此外,跨候注释协议评估表明,相对高的协议(F1措施等于实体的完全匹配标准,与关系的81.3%等于83.5%)。基于这些结果,该毒品具有高质量,假设该领域的重要步骤由于稀缺具有稀有疾病的可用语料库。这可以将门打开到进一步的NLP应用,这将促进这些罕见疾病的诊断和治疗,因此将大大提高这些患者的生活质量。
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Relation extraction (RE) is a sub-discipline of information extraction (IE) which focuses on the prediction of a relational predicate from a natural-language input unit (such as a sentence, a clause, or even a short paragraph consisting of multiple sentences and/or clauses). Together with named-entity recognition (NER) and disambiguation (NED), RE forms the basis for many advanced IE tasks such as knowledge-base (KB) population and verification. In this work, we explore how recent approaches for open information extraction (OpenIE) may help to improve the task of RE by encoding structured information about the sentences' principal units, such as subjects, objects, verbal phrases, and adverbials, into various forms of vectorized (and hence unstructured) representations of the sentences. Our main conjecture is that the decomposition of long and possibly convoluted sentences into multiple smaller clauses via OpenIE even helps to fine-tune context-sensitive language models such as BERT (and its plethora of variants) for RE. Our experiments over two annotated corpora, KnowledgeNet and FewRel, demonstrate the improved accuracy of our enriched models compared to existing RE approaches. Our best results reach 92% and 71% of F1 score for KnowledgeNet and FewRel, respectively, proving the effectiveness of our approach on competitive benchmarks.
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生物医学文献中的自动关系提取(RE)对于研究和现实世界中的许多下游文本挖掘应用至关重要。但是,用于生物医学的大多数现有基准测试数据集仅关注句子级别的单一类型(例如蛋白质 - 蛋白质相互作用)的关系,从而极大地限制了生物医学中RE系统的开发。在这项工作中,我们首先审查了常用的名称实体识别(NER)和RE数据集。然后,我们提出了Biored,这是一种具有多种实体类型(例如,基因/蛋白质,疾病,化学)和关系对(例如,基因 - 疾病;化学化学化学化学)的首个生物医学RE语料库,在文档水平上,在一组600个PubMed摘要中。此外,我们将每个关系标记为描述一种新颖的发现或先前已知的背景知识,使自动化算法能够区分新颖和背景信息。我们通过基准在NER和RE任务上对几种现有的最新方法(包括基于BERT的模型)进行基准测试来评估Biored的实用性。我们的结果表明,尽管现有方法可以在NER任务上达到高性能(F-评分为89.3%),但重新任务的改进空间很大,尤其是在提取新颖的关系时(F-评分为47.7%)。我们的实验还表明,如此丰富的数据集可以成功地促进生物医学更准确,高效和健壮的RE系统的开发。 Biored数据集和注释指南可在https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/lu/biored/中免费获得。
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本文介绍了预测关系提取的文本文档的覆盖范围的新任务(重新):该文件是否包含给定实体的许多关系元组?覆盖预测可用于选择具有大型输入基层的知识库建设的最佳文档。为研究这个问题,我们为520个实体提供了31,366个不同文件的数据集。我们分析了文档覆盖的相关性与长度,实体提及频率,alexa等级,语言复杂性和信息检索分数的特征相关。这些特征中的每一个都只有适度的预测力量。我们采用方法将具有统计模型的功能相结合,如TF-IDF和BERT语言模型。该模型结合特性和BERT,HERB,实现了F1得分高达46%。我们展示了两种用例的覆盖预测的效用:KB建设和索赔驳斥。
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We present, Naamapadam, the largest publicly available Named Entity Recognition (NER) dataset for the 11 major Indian languages from two language families. In each language, it contains more than 400k sentences annotated with a total of at least 100k entities from three standard entity categories (Person, Location and Organization) for 9 out of the 11 languages. The training dataset has been automatically created from the Samanantar parallel corpus by projecting automatically tagged entities from an English sentence to the corresponding Indian language sentence. We also create manually annotated testsets for 8 languages containing approximately 1000 sentences per language. We demonstrate the utility of the obtained dataset on existing testsets and the Naamapadam-test data for 8 Indic languages. We also release IndicNER, a multilingual mBERT model fine-tuned on the Naamapadam training set. IndicNER achieves the best F1 on the Naamapadam-test set compared to an mBERT model fine-tuned on existing datasets. IndicNER achieves an F1 score of more than 80 for 7 out of 11 Indic languages. The dataset and models are available under open-source licenses at https://ai4bharat.iitm.ac.in/naamapadam.
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Intelligently extracting and linking complex scientific information from unstructured text is a challenging endeavor particularly for those inexperienced with natural language processing. Here, we present a simple sequence-to-sequence approach to joint named entity recognition and relation extraction for complex hierarchical information in scientific text. The approach leverages a pre-trained large language model (LLM), GPT-3, that is fine-tuned on approximately 500 pairs of prompts (inputs) and completions (outputs). Information is extracted either from single sentences or across sentences in abstracts/passages, and the output can be returned as simple English sentences or a more structured format, such as a list of JSON objects. We demonstrate that LLMs trained in this way are capable of accurately extracting useful records of complex scientific knowledge for three representative tasks in materials chemistry: linking dopants with their host materials, cataloging metal-organic frameworks, and general chemistry/phase/morphology/application information extraction. This approach represents a simple, accessible, and highly-flexible route to obtaining large databases of structured knowledge extracted from unstructured text. An online demo is available at http://www.matscholar.com/info-extraction.
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网络威胁智能(CTI)是描述威胁媒介,漏洞和攻击的信息,通常用作基于AI的网络防御系统(例如网络安全知识图(CKG))的培训数据。非常需要开发可访问社区的数据集来培训现有的基于AI的网络安全管道,以有效,准确地从CTI中提取有意义的见解。我们已经从各种开放源中创建了一个初始的非结构化CTI语料库,我们使用SPACY框架并探索自学习方法来自动识别网络安全实体,用于训练和测试网络安全实体模型。我们还描述了应用网络安全域实体与Wikidata现有世界知识联系起来的方法。我们未来的工作将调查和测试Spacy NLP工具,并创建方法,以连续整合从文本中提取的新信息。
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我们提出了一种新颖的基准和相关的评估指标,用于评估文本匿名方法的性能。文本匿名化定义为编辑文本文档以防止个人信息披露的任务,目前遭受了面向隐私的带注释的文本资源的短缺,因此难以正确评估各种匿名方法提供的隐私保护水平。本文介绍了标签(文本匿名基准),这是一种新的开源注释语料库,以解决此短缺。该语料库包括欧洲人权法院(ECHR)的1,268个英语法院案件,并充满了有关每个文档中出现的个人信息的全面注释,包括其语义类别,标识符类型,机密属性和共同参考关系。与以前的工作相比,TAB语料库旨在超越传统的识别(仅限于检测预定义的语义类别),并且明确标记了这些文本跨越的标记,这些文本应该被掩盖,以掩盖该人的身份受到保护。除了介绍语料库及其注释层外,我们还提出了一套评估指标,这些指标是针对衡量文本匿名性的性能而定制的,无论是在隐私保护和公用事业保护方面。我们通过评估几个基线文本匿名模型的经验性能来说明基准和提议的指标的使用。完整的语料库及其面向隐私的注释准则,评估脚本和基线模型可在以下网址提供:
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根据诸如医疗条件,程序和药物使用之类的资格标准,识别患者队列对于临床试验的招募至关重要。这种标准通常是在自由文本中最自然地描述的,使用临床医生和研究人员熟悉的语言。为了大规模识别潜在参与者,必须首先将这些标准转换为临床数据库的查询,这可能是劳动密集型且容易出错的。自然语言处理(NLP)方法提供了一种可能自动转换为数据库查询的潜在手段。但是,必须首先使用Corpora对其进行培训和评估,该语料库详细列出临床试验标准。在本文中,我们介绍了叶片临床试验(LCT)语料库,该语料库是一种使用高度颗粒状结构化标签,捕获一系列生物医学现象的人类向超过1000个临床试验资格标准描述。我们提供了我们的模式,注释过程,语料库质量和统计数据的详细信息。此外,我们提出了该语料库的基线信息提取结果,作为未来工作的基准。
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Practices in the built environment have become more digitalized with the rapid development of modern design and construction technologies. However, the requirement of practitioners or scholars to gather complicated professional knowledge in the built environment has not been satisfied yet. In this paper, more than 80,000 paper abstracts in the built environment field were obtained to build a knowledge graph, a knowledge base storing entities and their connective relations in a graph-structured data model. To ensure the retrieval accuracy of the entities and relations in the knowledge graph, two well-annotated datasets have been created, containing 2,000 instances and 1,450 instances each in 29 relations for the named entity recognition task and relation extraction task respectively. These two tasks were solved by two BERT-based models trained on the proposed dataset. Both models attained an accuracy above 85% on these two tasks. More than 200,000 high-quality relations and entities were obtained using these models to extract all abstract data. Finally, this knowledge graph is presented as a self-developed visualization system to reveal relations between various entities in the domain. Both the source code and the annotated dataset can be found here: https://github.com/HKUST-KnowComp/BEKG.
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关系提取(RE)是自然语言处理的基本任务。RE试图通过识别文本中的实体对之间的关系信息来将原始的,非结构化的文本转变为结构化知识。RE有许多用途,例如知识图完成,文本摘要,提问和搜索查询。RE方法的历史可以分为四个阶段:基于模式的RE,基于统计的RE,基于神经的RE和大型语言模型的RE。这项调查始于对RE的早期阶段的一些示例性作品的概述,突出了局限性和缺点,以使进度相关。接下来,我们回顾流行的基准测试,并严格检查用于评估RE性能的指标。然后,我们讨论遥远的监督,这是塑造现代RE方法发展的范式。最后,我们回顾了重点是降级和培训方法的最新工作。
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媒体报道对公众对事件的看法具有重大影响。尽管如此,媒体媒体经常有偏见。偏见新闻文章的一种方法是改变选择一词。通过单词选择对偏见的自动识别是具有挑战性的,这主要是由于缺乏黄金标准数据集和高环境依赖性。本文介绍了Babe,这是由训练有素的专家创建的强大而多样化的数据集,用于媒体偏见研究。我们还分析了为什么专家标签在该域中至关重要。与现有工作相比,我们的数据集提供了更好的注释质量和更高的通知者协议。它由主题和插座之间平衡的3,700个句子组成,其中包含单词和句子级别上的媒体偏见标签。基于我们的数据,我们还引入了一种自动检测新闻文章中偏见的句子的方法。我们最佳性能基于BERT的模型是在由遥远标签组成的较大语料库中进行预训练的。对我们提出的监督数据集进行微调和评估模型,我们达到了0.804的宏F1得分,表现优于现有方法。
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Extraction of financial and economic events from text has previously been done mostly using rule-based methods, with more recent works employing machine learning techniques. This work is in line with this latter approach, leveraging relevant Wikipedia sections to extract weak labels for sentences describing economic events. Whereas previous weakly supervised approaches required a knowledge-base of such events, or corresponding financial figures, our approach requires no such additional data, and can be employed to extract economic events related to companies which are not even mentioned in the training data.
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电子医疗记录(EMRS)包含对医学研究人员具有巨大潜在价值的临床叙述文本。但是,将该信息与个人身份信息(PII)混合,这会给患者和临床医生机密的风险带来风险。本文介绍了端到端的去除识别框架,以自动从医院排放摘要中删除PII。我们的语料库包括600名医院出院摘要,该摘要是从澳大利亚悉尼的两家主要推荐医院的EMRS中提取的。我们的端到端去识别框架由三个组件组成:1)注释:使用五个预定类别的600家医院放电摘要标记PII:人,地址,出生日期,识别号码,电话号码; 2)建模:培训六个命名实体识别(NER)深度学习基础 - 平衡和不平衡数据集;并评估组合所有六种基础型号的合奏,这三种基础模型,具有最佳的F1分数和三种基础型号,分别使用令牌级多数投票和堆叠方法分别具有最佳的召回分数; 3)去鉴定:从医院排放摘要中移除PII。我们的研究结果表明,使用堆叠支持向量机(SVM)方法在三种基础上使用最佳F1分数的堆栈模型实现了优异的结果,在我们的语料库的测试组上的F1得分为99.16%。我们还评估了2014年I2B2去识别数据集上的建模组件的稳健性。我们在所有六种基础型号上使用令牌级多数投票方法的集合模型,在严格的实体匹配中实现了96.24%的最高F1得分,并且在二进制令牌级匹配中的最高F1得分为98.64%,而二进制符合两个州-Of-最现实的方法。该框架提供了一种强大的解决方案,可以安全地去识别临床叙述文本。
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由于结构化数据通常不足,因此在开发用于临床信息检索和决策支持系统模型时,需要从电子健康记录中的自由文本中提取标签。临床文本中最重要的上下文特性之一是否定,这表明没有发现。我们旨在通过比较荷兰临床注释中的三种否定检测方法来改善标签的大规模提取。我们使用Erasmus医疗中心荷兰临床语料库比较了基于ContextD的基于规则的方法,即使用MEDCAT和(Fineted)基于Roberta的模型的BilstM模型。我们发现,Bilstm和Roberta模型都在F1得分,精度和召回方面始终优于基于规则的模型。此外,我们将每个模型的分类错误系统地分类,这些错误可用于进一步改善特定应用程序的模型性能。在性能方面,将三个模型结合起来并不有益。我们得出的结论是,尤其是基于Bilstm和Roberta的模型在检测临床否定方面非常准确,但是最终,根据手头的用例,这三种方法最终都可以可行。
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我们研究了检查问题的事实,旨在识别给定索赔的真实性。具体而言,我们专注于事实提取和验证(发烧)及其伴随数据集的任务。该任务包括从维基百科检索相关文件(和句子)并验证文件中的信息是否支持或驳斥所索赔的索赔。此任务至关重要,可以是假新闻检测和医疗索赔验证等应用程序块。在本文中,我们以通过以结构化和全面的方式呈现文献来更好地了解任务的挑战。我们通过分析不同方法的技术视角并讨论发热数据集的性能结果,描述了所提出的方法,这是最熟悉的和正式结构化的数据集,就是事实提取和验证任务。我们还迄今为止迄今为止确定句子检索组件的有益损失函数的最大实验研究。我们的分析表明,采样负句对于提高性能并降低计算复杂性很重要。最后,我们描述了开放的问题和未来的挑战,我们激励了未来的任务研究。
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在科学研究中,该方法是解决科学问题和关键研究对象的必不可少手段。随着科学的发展,正在提出,修改和使用许多科学方法。作者在抽象和身体文本中描述了该方法的详细信息,并且反映该方法名称的学术文献中的关键实体称为方法实体。在大量的学术文献中探索各种方法实体有助于学者了解现有方法,为研究任务选择适当的方法并提出新方法。此外,方法实体的演变可以揭示纪律的发展并促进知识发现。因此,本文对方法论和经验作品进行了系统的综述,重点是从全文学术文献中提取方法实体,并努力使用这些提取的方法实体来建立知识服务。首先提出了本综述涉及的关键概念的定义。基于这些定义,我们系统地审查了提取和评估方法实体的方法和指标,重点是每种方法的利弊。我们还调查了如何使用提取的方法实体来构建新应用程序。最后,讨论了现有作品的限制以及潜在的下一步。
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