Leveraging shared learning through Massively Multilingual Models, state-of-the-art machine translation models are often able to adapt to the paucity of data for low-resource languages. However, this performance comes at the cost of significantly bloated models which are not practically deployable. Knowledge Distillation is one popular technique to develop competitive, lightweight models: In this work, we first evaluate its use to compress MT models focusing on languages with extremely limited training data. Through our analysis across 8 languages, we find that the variance in the performance of the distilled models due to their dependence on priors including the amount of synthetic data used for distillation, the student architecture, training hyperparameters and confidence of the teacher models, makes distillation a brittle compression mechanism. To mitigate this, we explore the use of post-training quantization for the compression of these models. Here, we find that while distillation provides gains across some low-resource languages, quantization provides more consistent performance trends for the entire range of languages, especially the lowest-resource languages in our target set.
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多语言语言模型(\ mllms),如mbert,xlm,xlm-r,\ textit {etc。}已成为一种可行的选择,使预先估计到大量语言的力量。鉴于他们的成功在零射击转移学习中,在(i)建立更大的\ mllms〜覆盖了大量语言(ii)创建覆盖更广泛的任务和语言来评估的详尽工作基准mllms〜(iii)分析单音零点,零拍摄交叉和双语任务(iv)对Monolingual的性能,了解\ mllms〜(v)增强(通常)学习的通用语言模式(如果有的话)有限的容量\ mllms〜以提高他们在已见甚至看不见语言的表现。在这项调查中,我们审查了现有的文学,涵盖了上述与\ MLLMS有关的广泛研究领域。根据我们的调查,我们建议您有一些未来的研究方向。
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在本文中,我们分享了我们努力建立能够翻译一千多种语言的实用机器翻译(MT)系统的发现。我们在三个研究领域中描述了结果:(i)通过利用半监督预训练的语言识别和开发数据驱动的过滤技术来构建1500多种语言的清洁,网挖数据集; (ii)通过利用大规模的多语言模型来开发用于服务不足的语言的实用MT模型,该模型训练了有监督的并行数据,以使用100多种高资源语言和单语言数据集,以增加1000多种语言; (iii)研究这些语言的评估指标的局限性,并对我们MT模型的输出进行定性分析,突出显示了这些类型模型的几种频繁误差模式。我们希望我们的工作为旨在为当前研究的语言构建MT系统的从业者提供有用的见解,并突出显示可以补充Data-Sparse设置中大量多语言模型的弱点的研究方向。
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机器翻译系统(MTS)是通过将文本或语音从一种语言转换为另一种语言的有效工具。在像印度这样的大型多语言环境中,对有效的翻译系统的需求变得显而易见,英语和一套印度语言(ILS)正式使用。与英语相反,由于语料库的不可用,IL仍然被视为低资源语言。为了解决不对称性质,多语言神经机器翻译(MNMT)系统会发展为在这个方向上的理想方法。在本文中,我们提出了一个MNMT系统,以解决与低资源语言翻译有关的问题。我们的模型包括两个MNMT系统,即用于英语印度(一对多),另一个用于指示英语(多一对多),其中包含15个语言对(30个翻译说明)的共享编码器码头。由于大多数IL对具有很少的平行语料库,因此不足以训练任何机器翻译模型。我们探索各种增强策略,以通过建议的模型提高整体翻译质量。最先进的变压器体系结构用于实现所提出的模型。大量数据的试验揭示了其优越性比常规模型的优势。此外,本文解决了语言关系的使用(在方言,脚本等方面),尤其是关于同一家族的高资源语言在提高低资源语言表现方面的作用。此外,实验结果还表明了ILS的倒退和域适应性的优势,以提高源和目标语言的翻译质量。使用所有这些关键方法,我们提出的模型在评估指标方面比基线模型更有效,即一组ILS的BLEU(双语评估研究)得分。
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Recently, very large pre-trained models achieve state-of-the-art results in various natural language processing (NLP) tasks, but their size makes it more challenging to apply them in resource-constrained environments. Compression techniques allow to drastically reduce the size of the models and therefore their inference time with negligible impact on top-tier metrics. However, the general performance averaged across multiple tasks and/or languages may hide a drastic performance drop on under-represented features, which could result in the amplification of biases encoded by the models. In this work, we assess the impact of compression methods on Multilingual Neural Machine Translation models (MNMT) for various language groups, gender, and semantic biases by extensive analysis of compressed models on different machine translation benchmarks, i.e. FLORES-101, MT-Gender, and DiBiMT. We show that the performance of under-represented languages drops significantly, while the average BLEU metric only slightly decreases. Interestingly, the removal of noisy memorization with compression leads to a significant improvement for some medium-resource languages. Finally, we demonstrate that compression amplifies intrinsic gender and semantic biases, even in high-resource languages. Code: https://github.com/alirezamshi/bias-compressedMT
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Experience management is an emerging business area where organizations focus on understanding the feedback of customers and employees in order to improve their end-to-end experiences. This results in a unique set of machine learning problems to help understand how people feel, discover issues they care about, and find which actions need to be taken on data that are different in content and distribution from traditional NLP domains. In this paper, we present a case study of building text analysis applications that perform multiple classification tasks efficiently in 12 languages in the nascent business area of experience management. In order to scale up modern ML methods on experience data, we leverage cross lingual and multi-task modeling techniques to consolidate our models into a single deployment to avoid overhead. We also make use of model compression and model distillation to reduce overall inference latency and hardware cost to the level acceptable for business needs while maintaining model prediction quality. Our findings show that multi-task modeling improves task performance for a subset of experience management tasks in both XLM-R and mBert architectures. Among the compressed architectures we explored, we found that MiniLM achieved the best compression/performance tradeoff. Our case study demonstrates a speedup of up to 15.61x with 2.60% average task degradation (or 3.29x speedup with 1.71% degradation) and estimated savings of 44% over using the original full-size model. These results demonstrate a successful scaling up of text classification for the challenging new area of ML for experience management.
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对于许多任务,基于变压器的体系结构已经实现了最新的结果,从而导致实践从使用特定于任务的架构到预先训练的语言模型的微调。持续的趋势包括具有越来越多的数据和参数的培训模型,这需要大量资源。它导致了强有力的搜索,以提高基于仅针对英语评估的算法和硬件改进的算法和硬件改进。这引发了有关其可用性的疑问,当应用于小规模的学习问题时,对于资源不足的语言任务,有限的培训数据可用。缺乏适当尺寸的语料库是应用数据驱动和转移学习的方法的障碍。在本文中,我们建立了致力于基于变压器模型的可用性的最新努力,并建议评估这些改进的法语表现,而法语的效果很少。我们通过通过数据增强,超参数优化和跨语性转移来调查各种培训策略来解决与数据稀缺有关的不稳定。我们还为法国弗拉伯特(Fralbert)引入了一种新的紧凑型模型,该模型在低资源环境中被证明具有竞争力。
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在所有人类语言对之间实现通用翻译是机器翻译的圣杯(MT)研究。虽然最近在大量的多语言MT中的进展是达到这一目标的一步,但它变得明显,即简单地通过在更加平行数据上训练扩展多语言MT系统是不可编译的,因为用于低资源和非英语的标记数据的可用性 - 姓氏对禁止有限。为此,我们展示了一种务实的方法,可以使用监督和自我监督目标的混合来构建涵盖数百种语言的多语种MT模型,具体取决于不同语言对的数据可用性。我们展示这两种训练范例之间的协同作用使模型能够在零资源设置中产生高质量的翻译,甚至超过监控的用于中资和中资和中资质。我们开展广泛的实验,了解多语言监督,域错配和平行和单机数据量的效果,以了解我们自我监督的多语言模型的质量。为了展示方法的可扩展性,我们培训具有200多种语言的模型,并在几个先前研究的语言上展示了对零资源翻译的高性能。我们希望我们的调查结果将成为踏脚石,以便为下一千种语言进行翻译。
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语言模型预训练的最新进展利用大规模数据集创建多语言模型。但是,这些数据集中大多遗漏了低资源语言。这主要是因为网络上没有很好地表示口语,因此被排除在用于创建数据集的大规模爬网中。此外,这些模型的下游用户仅限于最初选择用于预训练的语言的选择。这项工作调查了如何最佳利用现有的预培训模型来为16种非洲语言创建低资源翻译系统。我们关注两个问题:1)如何将预训练的模型用于初始预培训中未包含的语言? 2)生成的翻译模型如何有效地转移到新域?为了回答这些问题,我们创建了一个新的非洲新闻语料库,涵盖16种语言,其中8种语言不属于任何现有评估数据集的一部分。我们证明,将两种语言转移到其他语言和其他领域的最有效策略是,以少量的高质量翻译数据微调大型预训练模型。
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The primary obstacle to developing technologies for low-resource languages is the lack of representative, usable data. In this paper, we report the deployment of technology-driven data collection methods for creating a corpus of more than 60,000 translations from Hindi to Gondi, a low-resource vulnerable language spoken by around 2.3 million tribal people in south and central India. During this process, we help expand information access in Gondi across 2 different dimensions (a) The creation of linguistic resources that can be used by the community, such as a dictionary, children's stories, Gondi translations from multiple sources and an Interactive Voice Response (IVR) based mass awareness platform; (b) Enabling its use in the digital domain by developing a Hindi-Gondi machine translation model, which is compressed by nearly 4 times to enable it's edge deployment on low-resource edge devices and in areas of little to no internet connectivity. We also present preliminary evaluations of utilizing the developed machine translation model to provide assistance to volunteers who are involved in collecting more data for the target language. Through these interventions, we not only created a refined and evaluated corpus of 26,240 Hindi-Gondi translations that was used for building the translation model but also engaged nearly 850 community members who can help take Gondi onto the internet.
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语言之间的大多数翻译任务都属于无法使用的零资源翻译问题。与两种通用枢轴翻译相比,多语言神经机器翻译(MNMT)可以使用所有语言的共享语义空间进行一通翻译,但通常表现不佳的基于枢轴的方法。在本文中,我们提出了一种新颖的方法,称为NMT(UM4)的统一多语言多语言多种教师模型。我们的方法统一了来源教师,目标老师和枢轴教师模型,以指导零资源翻译的学生模型。来源老师和目标教师迫使学生学习直接来源,以通过源头和目标方面的蒸馏知识进行目标翻译。枢轴教师模型进一步利用单语语料库来增强学生模型。实验结果表明,我们的72个方向模型在WMT基准测试上明显优于先前的方法。
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我们提出了一种两阶段的培训方法,用于开发单个NMT模型,以翻译英语和英语的看不见的语言。对于第一阶段,我们将编码器模型初始化以鉴定XLM-R和Roberta的权重,然后对25种语言的平行数据进行多种语言微调。我们发现该模型可以推广到对看不见的语言的零击翻译。在第二阶段,我们利用这种概括能力从单语数据集生成合成的并行数据,然后用连续的反向翻译训练。最终模型扩展到了英语到许多方向,同时保持了多到英语的性能。我们称我们的方法为ecxtra(以英语为中心的跨语言(x)转移)。我们的方法依次利用辅助并行数据和单语言数据,并且在概念上很简单,仅在两个阶段都使用标准的跨熵目标。最终的ECXTRA模型对8种低资源语言的无监督NMT进行了评估,该语言为英语至哈萨克语(22.3> 10.4 bleu)以及其他15个翻译方向的竞争性能而获得了新的最先进。
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最近非自动增加(NAR)机器翻译最近取得了显着的改进,现在优于一些基准测试的自动增加(AR)模型,为AR推断提供有效的替代方案。然而,虽然AR转换通常使用多语言模型来实现,但是从语言之间的转移和改善的服务效率,多语言NAR模型仍然相对未开发。作为一个示例NAR模型和变压器作为半NAR模型,采用连接员时间分类(CTC),我们展示了多语种NAR的全面实证研究。我们在容量限制下对相关语言与负转移之间的积极转移来测试其能力。随着NAR模型需要蒸馏培训套,我们仔细研究双语与多语种教师的影响。最后,我们适合多语言NAR的缩放法,这使得其相对于AR模型的性能随着模型量表的增加而定量。
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The BLOOM model is a large open-source multilingual language model capable of zero-shot learning, but its pretraining was limited to 46 languages. To improve its zero-shot performance on unseen languages, it is desirable to adapt BLOOM, but previous works have only explored adapting small language models. In this work, we apply existing language adaptation strategies to BLOOM and benchmark its zero-shot prompting performance on eight new languages. We find language adaptation to be effective at improving zero-shot performance in new languages. Surprisingly, adapter-based finetuning is more effective than continued pretraining for large models. In addition, we discover that prompting performance is not significantly affected by language specifics, such as the writing system. It is primarily determined by the size of the language adaptation data. We also add new languages to BLOOMZ, which is a multitask finetuned version of BLOOM capable of following task instructions zero-shot. We find including a new language in the multitask fine-tuning mixture to be the most effective method to teach BLOOMZ a new language. We conclude that with sufficient training data language adaptation can generalize well to diverse languages. Our code is available at \url{https://github.com/bigscience-workshop/multilingual-modeling/}.
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许多语言对资源低,这意味着可用并行数据的金额和/或质量不足以训练可以达到可接受的准确性标准的神经机器翻译(NMT)。许多作品探索了在任何一种或两种语言中使用易于使用的单晶体数据来提高低,甚至高资源语言的翻译模型的标准。此类作品中最成功的之一是使用目标语言单格式数据的翻译来增加培训数据的量。已经显示了在可用并行数据上培训的后向模型的质量,以确定反平移方法的性能。尽管如此,在标准后退翻译中只有前向模型得到改善。以前的研究提出了一种迭代的反转换方法,用于改进两种迭代的模型。但与传统的背翻译不同,它依赖于目标和源单格式数据。因此,这项工作提出了一种新颖的方法,其使向后和前向模型能够通过分别通过自学习和后翻的混合来从单声道目标数据中受益。实验结果表明,在英国德国低资源神经电脑翻译中传统的背翻译方法的提出方法的优势。我们还提出了一种迭代自学习方法,优于迭代背翻译,同时仅依赖于单机目标数据并要求培训更少的模型。
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我们从任务特定的BERT基教师模型执行知识蒸馏(KD)基准到各种学生模型:Bilstm,CNN,Bert-Tiny,Bert-Mini和Bert-small。我们的实验涉及在两个任务中分组的12个数据集:印度尼西亚语言中的文本分类和序列标记。我们还比较蒸馏的各个方面,包括使用Word Embeddings和未标记的数据增强的使用。我们的实验表明,尽管基于变压器的模型的普及程度不断上升,但是使用Bilstm和CNN学生模型,与修剪的BERT模型相比,使用Bilstm和CNN学生模型提供了性能和计算资源(CPU,RAM和存储)之间的最佳权衡。我们进一步提出了一些快速胜利,通过涉及涉及丢失功能,Word Embeddings和未标记的数据准备的简单选择的高效KD培训机制来生产小型NLP模型。
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This paper presents the OPUS ecosystem with a focus on the development of open machine translation models and tools, and their integration into end-user applications, development platforms and professional workflows. We discuss our on-going mission of increasing language coverage and translation quality, and also describe on-going work on the development of modular translation models and speed-optimized compact solutions for real-time translation on regular desktops and small devices.
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在任何翻译工作流程中,从源到目标的域知识保存至关重要。在翻译行业中,接收高度专业化的项目是很常见的,那里几乎没有任何平行的内域数据。在这种情况下,没有足够的内域数据来微调机器翻译(MT)模型,生成与相关上下文一致的翻译很具有挑战性。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种新颖的方法,用于域适应性,以利用最新的审计语言模型(LMS)来用于特定于域的MT的域数据增强,并模拟(a)的(a)小型双语数据集的域特征,或(b)要翻译的单语源文本。将这个想法与反翻译相结合,我们可以为两种用例生成大量的合成双语内域数据。为了进行调查,我们使用最先进的变压器体系结构。我们采用混合的微调来训练模型,从而显着改善了内域文本的翻译。更具体地说,在这两种情况下,我们提出的方法分别在阿拉伯语到英语对阿拉伯语言对上分别提高了大约5-6个BLEU和2-3 BLEU。此外,人类评估的结果证实了自动评估结果。
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Transformer language models (TLMs) are critical for most NLP tasks, but they are difficult to create for low-resource languages because of how much pretraining data they require. In this work, we investigate two techniques for training monolingual TLMs in a low-resource setting: greatly reducing TLM size, and complementing the masked language modeling objective with two linguistically rich supervised tasks (part-of-speech tagging and dependency parsing). Results from 7 diverse languages indicate that our model, MicroBERT, is able to produce marked improvements in downstream task evaluations relative to a typical monolingual TLM pretraining approach. Specifically, we find that monolingual MicroBERT models achieve gains of up to 18% for parser LAS and 11% for NER F1 compared to a multilingual baseline, mBERT, while having less than 1% of its parameter count. We conclude reducing TLM parameter count and using labeled data for pretraining low-resource TLMs can yield large quality benefits and in some cases produce models that outperform multilingual approaches.
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最近的言语和语言技术的方法预先rain非常大型模型,用于特定任务。然而,这种大型模型的好处通常仅限于世界上少数资源丰富的语言。在这项工作中,我们对来自印度次大陆的低资源语言构建ASR系统进行多种贡献。首先,我们从各种领域策划40个印度语言的17,000小时的原始语音数据,包括教育,新闻,技术和金融。其次,使用这种原始语音数据,我们预先存在于40个印度语言的Wav2Vec样式模型的多个变体。第三,我们分析佩带的模型以查找关键特点:码本矢量的类似探测音素在语言中共享,跨层的表示是语言系列的判别,并且注意力头通常会在小型本地窗口中注意。第四,我们微调了9种语言的下游ASR模型,并在3个公共数据集上获得最先进的结果,包括非常低的资源语言,如Sinhala和Nepali。我们的工作建立了多语言预介质是建立ASR系统的有效策略,为印度次大陆的语言上不同的扬声器建立ASR系统。
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