The widely studied task of Natural Language Inference (NLI) requires a system to recognize whether one piece of text is textually entailed by another, i.e. whether the entirety of its meaning can be inferred from the other. In current NLI datasets and models, textual entailment relations are typically defined on the sentence- or paragraph-level. However, even a simple sentence often contains multiple propositions, i.e. distinct units of meaning conveyed by the sentence. As these propositions can carry different truth values in the context of a given premise, we argue for the need to recognize the textual entailment relation of each proposition in a sentence individually. We propose PropSegmEnt, a corpus of over 35K propositions annotated by expert human raters. Our dataset structure resembles the tasks of (1) segmenting sentences within a document to the set of propositions, and (2) classifying the entailment relation of each proposition with respect to a different yet topically-aligned document, i.e. documents describing the same event or entity. We establish strong baselines for the segmentation and entailment tasks. Through case studies on summary hallucination detection and document-level NLI, we demonstrate that our conceptual framework is potentially useful for understanding and explaining the compositionality of NLI labels.
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For natural language understanding (NLU) technology to be maximally useful, it must be able to process language in a way that is not exclusive to a single task, genre, or dataset. In pursuit of this objective, we introduce the General Language Understanding Evaluation (GLUE) benchmark, a collection of tools for evaluating the performance of models across a diverse set of existing NLU tasks. By including tasks with limited training data, GLUE is designed to favor and encourage models that share general linguistic knowledge across tasks. GLUE also includes a hand-crafted diagnostic test suite that enables detailed linguistic analysis of models. We evaluate baselines based on current methods for transfer and representation learning and find that multi-task training on all tasks performs better than training a separate model per task. However, the low absolute performance of our best model indicates the need for improved general NLU systems.
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随着近期自然语言生成(NLG)模型的各种应用程序的改进,它变得必须具有识别和评估NLG输出是否仅共享关于外部世界的可验证信息的手段。在这项工作中,我们提出了一个归属于识别的来源(AIS)的新评估框架,用于评估自然语言生成模型的输出,当这种输出涉及外部世界时。我们首先定义AIS,并引入两级注释管道,用于允许注释器根据AIS指南适当地评估模型输出。通过人为评估研究,我们在三个代数据集(会话QA域中的两个中和总结一下,概括地验证了这种方法,表明AIS可以作为测量模型生成的语句是否支持基础来源的常见框架。我们释放人类评估研究指南。
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One of the common traits of past and present approaches for Semantic Role Labeling (SRL) is that they rely upon discrete labels drawn from a predefined linguistic inventory to classify predicate senses and their arguments. However, we argue this need not be the case. In this paper, we present an approach that leverages Definition Modeling to introduce a generalized formulation of SRL as the task of describing predicate-argument structures using natural language definitions instead of discrete labels. Our novel formulation takes a first step towards placing interpretability and flexibility foremost, and yet our experiments and analyses on PropBank-style and FrameNet-style, dependency-based and span-based SRL also demonstrate that a flexible model with an interpretable output does not necessarily come at the expense of performance. We release our software for research purposes at https://github.com/SapienzaNLP/dsrl.
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自论证挖掘领域成立以来,在法律话语中识别,分类和分析的论点一直是研究的重要领域。但是,自然语言处理(NLP)研究人员的模型模型与法院决策中的注释论点与法律专家理解和分析法律论证的方式之间存在重大差异。尽管计算方法通常将论点简化为通用的前提和主张,但法律研究中的论点通常表现出丰富的类型,对于获得一般法律的特定案例和应用很重要。我们解决了这个问题,并做出了一些实质性的贡献,以推动该领域的前进。首先,我们在欧洲人权法院(ECHR)诉讼中为法律论点设计了新的注释计划,该计划深深植根于法律论证研究的理论和实践中。其次,我们编译和注释了373项法院判决(230万令牌和15K注释的论点跨度)的大量语料库。最后,我们训练一个论证挖掘模型,该模型胜过法律NLP领域中最先进的模型,并提供了彻底的基于专家的评估。所有数据集和源代码均可在https://github.com/trusthlt/mining-legal-arguments的开放lincenses下获得。
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开放信息提取(OpenIE)促进了独立于域的大型语料库的关系事实的发现。该技术很好地适合许多开放世界的自然语言理解场景,例如自动知识基础构建,开放域问答和明确的推理。由于深度学习技术的快速发展,已经提出了许多神经开放式体系结构并取得了可观的性能。在这项调查中,我们提供了有关状态神经开放模型的广泛概述,其关键设计决策,优势和劣势。然后,我们讨论当前解决方案的局限性以及OpenIE问题本身的开放问题。最后,我们列出了最近的趋势,这些趋势可以帮助扩大其范围和适用性,从而为Openie的未来研究设定了有希望的方向。据我们所知,本文是有关此特定主题的第一篇评论。
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We present TriviaQA, a challenging reading comprehension dataset containing over 650K question-answer-evidence triples. TriviaQA includes 95K questionanswer pairs authored by trivia enthusiasts and independently gathered evidence documents, six per question on average, that provide high quality distant supervision for answering the questions. We show that, in comparison to other recently introduced large-scale datasets, TriviaQA (1) has relatively complex, compositional questions, (2) has considerable syntactic and lexical variability between questions and corresponding answer-evidence sentences, and (3) requires more cross sentence reasoning to find answers. We also present two baseline algorithms: a featurebased classifier and a state-of-the-art neural network, that performs well on SQuAD reading comprehension. Neither approach comes close to human performance (23% and 40% vs. 80%), suggesting that Trivi-aQA is a challenging testbed that is worth significant future study. 1
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索赔检测和验证对于新闻认识至关重要,并且已成为有前途的技术,以减轻新闻中的错误信息。然而,大多数现有的工作侧重于索赔句子的分析,同时俯瞰关键背景属性,例如索引者,声称对象和连接到索赔的其他知识。在这项工作中,我们提供了新闻本,新的基准,了解新闻领域的知识意识索赔检测。我们重新定义了索赔探测问题,包括提取与索赔相关的附加背景属性,并发布529索赔由103个新闻文章提示。此外,报讯人旨在在新兴场景中索取索赔检测系统,包括不少培训数据的看不见的主题。最后,我们对这款新基准测试提供了对各种零射和及时的基础基准的全面评估。
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当前的因果文本挖掘数据集在目标,数据覆盖率和注释方案中有所不同。这些不一致的努力阻止了建模能力和模型性能的公平比较。很少有数据集包含因果跨度注释,这是端到端因果提取所需的。因此,我们提出了Unicausal,这是跨三个任务的因果文本开采的统一基准:因果序列分类,因果效应跨度检测和因果对分类。我们合并了六个高质量人类注销语料库的注释和对齐注释,分别为每个任务分别为58,720、12,144和69,165个示例。由于因果关系的定义可以是主观的,因此我们的框架旨在允许研究人员处理某些或所有数据集和任务。作为初始基准,我们将BERT预培训模型调整为我们的任务并生成基线得分。对于序列分类,我们获得了70.10%的二进制F1得分,跨度检测获得了52.42%的宏F1得分,对成对分类获得了84.68%的二进制F1得分。
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传达相关和忠实信息的能力对于有条件生成的许多任务至关重要,但对于神经SEQ-seq seq模型仍然难以捉摸,这些模型的输出通常显示出幻觉,并且无法正确涵盖重要细节。在这项工作中,我们主张规划作为有用的中间表示,以使有条件的一代减少不透明和扎根。我们的作品提出了将文本计划作为一系列提问(QA)对的新概念化。我们用QA蓝图作为内容选择(即〜说什么)和计划(即〜按什么顺序)来增强现有数据集(例如,用于摘要)。我们通过利用最先进的问题生成技术并将输入输出对自动获取蓝图,并将其转换为输入 - 蓝图输出输出元组。我们开发了基于变压器的模型,每个模型都在它们如何将蓝图合并到生成的输出中(例如,作为全局计划或迭代)。跨指标和数据集的评估表明,蓝图模型比不采取计划并允许对生成输出进行更严格控制的替代方案更为事实。
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Natural Language Generation (NLG) has improved exponentially in recent years thanks to the development of sequence-to-sequence deep learning technologies such as Transformer-based language models. This advancement has led to more fluent and coherent NLG, leading to improved development in downstream tasks such as abstractive summarization, dialogue generation and data-to-text generation. However, it is also apparent that deep learning based generation is prone to hallucinate unintended text, which degrades the system performance and fails to meet user expectations in many real-world scenarios. To address this issue, many studies have been presented in measuring and mitigating hallucinated texts, but these have never been reviewed in a comprehensive manner before. In this survey, we thus provide a broad overview of the research progress and challenges in the hallucination problem in NLG. The survey is organized into two parts: (1) a general overview of metrics, mitigation methods, and future directions; and (2) an overview of task-specific research progress on hallucinations in the following downstream tasks, namely abstractive summarization, dialogue generation, generative question answering, data-to-text generation, machine translation, and visual-language generation. This survey serves to facilitate collaborative efforts among researchers in tackling the challenge of hallucinated texts in NLG.
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学术研究是解决以前从未解决过的问题的探索活动。通过这种性质,每个学术研究工作都需要进行文献审查,以区分其Novelties尚未通过事先作品解决。在自然语言处理中,该文献综述通常在“相关工作”部分下进行。鉴于研究文件的其余部分和引用的论文列表,自动相关工作生成的任务旨在自动生成“相关工作”部分。虽然这项任务是在10年前提出的,但直到最近,它被认为是作为科学多文件摘要问题的变种。然而,即使在今天,尚未标准化了自动相关工作和引用文本生成的问题。在这项调查中,我们进行了一个元研究,从问题制定,数据集收集,方法方法,绩效评估和未来前景的角度来比较相关工作的现有文献,以便为读者洞察到国家的进步 - 最内容的研究,以及如何进行未来的研究。我们还调查了我们建议未来工作要考虑整合的相关研究领域。
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我们提出了一种新颖的基准和相关的评估指标,用于评估文本匿名方法的性能。文本匿名化定义为编辑文本文档以防止个人信息披露的任务,目前遭受了面向隐私的带注释的文本资源的短缺,因此难以正确评估各种匿名方法提供的隐私保护水平。本文介绍了标签(文本匿名基准),这是一种新的开源注释语料库,以解决此短缺。该语料库包括欧洲人权法院(ECHR)的1,268个英语法院案件,并充满了有关每个文档中出现的个人信息的全面注释,包括其语义类别,标识符类型,机密属性和共同参考关系。与以前的工作相比,TAB语料库旨在超越传统的识别(仅限于检测预定义的语义类别),并且明确标记了这些文本跨越的标记,这些文本应该被掩盖,以掩盖该人的身份受到保护。除了介绍语料库及其注释层外,我们还提出了一套评估指标,这些指标是针对衡量文本匿名性的性能而定制的,无论是在隐私保护和公用事业保护方面。我们通过评估几个基线文本匿名模型的经验性能来说明基准和提议的指标的使用。完整的语料库及其面向隐私的注释准则,评估脚本和基线模型可在以下网址提供:
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Narrative summarization aims to produce a distilled version of a narrative to describe its most salient events and characters. Summarizing a narrative is challenging as it requires an understanding of event causality and character behaviors. To encourage research in this direction, we propose NarraSum, a large-scale narrative summarization dataset. It contains 122K narrative documents, which are collected from plot descriptions of movies and TV episodes with diverse genres, and their corresponding abstractive summaries. Experiments show that there is a large performance gap between humans and the state-of-the-art summarization models on NarraSum. We hope that this dataset will promote future research in summarization, as well as broader studies of natural language understanding and generation. The dataset is available at https://github.com/zhaochaocs/narrasum.
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我们提出了一个新的框架,在增强的自然语言(TANL)之间的翻译,解决了许多结构化预测语言任务,包括联合实体和关系提取,嵌套命名实体识别,关系分类,语义角色标记,事件提取,COREREFED分辨率和对话状态追踪。通过培训特定于特定于任务的鉴别分类器来说,我们将其作为一种在增强的自然语言之间的翻译任务,而不是通过培训问题,而不是解决问题,而是可以轻松提取任务相关信息。我们的方法可以匹配或优于所有任务的特定于任务特定模型,特别是在联合实体和关系提取(Conll04,Ade,NYT和ACE2005数据集)上实现了新的最先进的结果,与关系分类(偶尔和默示)和语义角色标签(Conll-2005和Conll-2012)。我们在使用相同的架构和超参数的同时为所有任务使用相同的架构和超级参数,甚至在培训单个模型时同时解决所有任务(多任务学习)。最后,我们表明,由于更好地利用标签语义,我们的框架也可以显着提高低资源制度的性能。
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我们研究了检查问题的事实,旨在识别给定索赔的真实性。具体而言,我们专注于事实提取和验证(发烧)及其伴随数据集的任务。该任务包括从维基百科检索相关文件(和句子)并验证文件中的信息是否支持或驳斥所索赔的索赔。此任务至关重要,可以是假新闻检测和医疗索赔验证等应用程序块。在本文中,我们以通过以结构化和全面的方式呈现文献来更好地了解任务的挑战。我们通过分析不同方法的技术视角并讨论发热数据集的性能结果,描述了所提出的方法,这是最熟悉的和正式结构化的数据集,就是事实提取和验证任务。我们还迄今为止迄今为止确定句子检索组件的有益损失函数的最大实验研究。我们的分析表明,采样负句对于提高性能并降低计算复杂性很重要。最后,我们描述了开放的问题和未来的挑战,我们激励了未来的任务研究。
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培训和评估语言模型越来越多地要求构建元数据 - 多样化的策划数据收集,并具有清晰的出处。自然语言提示最近通过将现有的,有监督的数据集转换为多种新颖的预处理任务,突出了元数据策划的好处,从而改善了零击的概括。尽管将这些以数据为中心的方法转化为生物医学语言建模的通用域文本成功,但由于标记的生物医学数据集在流行的数据中心中的代表性大大不足,因此仍然具有挑战性。为了应对这一挑战,我们介绍了BigBio一个由126个以上的生物医学NLP数据集的社区库,目前涵盖12个任务类别和10多种语言。 BigBio通过对数据集及其元数据进行程序化访问来促进可再现的元数据策划,并与当前的平台兼容,以及时工程和端到端的几个/零射击语言模型评估。我们讨论了我们的任务架构协调,数据审核,贡献指南的过程,并概述了两个说明性用例:生物医学提示和大规模,多任务学习的零射门评估。 BigBio是一项持续的社区努力,可在https://github.com/bigscience-workshop/biomedical上获得。
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在本文中,我们将概述SV形式共享任务,作为第三届学术文档处理(SDP)的一部分,在Coling 2022.中,在共同的任务中,为参与者提供了变量和变量的词汇,被要求确定全文学术文档中的单个句子中提到了哪些变量。两支球队总共向共享任务排行榜提交了9项意见。尽管所有团队都没有改进基线系统,但我们仍然从他们的意见书中获取见解。此外,我们提供了详细的评估。我们共享任务的数据和基线可在https://github.com/vadis-project/sv-inend上免费获得
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We study the problem of retrieval with instructions, where users of a retrieval system explicitly describe their intent along with their queries. We aim to develop a general-purpose task-aware retrieval system using multi-task instruction tuning, which can follow human-written instructions to find the best documents for a given query. We introduce the first large-scale collection of approximately 40 retrieval datasets with instructions, BERRI, and present TART, a multi-task retrieval system trained on BERRI with instructions. TART shows strong capabilities to adapt to a new retrieval task via instructions and advances the state of the art on two zero-shot retrieval benchmarks, BEIR and LOTTE, outperforming models up to three times larger. We further introduce a new evaluation setup, X^2-Retrieval to better reflect real-world scenarios, where diverse domains and tasks are pooled and a system needs to find documents aligning users' intents. In this setup, TART significantly outperforms competitive baselines, further demonstrating the effectiveness of guiding retrieval with instructions.
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尽管传记在语义网络中广泛传播,但自动提取传记事件的资源和方法受到限制。这种限制减少了结构化的,可读的传记信息的数量,尤其是关于属于代表性不足的人的人的数量。我们的工作通过为生活事件的语义注释提供一组准则来挑战这一限制。该准则旨在与现有的ISO语义注释标准可互操作:ISO-TIMEML(ISO-24617-1)和SEMAF(ISO-24617-4)。通过代表不足的作家的维基百科传记的注释任务,即非西方国家,移民或属于少数民族的作者,对准则进行了测试。 4个注释者注释了1,000个句子,平均通知者协议为0.825。由此产生的语料库被映射在Ontonotes上。这样的映射允许扩展我们的语料库,表明已经存在现有资源可以用于传记事件提取任务。
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