本文记录了伊图哥本哈根（ITU Copenhagen）生产的法罗伊斯（Faroese）和丹麦（Faroese）之间的句子对数据集。数据涵盖了两种源语言的tranlsation，旨在用作此语言对的机器翻译系统的培训数据。

我们介绍了第一个用于濒危Erzya语言与俄语以及我们为训练和评估它收集的数据集的神经机器翻译系统。BLEU分别分别为Erzya和Russian的BLEU分数分别为17和19，其中一半以上的翻译被以母语为母语的人可以接受。我们还调整了模型以在Erzya和其他10种语言之间转换，但是如果没有其他并行数据，这些方向上的质量仍然很低。我们将翻译模型与收集的文本语料库一起发布，新的语言标识模型以及适合Erzya语言的多语言句子编码器。这些资源将在https://github.com/slone-nlp/myv-nmt上找到。

While the NLP community is generally aware of resource disparities among languages, we lack research that quantifies the extent and types of such disparity. Prior surveys estimating the availability of resources based on the number of datasets can be misleading as dataset quality varies: many datasets are automatically induced or translated from English data. To provide a more comprehensive picture of language resources, we examine the characteristics of 156 publicly available NLP datasets. We manually annotate how they are created, including input text and label sources and tools used to build them, and what they study, tasks they address and motivations for their creation. After quantifying the qualitative NLP resource gap across languages, we discuss how to improve data collection in low-resource languages. We survey language-proficient NLP researchers and crowd workers per language, finding that their estimated availability correlates with dataset availability. Through crowdsourcing experiments, we identify strategies for collecting high-quality multilingual data on the Mechanical Turk platform. We conclude by making macro and micro-level suggestions to the NLP community and individual researchers for future multilingual data development.

We present a corpus professionally annotated for grammatical error correction (GEC) and fluency edits in the Ukrainian language. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first GEC corpus for the Ukrainian language. We collected texts with errors (20,715 sentences) from a diverse pool of contributors, including both native and non-native speakers. The data cover a wide variety of writing domains, from text chats and essays to formal writing. Professional proofreaders corrected and annotated the corpus for errors relating to fluency, grammar, punctuation, and spelling. This corpus can be used for developing and evaluating GEC systems in Ukrainian. More generally, it can be used for researching multilingual and low-resource NLP, morphologically rich languages, document-level GEC, and fluency correction. The corpus is publicly available at https://github.com/grammarly/ua-gec

语言模型预训练的最新进展利用大规模数据集创建多语言模型。但是，这些数据集中大多遗漏了低资源语言。这主要是因为网络上没有很好地表示口语，因此被排除在用于创建数据集的大规模爬网中。此外，这些模型的下游用户仅限于最初选择用于预训练的语言的选择。这项工作调查了如何最佳利用现有的预培训模型来为16种非洲语言创建低资源翻译系统。我们关注两个问题：1）如何将预训练的模型用于初始预培训中未包含的语言？ 2）生成的翻译模型如何有效地转移到新域？为了回答这些问题，我们创建了一个新的非洲新闻语料库，涵盖16种语言，其中8种语言不属于任何现有评估数据集的一部分。我们证明，将两种语言转移到其他语言和其他领域的最有效策略是，以少量的高质量翻译数据微调大型预训练模型。

我们提出了多语言开放文本（MOT），这是一种新的多语言语料库，其中包含44种语言的文本，其中许多语言限制了现有的文本资源用于自然语言处理。该语料库的第一个版本包含超过280万篇新闻文章，并在2001 - 2022年之间发表了另外100万个短片段（照片标题，视频描述等），并从美国之声网站收集。我们描述了收集，过滤和处理数据的过程。原始材料在公共领域，我们的收藏品使用Creative Commons许可证（CC By 4.0）获得许可，并且用于创建该语料库的所有软件均在MIT许可证下发布。随着其他文档的发布，该语料库将定期更新。

The primary obstacle to developing technologies for low-resource languages is the lack of representative, usable data. In this paper, we report the deployment of technology-driven data collection methods for creating a corpus of more than 60,000 translations from Hindi to Gondi, a low-resource vulnerable language spoken by around 2.3 million tribal people in south and central India. During this process, we help expand information access in Gondi across 2 different dimensions (a) The creation of linguistic resources that can be used by the community, such as a dictionary, children's stories, Gondi translations from multiple sources and an Interactive Voice Response (IVR) based mass awareness platform; (b) Enabling its use in the digital domain by developing a Hindi-Gondi machine translation model, which is compressed by nearly 4 times to enable it's edge deployment on low-resource edge devices and in areas of little to no internet connectivity. We also present preliminary evaluations of utilizing the developed machine translation model to provide assistance to volunteers who are involved in collecting more data for the target language. Through these interventions, we not only created a refined and evaluated corpus of 26,240 Hindi-Gondi translations that was used for building the translation model but also engaged nearly 850 community members who can help take Gondi onto the internet.

We study politeness phenomena in nine typologically diverse languages. Politeness is an important facet of communication and is sometimes argued to be cultural-specific, yet existing computational linguistic study is limited to English. We create TyDiP, a dataset containing three-way politeness annotations for 500 examples in each language, totaling 4.5K examples. We evaluate how well multilingual models can identify politeness levels -- they show a fairly robust zero-shot transfer ability, yet fall short of estimated human accuracy significantly. We further study mapping the English politeness strategy lexicon into nine languages via automatic translation and lexicon induction, analyzing whether each strategy's impact stays consistent across languages. Lastly, we empirically study the complicated relationship between formality and politeness through transfer experiments. We hope our dataset will support various research questions and applications, from evaluating multilingual models to constructing polite multilingual agents.

In this work, we introduce IndicXTREME, a benchmark consisting of nine diverse tasks covering 18 languages from the Indic sub-continent belonging to four different families. Across languages and tasks, IndicXTREME contains a total of 103 evaluation sets, of which 51 are new contributions to the literature. To maintain high quality, we only use human annotators to curate or translate\footnote{for IndicXParaphrase, where an automatic translation system is used, a second human verification and correction step is done.} our datasets. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first effort toward creating a standard benchmark for Indic languages that aims to test the zero-shot capabilities of pretrained language models. We also release IndicCorp v2, an updated and much larger version of IndicCorp that contains 20.9 billion tokens in 24 languages. We pretrain IndicBERT v2 on IndicCorp v2 and evaluate it on IndicXTREME to show that it outperforms existing multilingual language models such as XLM-R and MuRIL.

本文介绍了对土耳其语可用于的语料库和词汇资源的全面调查。我们审查了广泛的资源，重点关注公开可用的资源。除了提供有关可用语言资源的信息外，我们还提供了一组建议，并确定可用于在土耳其语言学和自然语言处理中进行研究和建筑应用的数据中的差距。

我们介绍Samanantar，是最大的公开可用的并行Corpora Collection，用于指示语言。该集合中的英语和11个上线语言之间总共包含4970万句对（来自两种语言系列）。具体而言，我们从现有的公共可用并行基层编译1240万句对，另外，从网络上挖掘3740万句对，导致4倍增加。我们通过组合许多语料库，工具和方法来挖掘网站的并行句子：（a）Web爬行单格式语料库，（b）文档OCR，用于从扫描的文档中提取句子，（c）用于对齐句子的多语言表示模型，以及（d）近似最近的邻居搜索搜索大量句子。人类评估新矿业的Corpora的样本验证了11种语言的高质量平行句子。此外，我们使用英语作为枢轴语言，从英式并行语料库中提取所有55个指示语言对之间的834百万句子对。我们培训了跨越Samanantar上所有这些语言的多语种NMT模型，这在公开可用的基准上表现出现有的模型和基准，例如弗洛雷斯，建立萨曼塔尔的效用。我们的数据和模型可在Https://indicnlp.ai4bharat.org/samanantar/上公开提供，我们希望他们能够帮助推进NMT和Multibingual NLP的研究。

意大利的特征是欧洲一种一种独一无二的语言多样性格局，该景观暗中编码了当地知识，文化传统，艺术表达及其演讲者的历史。但是，意大利的30多种语言品种有几代人内消失的风险。语言技术在保存濒危语言方面具有主要作用，但是目前，它在资源不足，主要缺乏标准拼写术的品种中挣扎，主要用于口语环境。在本文中，我们介绍了意大利的语言背景，并讨论了意大利语言品种开发NLP技术面临的挑战。我们提供潜在的方向，并倡导从以机器为中心转向以说话者为中心的NLP的范式转变。最后，我们建议建立一个当地社区，旨在为意大利语言和方言的言语和语言技术负责，参与式发展。

In this paper we present two datasets for Tamasheq, a developing language mainly spoken in Mali and Niger. These two datasets were made available for the IWSLT 2022 low-resource speech translation track, and they consist of collections of radio recordings from the Studio Kalangou (Niger) and Studio Tamani (Mali) daily broadcast news. We share (i) a massive amount of unlabeled audio data (671 hours) in five languages: French from Niger, Fulfulde, Hausa, Tamasheq and Zarma, and (ii) a smaller parallel corpus of audio recordings (17 hours) in Tamasheq, with utterance-level translations in the French language. All this data is shared under the Creative Commons BY-NC-ND 3.0 license. We hope these resources will inspire the speech community to develop and benchmark models using the Tamasheq language.

世界各地的数百万人无法访问网络上的内容，因为大多数内容都没有用他们的语言提供。机器翻译（MT）系统有可能改变这种语言。目前的MT系统为高资源语言对提供了非常准确的结果，例如德语和英语。但是，对于许多低资源语言，MT仍在积极研究中。关键挑战是缺少数据集来构建这些系统。我们呈现Lesan，一个用于低资源语言的MT系统。我们的管道通过利用在线和离线来源来解决低资源MT的关键瓶颈，是埃塞俄比亚的自定义OCR系统和自动对准模块。管道中的最终步骤是序列模型的序列，它将并将语料库与输入进行并联，给我们一个翻译模型。 Lesan的翻译模型是基于变压器架构。构建基础模型后，返回转换，用于利用单旋语。目前莱森支持Tigrinya，Amharic和英语的翻译。我们执行广泛的人类评估，并表明Lesan优于最先进的系统，例如谷歌翻译和全部六对的微软翻译。莱森自由地提供，迄今为止已达到超过1000万译本。目前，只有217个Tigrinya和15,009个Amharic Wikipedia文章。我们相信莱森将通过MT为数百万人民促进对网络的进入。

如果有足够的高质量数据和计算资源，现代语音合成技术可以产生自然的语音。但是，许多语言不容易获得此类数据。本文着重于低资源的非洲语言的语音综合，从语料库创建到共享和部署文本到语音（TTS）系统。我们首先为具有最低技术资源和主题专业知识的构建语音合成系统创建了一组通用说明。接下来，我们通过参与式方法从“发现”数据（现有记录）中创建新的数据集，并考虑可访问性，质量和广度。我们证明，即使在次优环境中记录下来，我们也可以开发出具有25分钟的语音的合成器，这些合成器即使在次优环境中记录下来。最后，我们发布了12种非洲语言的语音数据，代码和受过训练的声音，以支持研究人员和开发人员。

最近的一项研究表明，与人类翻译相比，神经机器翻译包含由相对高频单词制成的更强相关的公式序列，但与相对较少的单词制成的公式性序列相对较少。这些结果是基于质量报纸文章的翻译而获得的，其中人类翻译被认为不是很字面的。本研究试图使用议会语料库复制这项研究。该文本是由三个著名的神经机器翻译系统从法语翻译成英语的：DeepL，Google Translate和Microsoft Translator。结果证实了对新闻语料库的观察结果，但差异不太强烈。他们认为，在比较人类和机器翻译时，最好使用通常会导致更多字面翻译的文本流派，例如议会语料库。关于三个神经机系统之间的差异，与DeepL和Microsoft Translations相比，Google翻译似乎含有较少的高度搭建大型大型大型，而胶合图技术识别出的。

加泰罗坦语言理解基准（Club）包括代表不同NLU任务的各种数据集，以便在一般语言理解评估（胶水）示例之后，可以准确评估语言模型。它是Aina和Plantl的一部分，两项公共资金举措，以赋予人工智能时代的加泰罗尼亚语言。

The Annals of Joseon Dynasty (AJD) contain the daily records of the Kings of Joseon, the 500-year kingdom preceding the modern nation of Korea. The Annals were originally written in an archaic Korean writing system, `Hanja', and were translated into Korean from 1968 to 1993. The resulting translation was however too literal and contained many archaic Korean words; thus, a new expert translation effort began in 2012. Since then, the records of only one king have been completed in a decade. In parallel, expert translators are working on English translation, also at a slow pace and produced only one king's records in English so far. Thus, we propose H2KE, a neural machine translation model, that translates historical documents in Hanja to more easily understandable Korean and to English. Built on top of multilingual neural machine translation, H2KE learns to translate a historical document written in Hanja, from both a full dataset of outdated Korean translation and a small dataset of more recently translated contemporary Korean and English. We compare our method against two baselines: a recent model that simultaneously learns to restore and translate Hanja historical document and a Transformer based model trained only on newly translated corpora. The experiments reveal that our method significantly outperforms the baselines in terms of BLEU scores for both contemporary Korean and English translations. We further conduct extensive human evaluation which shows that our translation is preferred over the original expert translations by both experts and non-expert Korean speakers.

在本文中，我们使用语言数据收集的现场方法讨论了四种低资源印度语语言的演讲语料库的过程中的工作 - Awadhi，Bhojpuri，Braj和Magahi。目前，语料库的总大小约为18小时（每种语言约4-5小时），并用语法信息进行转录和注释，例如词性标签，形态学特征和普遍的依赖关系。我们讨论了以这些语言收集数据的方法，其中大多数是在Covid-19大流行中心进行的，其中之一是为低收入群体带来一些额外的收入，说这些语言。在本文中，我们还讨论了这些语言中自动语音识别系统的基线实验的结果。

我们介绍了Paranames，这是一种多语言并行名称资源，由1.18亿个名称组成，涉及400种语言。为1360万个实体提供了名称，这些实体映射到标准化实体类型（每/loc/org）。使用Wikidata作为来源，我们创建了此类类型的最大资源。我们描述了我们过滤和标准化数据以提供最佳质量的方法。PANAMES对于多语言语言处理非常有用，既可以定义名称翻译/音译的任务，又可以作为任务的补充数据，例如命名实体识别和链接。我们通过训练与英文和英语的规范名称翻译的多语言模型来展示对照群的应用。我们的资源是根据https://github.com/bltlab/paranames发布的创意共享许可证（CC By 4.0）发布的。