健康素养是2030年健康人民的主要重点,这是美国国家目标和目标的第五次迭代。健康素养较低的人通常会遵循访问后的说明以及使用处方,这会导致健康结果和严重的健康差异。在这项研究中,我们建议通过自动在给定句子中翻译文盲语言来利用自然语言处理技术来提高患者教育材料的健康素养。我们从四个在线健康信息网站上刮擦了患者教育材料:medlineplus.gov,drugs.com,mayoclinic.org和reddit.com。我们分别在银标准培训数据集和黄金标准测试数据集上培训并测试了最先进的神经机译(NMT)模型。实验结果表明,双向长期记忆(BILSTM)NMT模型的表现超过了来自变压器(BERT)基于NMT模型的双向编码器表示。我们还验证了NMT模型通过比较句子中的健康文盲语言比率来翻译健康文盲语言的有效性。提出的NMT模型能够识别正确的复杂单词并简化为外行语言,同时该模型遭受句子完整性,流利性,可读性的影响,并且难以翻译某些医学术语。
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健康素养被出现为制定适当的健康决策和确保治疗结果的关键因素。然而,医学术语和该领域的专业语言的复杂结构使健康信息尤为难以解释。因此,迫切需要对自动化方法来提高生物医学文献的可访问性,以提高一般人群。这个问题可以作为医疗保健专业人员语言与公众的语言之间的翻译问题。在本文中,我们介绍了自动化生物医学科学评论的制定语言摘要的新任务,建设了一个数据集,以支持自动化方法的开发和评估,以提高生物医学文献的可访问性。我们对解决这项任务的各种挑战进行了分析,包括不仅对关键要点的总结,而且还概述了对背景知识和专业语言的简化的解释。我们试验最先进的摘要模型以及多种数据增强技术,并使用自动指标和人工评估评估其性能。结果表明,与专家专家专门开发的参考摘要相比,使用当代神经架构产生的自动产生的摘要可以实现有希望的质量和可读性(最佳Rouge-L为50.24和Flesch-Kincaid可读性得分为13.30)。我们还讨论了目前尝试的局限性,为未来工作提供了洞察和方向。
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临床票据是记录患者信息的有效方法,但难以破译非专家的难以破译。自动简化医学文本可以使患者提供有关其健康的有价值的信息,同时节省临床医生。我们提出了一种基于词频率和语言建模的医学文本自动简化的新方法,基于富裕的外行术语的医疗本体。我们发布了一对公开可用的医疗句子的新数据集,并由临床医生简化了它们的版本。此外,我们定义了一种新颖的文本简化公制和评估框架,我们用于对我们对现有技术的方法进行大规模人类评估。我们基于在医学论坛数据上培训的语言模型的方法在保留语法和原始含义时产生更简单的句子,超越现有技术。
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Neural machine translation is a recently proposed approach to machine translation. Unlike the traditional statistical machine translation, the neural machine translation aims at building a single neural network that can be jointly tuned to maximize the translation performance. The models proposed recently for neural machine translation often belong to a family of encoder-decoders and encode a source sentence into a fixed-length vector from which a decoder generates a translation. In this paper, we conjecture that the use of a fixed-length vector is a bottleneck in improving the performance of this basic encoder-decoder architecture, and propose to extend this by allowing a model to automatically (soft-)search for parts of a source sentence that are relevant to predicting a target word, without having to form these parts as a hard segment explicitly. With this new approach, we achieve a translation performance comparable to the existing state-of-the-art phrase-based system on the task of English-to-French translation. Furthermore, qualitative analysis reveals that the (soft-)alignments found by the model agree well with our intuition.
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Objective: We aim to develop an open-source natural language processing (NLP) package, SODA (i.e., SOcial DeterminAnts), with pre-trained transformer models to extract social determinants of health (SDoH) for cancer patients, examine the generalizability of SODA to a new disease domain (i.e., opioid use), and evaluate the extraction rate of SDoH using cancer populations. Methods: We identified SDoH categories and attributes and developed an SDoH corpus using clinical notes from a general cancer cohort. We compared four transformer-based NLP models to extract SDoH, examined the generalizability of NLP models to a cohort of patients prescribed with opioids, and explored customization strategies to improve performance. We applied the best NLP model to extract 19 categories of SDoH from the breast (n=7,971), lung (n=11,804), and colorectal cancer (n=6,240) cohorts. Results and Conclusion: We developed a corpus of 629 cancer patients notes with annotations of 13,193 SDoH concepts/attributes from 19 categories of SDoH. The Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) model achieved the best strict/lenient F1 scores of 0.9216 and 0.9441 for SDoH concept extraction, 0.9617 and 0.9626 for linking attributes to SDoH concepts. Fine-tuning the NLP models using new annotations from opioid use patients improved the strict/lenient F1 scores from 0.8172/0.8502 to 0.8312/0.8679. The extraction rates among 19 categories of SDoH varied greatly, where 10 SDoH could be extracted from >70% of cancer patients, but 9 SDoH had a low extraction rate (<70% of cancer patients). The SODA package with pre-trained transformer models is publicly available at https://github.com/uf-hobiinformatics-lab/SDoH_SODA.
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The rapid advancement of AI technology has made text generation tools like GPT-3 and ChatGPT increasingly accessible, scalable, and effective. This can pose serious threat to the credibility of various forms of media if these technologies are used for plagiarism, including scientific literature and news sources. Despite the development of automated methods for paraphrase identification, detecting this type of plagiarism remains a challenge due to the disparate nature of the datasets on which these methods are trained. In this study, we review traditional and current approaches to paraphrase identification and propose a refined typology of paraphrases. We also investigate how this typology is represented in popular datasets and how under-representation of certain types of paraphrases impacts detection capabilities. Finally, we outline new directions for future research and datasets in the pursuit of more effective paraphrase detection using AI.
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除了主要的诊断目的之外,放射学报告一直是医学研究中的宝贵信息来源。鉴于放射学报告的语料,研究人员往往有兴趣识别描述特定医疗发现的报告子集。由于放射学报告中的医学发现的空间是巨大的并且可能是无限的,最近的研究提出了在放射学报告中的自由文本陈述,从有限词汇中采取的半结构化串。本文旨在提出一种方法,用于自动生成放射学报告的半结构化表示。该方法包括匹配从放射学报告的句子来手动创建半结构化表示,然后学习序列到序列神经模型,将匹配的句子映射到它们的半结构化表示。我们在手动注释的胸部X射线放射学报告的Openi语料上进行了评估了所提出的方法。结果表明,所提出的方法优于几个基线,无论如何(1)诸如BLEU,RUEGE和流星等定量措施和放射科学家的定性判断。结果还表明,培训的模型对来自不同医疗提供者的胸X射线放射学报告的样本型语料库产生合理的半结构化表示。
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There is an increasing interest in developing artificial intelligence (AI) systems to process and interpret electronic health records (EHRs). Natural language processing (NLP) powered by pretrained language models is the key technology for medical AI systems utilizing clinical narratives. However, there are few clinical language models, the largest of which trained in the clinical domain is comparatively small at 110 million parameters (compared with billions of parameters in the general domain). It is not clear how large clinical language models with billions of parameters can help medical AI systems utilize unstructured EHRs. In this study, we develop from scratch a large clinical language model - GatorTron - using >90 billion words of text (including >82 billion words of de-identified clinical text) and systematically evaluate it on 5 clinical NLP tasks including clinical concept extraction, medical relation extraction, semantic textual similarity, natural language inference (NLI), and medical question answering (MQA). We examine how (1) scaling up the number of parameters and (2) scaling up the size of the training data could benefit these NLP tasks. GatorTron models scale up the clinical language model from 110 million to 8.9 billion parameters and improve 5 clinical NLP tasks (e.g., 9.6% and 9.5% improvement in accuracy for NLI and MQA), which can be applied to medical AI systems to improve healthcare delivery. The GatorTron models are publicly available at: https://catalog.ngc.nvidia.com/orgs/nvidia/teams/clara/models/gatortron_og.
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循证医学,医疗保健专业人员在做出决定时提到最佳证据的实践,形成现代医疗保健的基础。但是,它依赖于劳动密集型系统评论,其中域名专家必须从数千个出版物中汇总和提取信息,主要是随机对照试验(RCT)结果转化为证据表。本文通过对两个语言处理任务分解的问题来调查自动化证据表生成:\ texit {命名实体识别},它标识文本中的关键实体,例如药物名称,以及\ texit {关系提取},它会映射它们的关系将它们分成有序元组。我们专注于发布的RCT摘要的句子的自动制表,报告研究结果的结果。使用转移学习和基于变压器的语言表示的原则,开发了两个深度神经网络模型作为联合提取管道的一部分。为了培训和测试这些模型,开发了一种新的金标语,包括来自六种疾病区域的近600个结果句。这种方法表现出显着的优势,我们的系统在多种自然语言处理任务和疾病区域中表现良好,以及在训练期间不均匀地展示疾病域。此外,我们显示这些结果可以通过培训我们的模型仅在200个例句中培训。最终系统是一个概念证明,即证明表的产生可以是半自动的,代表全自动系统评论的一步。
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机器翻译系统(MTS)是通过将文本或语音从一种语言转换为另一种语言的有效工具。在像印度这样的大型多语言环境中,对有效的翻译系统的需求变得显而易见,英语和一套印度语言(ILS)正式使用。与英语相反,由于语料库的不可用,IL仍然被视为低资源语言。为了解决不对称性质,多语言神经机器翻译(MNMT)系统会发展为在这个方向上的理想方法。在本文中,我们提出了一个MNMT系统,以解决与低资源语言翻译有关的问题。我们的模型包括两个MNMT系统,即用于英语印度(一对多),另一个用于指示英语(多一对多),其中包含15个语言对(30个翻译说明)的共享编码器码头。由于大多数IL对具有很少的平行语料库,因此不足以训练任何机器翻译模型。我们探索各种增强策略,以通过建议的模型提高整体翻译质量。最先进的变压器体系结构用于实现所提出的模型。大量数据的试验揭示了其优越性比常规模型的优势。此外,本文解决了语言关系的使用(在方言,脚本等方面),尤其是关于同一家族的高资源语言在提高低资源语言表现方面的作用。此外,实验结果还表明了ILS的倒退和域适应性的优势,以提高源和目标语言的翻译质量。使用所有这些关键方法,我们提出的模型在评估指标方面比基线模型更有效,即一组ILS的BLEU(双语评估研究)得分。
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由于临床实践所需的放射学报告和研究是在自由文本叙述中编写和存储的,因此很难提取相对信息进行进一步分析。在这种情况下,自然语言处理(NLP)技术可以促进自动信息提取和自由文本格式转换为结构化数据。近年来,基于深度学习(DL)的模型已适用于NLP实验,并具有令人鼓舞的结果。尽管基于人工神经网络(ANN)和卷积神经网络(CNN)的DL模型具有显着潜力,但这些模型仍面临临床实践中实施的一些局限性。变形金刚是另一种新的DL体系结构,已越来越多地用于改善流程。因此,在这项研究中,我们提出了一种基于变压器的细粒命名实体识别(NER)架构,以进行临床信息提取。我们以自由文本格式收集了88次腹部超声检查报告,并根据我们开发的信息架构进行了注释。文本到文本传输变压器模型(T5)和covive是T5模型的预训练域特异性适应性,用于微调来提取实体和关系,并将输入转换为结构化的格式。我们在这项研究中基于变压器的模型优于先前应用的方法,例如基于Rouge-1,Rouge-2,Rouge-L和BLEU分别为0.816、0.668、0.528和0.743的ANN和CNN模型,同时提供了一个分数可解释的结构化报告。
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This report summarizes the work carried out by the authors during the Twelfth Montreal Industrial Problem Solving Workshop, held at Universit\'e de Montr\'eal in August 2022. The team tackled a problem submitted by CBC/Radio-Canada on the theme of Automatic Text Simplification (ATS).
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与生物医学命名实体识别任务有关的挑战是:现有方法考虑了较少数量的生物医学实体(例如疾病,症状,蛋白质,基因);这些方法不考虑健康的社会决定因素(年龄,性别,就业,种族),这是与患者健康有关的非医学因素。我们提出了一条机器学习管道,该管道通过以下方式改善了以前的努力:首先,它认识到标准类型以外的许多生物医学实体类型;其次,它考虑了与患者健康有关的非临床因素。该管道还包括阶段,例如预处理,令牌化,映射嵌入查找和命名实体识别任务,以从自由文本中提取生物医学命名实体。我们提出了一个新的数据集,我们通过策划COVID-19案例报告来准备。所提出的方法的表现优于五个基准数据集上的基线方法,其宏观和微平均F1得分约为90,而我们的数据集则分别为95.25和93.18的宏观和微平均F1得分。
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In the era of digital healthcare, the huge volumes of textual information generated every day in hospitals constitute an essential but underused asset that could be exploited with task-specific, fine-tuned biomedical language representation models, improving patient care and management. For such specialized domains, previous research has shown that fine-tuning models stemming from broad-coverage checkpoints can largely benefit additional training rounds over large-scale in-domain resources. However, these resources are often unreachable for less-resourced languages like Italian, preventing local medical institutions to employ in-domain adaptation. In order to reduce this gap, our work investigates two accessible approaches to derive biomedical language models in languages other than English, taking Italian as a concrete use-case: one based on neural machine translation of English resources, favoring quantity over quality; the other based on a high-grade, narrow-scoped corpus natively written in Italian, thus preferring quality over quantity. Our study shows that data quantity is a harder constraint than data quality for biomedical adaptation, but the concatenation of high-quality data can improve model performance even when dealing with relatively size-limited corpora. The models published from our investigations have the potential to unlock important research opportunities for Italian hospitals and academia. Finally, the set of lessons learned from the study constitutes valuable insights towards a solution to build biomedical language models that are generalizable to other less-resourced languages and different domain settings.
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手语是聋人和听力受损社区中使用的沟通语言的主要形式。在听力障碍和听力社区之间进行简单互相的沟通,建立一个能够将口语翻译成手语的强大系统,反之亦然是基本的。为此,标志语言识别和生产是制作这种双向系统的两个必要零件。手语识别和生产需要应对一些关键挑战。在这项调查中,我们审查了使用深度学习的手语制作(SLP)和相关领域的最近进展。为了有更现实的观点来签署语言,我们介绍了聋人文化,聋人中心,手语的心理视角,口语和手语之间的主要差异。此外,我们介绍了双向手语翻译系统的基本组成部分,讨论了该领域的主要挑战。此外,简要介绍了SLP中的骨干架构和方法,并提出了拟议的SLP分类物。最后,介绍了SLP和绩效评估的一般框架,也讨论了SLP最近的发展,优势和限制,评论可能的未来研究的可能线条。
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Machine Translation (MT) system generally aims at automatic representation of source language into target language retaining the originality of context using various Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques. Among various NLP methods, Statistical Machine Translation(SMT). SMT uses probabilistic and statistical techniques to analyze information and conversion. This paper canvasses about the development of bilingual SMT models for translating English to fifteen low-resource Indian Languages (ILs) and vice versa. At the outset, all 15 languages are briefed with a short description related to our experimental need. Further, a detailed analysis of Samanantar and OPUS dataset for model building, along with standard benchmark dataset (Flores-200) for fine-tuning and testing, is done as a part of our experiment. Different preprocessing approaches are proposed in this paper to handle the noise of the dataset. To create the system, MOSES open-source SMT toolkit is explored. Distance reordering is utilized with the aim to understand the rules of grammar and context-dependent adjustments through a phrase reordering categorization framework. In our experiment, the quality of the translation is evaluated using standard metrics such as BLEU, METEOR, and RIBES
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The machine translation mechanism translates texts automatically between different natural languages, and Neural Machine Translation (NMT) has gained attention for its rational context analysis and fluent translation accuracy. However, processing low-resource languages that lack relevant training attributes like supervised data is a current challenge for Natural Language Processing (NLP). We incorporated a technique known Active Learning with the NMT toolkit Joey NMT to reach sufficient accuracy and robust predictions of low-resource language translation. With active learning, a semi-supervised machine learning strategy, the training algorithm determines which unlabeled data would be the most beneficial for obtaining labels using selected query techniques. We implemented two model-driven acquisition functions for selecting the samples to be validated. This work uses transformer-based NMT systems; baseline model (BM), fully trained model (FTM) , active learning least confidence based model (ALLCM), and active learning margin sampling based model (ALMSM) when translating English to Hindi. The Bilingual Evaluation Understudy (BLEU) metric has been used to evaluate system results. The BLEU scores of BM, FTM, ALLCM and ALMSM systems are 16.26, 22.56 , 24.54, and 24.20, respectively. The findings in this paper demonstrate that active learning techniques helps the model to converge early and improve the overall quality of the translation system.
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在本文中,我们通过生成的对抗网络(GAN)架构探索机器翻译改进。我们从Relgan,一个文本制造模型和鼻孔机械翻译模型中获取灵感,实现了一个学习将尴尬,非流利的英语句子转换为流利的模型,同时只培训在单梅换语料库上。我们利用参数$ \ lambda $来控制从输入句子的偏差量,即保持原始令牌和修改它更流利之间的权衡。在某些情况下,我们的结果改进了基于短语的机器翻译。特别是,带变压器发生器的GaN显示出一些有希望的结果。我们建议将来的一些方向建立在这种概念上建立。
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由于结构化数据通常不足,因此在开发用于临床信息检索和决策支持系统模型时,需要从电子健康记录中的自由文本中提取标签。临床文本中最重要的上下文特性之一是否定,这表明没有发现。我们旨在通过比较荷兰临床注释中的三种否定检测方法来改善标签的大规模提取。我们使用Erasmus医疗中心荷兰临床语料库比较了基于ContextD的基于规则的方法,即使用MEDCAT和(Fineted)基于Roberta的模型的BilstM模型。我们发现,Bilstm和Roberta模型都在F1得分,精度和召回方面始终优于基于规则的模型。此外,我们将每个模型的分类错误系统地分类,这些错误可用于进一步改善特定应用程序的模型性能。在性能方面,将三个模型结合起来并不有益。我们得出的结论是,尤其是基于Bilstm和Roberta的模型在检测临床否定方面非常准确,但是最终,根据手头的用例,这三种方法最终都可以可行。
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非结构化的文本数据是卫生系统的核心:医生之间的联络信,操作报告,根据ICD-10标准编码的程序等。这些文件中包含的详细信息使得更好地了解患者,更好地管理他或她,以更好地研究病理,以准确地偿还相关的医学行为\ ldots,这似乎(至少在部分)被人工智能技术触及了。但是,出于明显的隐私保护原因,这些AIS的设计师只要包含识别数据,就没有合法权利访问这些文件。取消识别这些文档,即检测和删除它们中存在的所有识别信息,是在两个互补世界之间共享此数据的法律必要步骤。在过去的十年中,已经提出了一些建议,主要是用英语来识别文件。虽然检测分数通常很高,但替代方法通常不是很健壮。在法语中,很少有基于任意检测和/或替代规则的方法。在本文中,我们提出了一种专门针对法语医学文件的新的综合识别方法。识别要素(基于深度学习)的检测方法及其替代(基于差异隐私)的方法都是基于最有效的现有方法。结果是一种方法,可以有效保护患者的隐私,这是这些医疗文件的核心。整个方法已经在法国公立医院的法语医学数据集上进行了评估,结果非常令人鼓舞。
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