Blockchain, also coined as decentralized AI, has the potential to empower AI to be more trustworthy by creating a decentralized trust of privacy, security, and audibility. However, systematic studies on the design principle of Blockchain as a trust engine for an integrated society of Cyber-Physical-Socia-System (CPSS) are still absent. In this article, we provide an initiative for seeking the design principle of Blockchain for a better digital world. Using a hybrid method of qualitative and quantitative studies, we examine the past origin, the current development, and the future directions of Blockchain design principles. We have three findings. First, the answers to whether Blockchain lives up to its original design principle as a distributed database are controversial. Second, the current development of Blockchain community reveals a taxonomy of 7 categories, including privacy and security, scalability, decentralization, applicability, governance and regulation, system design, and cross-chain interoperability. Both research and practice are more centered around the first category of privacy and security and the fourth category of applicability. Future scholars, practitioners, and policy-makers have vast opportunities in other, much less exploited facets and the synthesis at the interface of multiple aspects. Finally, in counter-examples, we conclude that a synthetic solution that crosses discipline boundaries is necessary to close the gaps between the current design of Blockchain and the design principle of a trust engine for a truly intelligent world.
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推荐系统已广泛应用于不同的应用领域,包括能量保存,电子商务,医疗保健,社交媒体等。此类应用需要分析和挖掘大量各种类型的用户数据,包括人口统计,偏好,社会互动等,以便开发准确和精确的推荐系统。此类数据集通常包括敏感信息,但大多数推荐系统专注于模型的准确性和忽略与安全性和用户隐私相关的问题。尽管使用不同的风险减少技术克服这些问题,但它们都没有完全成功,确保了对用户的私人信息的密码安全和保护。为了弥合这一差距,区块链技术作为推动推荐系统中的安全和隐私保存的有希望的策略,不仅是因为其安全性和隐私性突出特征,而且由于其恢复力,适应性,容错和信任特性。本文介绍了涵盖挑战,开放问题和解决方案的基于区块链的推荐系统的整体综述。因此,引入了精心设计的分类,以描述安全和隐私挑战,概述现有框架并在使用区块链之前讨论其应用程序和利益,以指示未来的研究机会。
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Digital engineering transformation is a crucial process for the engineering paradigm shifts in the fourth industrial revolution (4IR), and artificial intelligence (AI) is a critical enabling technology in digital engineering transformation. This article discusses the following research questions: What are the fundamental changes in the 4IR? More specifically, what are the fundamental changes in engineering? What is digital engineering? What are the main uncertainties there? What is trustworthy AI? Why is it important today? What are emerging engineering paradigm shifts in the 4IR? What is the relationship between the data-intensive paradigm and digital engineering transformation? What should we do for digitalization? From investigating the pattern of industrial revolutions, this article argues that ubiquitous machine intelligence (uMI) is the defining power brought by the 4IR. Digitalization is a condition to leverage ubiquitous machine intelligence. Digital engineering transformation towards Industry 4.0 has three essential building blocks: digitalization of engineering, leveraging ubiquitous machine intelligence, and building digital trust and security. The engineering design community at large is facing an excellent opportunity to bring the new capabilities of ubiquitous machine intelligence and trustworthy AI principles, as well as digital trust, together in various engineering systems design to ensure the trustworthiness of systems in Industry 4.0.
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负责任的AI被广泛认为是我们时代最大的科学挑战之一,也是释放AI市场并增加采用率的关键。为了应对负责任的AI挑战,最近已经发布了许多AI伦理原则框架,AI系统应该符合这些框架。但是,没有进一步的最佳实践指导,从业者除了真实性之外没有什么。同样,在算法级别而不是系统级的算法上进行了重大努力,主要集中于数学无关的道德原则(例如隐私和公平)的一部分。然而,道德问题在开发生命周期的任何步骤中都可能发生,从而超过AI算法和模型以外的系统的许多AI,非AI和数据组件。为了从系统的角度操作负责任的AI,在本文中,我们采用了一种面向模式的方法,并根据系统的多媒体文献综述(MLR)的结果提出了负责任的AI模式目录。与其呆在道德原则层面或算法层面上,我们专注于AI系统利益相关者可以在实践中采取的模式,以确保开发的AI系统在整个治理和工程生命周期中负责。负责的AI模式编目将模式分为三组:多层次治理模式,可信赖的过程模式和负责任的逐设计产品模式。这些模式为利益相关者实施负责任的AI提供了系统性和可行的指导。
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With rapid development of blockchain technology as well as integration of various application areas, performance evaluation, performance optimization, and dynamic decision in blockchain systems are playing an increasingly important role in developing new blockchain technology. This paper provides a recent systematic overview of this class of research, and especially, developing mathematical modeling and basic theory of blockchain systems. Important examples include (a) performance evaluation: Markov processes, queuing theory, Markov reward processes, random walks, fluid and diffusion approximations, and martingale theory; (b) performance optimization: Linear programming, nonlinear programming, integer programming, and multi-objective programming; (c) optimal control and dynamic decision: Markov decision processes, and stochastic optimal control; and (d) artificial intelligence: Machine learning, deep reinforcement learning, and federated learning. So far, a little research has focused on these research lines. We believe that the basic theory with mathematical methods, algorithms and simulations of blockchain systems discussed in this paper will strongly support future development and continuous innovation of blockchain technology.
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物联网的最新研究已被广泛应用于工业实践,促进了数据和连接设备的指数增长。此后,各方通过某些数据共享策略将访问数据驱动的AI模型。但是,当前大多数培训程序都依赖于集中式数据收集策略和单个计算服务器。但是,这样的集中计划可能会导致许多问题。存储在集中数据库中的客户数据可能会被篡改,因此数据的出处和真实性是不能合理的。一旦出现上述安全问题,训练有素的AI模型的可信度将是值得怀疑的,甚至在测试阶段也可能产生不利的结果。最近,已经探索了行业4.0和Web 3.0的两种核心技术区块链和AI,以促进分散的AI培训策略。为了实现这一目的,我们提出了一种称为Appflchain的新系统体系结构,即基于Hyperledger织物的区块链和联合学习范式的集成体系结构。我们提出的新系统允许不同的各方共同培训AI模型,其客户或利益相关者由基于联盟区块链的网络连接。由于用户不需要向服务器共享敏感的个人信息,因此我们的新系统可以保持高度的安全性和隐私性。为了进行数值评估,我们模拟了现实世界的场景,以说明Appflchain的整个操作过程。仿真结果表明,利用联盟区块链和联邦学习的特征,Appflchain可以证明有利的特性,包括不可耐受性,可追溯性,隐私保护和可靠的决策。
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BlockChain是一种用于安全地交换数字货币,执行交易和交易有效方式的分散的分类帐,网络的每个用户都可以访问加密分类帐的最少副本,以便它们可以验证新事务。 BlockChain Ledger是过去执行的所有比特币事务的集合。基本上,它是分布式数据库,它维护持续增长的篡改数据结构块,其批量批量个性交易。完成块以线性和时间顺序添加。每个块包含一个时间戳和信息链接,指向前一个块。比特币是一个点对点的权限网络,允许每个用户连接到网络并发送新事务以验证和创建新块。 Satoshi Nakamoto描述了他的研究论文中的比特币数字货币的设计发布到了一个加密术Listserv 2008.Nakamoto的建议已经解决了密码学的长期未决问题,并为数字货币奠定了基础石头。本文解释了比特币的概念,其特点,需要区块链,以及比特币的工作原理。它试图突出区块链在塑造银行,金融服务和思想互联网上的未来的作用。
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With the drive to create a decentralized digital economy, Web 3.0 has become a cornerstone of digital transformation, developed on the basis of computing-force networking, distributed data storage, and blockchain. With the rapid realization of quantum devices, Web 3.0 is being developed in parallel with the deployment of quantum cloud computing and quantum Internet. In this regard, quantum computing first disrupts the original cryptographic systems that protect data security while reshaping modern cryptography with the advantages of quantum computing and communication. Therefore, in this paper, we introduce a quantum blockchain-driven Web 3.0 framework that provides information-theoretic security for decentralized data transferring and payment transactions. First, we present the framework of quantum blockchain-driven Web 3.0 with future-proof security during the transmission of data and transaction information. Next, we discuss the potential applications and challenges of implementing quantum blockchain in Web 3.0. Finally, we describe a use case for quantum non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and propose a quantum deep learning-based optimal auction for NFT trading to maximize the achievable revenue for sufficient liquidity in Web 3.0. In this way, the proposed framework can achieve proven security and sustainability for the next-generation decentralized digital society.
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航空公司中断管理传统上寻求满足三个问题尺寸:飞机调度,船员调度和乘客调度。然而,目前的努力最多只解决了同时解决了前两个问题维度,并且不考虑一个维度在另一个维度上的不确定调度结果的传播效果。此外,现有航空公司中断管理方法包括人类专家,他们决定航空公司时间表中的必要纠正措施。然而,人类专家的能力受到处理大量信息的必要性,以便在中断管理中同时解决所有问题维度的强大决策。因此,需要增加人类专家的决策能力,具有可以在航空公司中断管理中的所有维度之间合理化复杂的相互作用的定量和定性工具,并为航空公司运营控制中心的专家提供客观的见解。为此,我们通过智能多助理系统在航空公司中断管理期间,通过采用人工智能和分布式分析技术原则的智能多助理系统,提供讨论和证明迅速的同时综合恢复所有问题尺寸的迅速综合恢复。结果表明,我们在多项式时间中同时综合恢复的范例在多项式时间中执行,并且当航空公司路线网络中的所有航班被中断时是有效的。
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The technocrat epoch is overflowing with new technologies and such cutting-edge facilities accompany the risks and pitfalls. Robotic process automation is another innovation that empowers the computerization of high-volume, manual, repeatable, everyday practice, rule-based, and unmotivating human errands. The principal objective of Robotic Process Automation is to supplant monotonous human errands with a virtual labor force or a computerized specialist playing out a similar work as the human laborer used to perform. This permits human laborers to zero in on troublesome undertakings and critical thinking. Robotic Process Automation instruments are viewed as straightforward and strong for explicit business process computerization. Robotic Process Automation comprises intelligence to decide if a process should occur. It has the capability to analyze the data presented and provide a decision based on the logic parameters set in place by the developer. Moreover, it does not demand for system integration, like other forms of automation. Be that as it may since the innovation is yet arising, the Robotic Process Automation faces a few difficulties during the execution.
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Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is transforming the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) by enhancing the trust of end-users in machines. As the number of connected devices keeps on growing, the Internet of Things (IoT) market needs to be trustworthy for the end-users. However, existing literature still lacks a systematic and comprehensive survey work on the use of XAI for IoT. To bridge this lacking, in this paper, we address the XAI frameworks with a focus on their characteristics and support for IoT. We illustrate the widely-used XAI services for IoT applications, such as security enhancement, Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), Industrial IoT (IIoT), and Internet of City Things (IoCT). We also suggest the implementation choice of XAI models over IoT systems in these applications with appropriate examples and summarize the key inferences for future works. Moreover, we present the cutting-edge development in edge XAI structures and the support of sixth-generation (6G) communication services for IoT applications, along with key inferences. In a nutshell, this paper constitutes the first holistic compilation on the development of XAI-based frameworks tailored for the demands of future IoT use cases.
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现在已经普遍研究了机器学习(ML),它已应用于现实生活的许多方面。然而,模型和数据问题仍然伴随着ML的发展。例如,传统ML型号的培训仅限于数据集的访问,这通常是专有的;发布的ML模型可能很快过时,无需更新新数据和持续培训;恶意数据贡献者可能上传错误标记的数据,导致不良培训结果;滥用私有数据和数据泄漏也退出。利用区块链,新兴和迅速发展的技术,可以有效地解决这些问题。在本文中,我们对协同ML和区块链的融合进行了调查。我们调查了这两种技术的不同组合方式及其应用领域。我们还讨论了当前研究及其未来方向的局限性。
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数字化和自动化方面的快速进步导致医疗保健的加速增长,从而产生了新型模型,这些模型正在创造新的渠道,以降低成本。 Metaverse是一项在数字空间中的新兴技术,在医疗保健方面具有巨大的潜力,为患者和医生带来了现实的经验。荟萃分析是多种促成技术的汇合,例如人工智能,虚拟现实,增强现实,医疗设备,机器人技术,量子计算等。通过哪些方向可以探索提供优质医疗保健治疗和服务的新方向。这些技术的合并确保了身临其境,亲密和个性化的患者护理。它还提供自适应智能解决方案,以消除医疗保健提供者和接收器之间的障碍。本文对医疗保健的荟萃分析提供了全面的综述,强调了最新技术的状态,即采用医疗保健元元的能力技术,潜在的应用程序和相关项目。还确定了用于医疗保健应用的元元改编的问题,并强调了合理的解决方案作为未来研究方向的一部分。
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随着物联网(IoT)和5G/6G无线通信的进步,近年来,移动计算的范式已经显着发展,从集中式移动云计算到分布式雾计算和移动边缘计算(MEC)。 MEC将计算密集型任务推向网络的边缘,并将资源尽可能接近端点,以解决有关存储空间,资源优化,计算性能和效率方面的移动设备缺点。与云计算相比,作为分布式和更紧密的基础架构,MEC与其他新兴技术的收敛性,包括元元,6G无线通信,人工智能(AI)和区块链,也解决了网络资源分配的问题,更多的网络负载,更多的网络负载,以及延迟要求。因此,本文研究了用于满足现代应用程序严格要求的计算范例。提供了MEC在移动增强现实(MAR)中的应用程序方案。此外,这项调查提出了基于MEC的元元的动机,并将MEC的应用介绍给了元元。特别强调上述一组技术融合,例如6G具有MEC范式,通过区块链加强MEC等。
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The advent of Federated Learning (FL) has ignited a new paradigm for parallel and confidential decentralized Machine Learning (ML) with the potential of utilizing the computational power of a vast number of IoT, mobile and edge devices without data leaving the respective device, ensuring privacy by design. Yet, in order to scale this new paradigm beyond small groups of already entrusted entities towards mass adoption, the Federated Learning Framework (FLF) has to become (i) truly decentralized and (ii) participants have to be incentivized. This is the first systematic literature review analyzing holistic FLFs in the domain of both, decentralized and incentivized federated learning. 422 publications were retrieved, by querying 12 major scientific databases. Finally, 40 articles remained after a systematic review and filtering process for in-depth examination. Although having massive potential to direct the future of a more distributed and secure AI, none of the analyzed FLF is production-ready. The approaches vary heavily in terms of use-cases, system design, solved issues and thoroughness. We are the first to provide a systematic approach to classify and quantify differences between FLF, exposing limitations of current works and derive future directions for research in this novel domain.
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随着物联网,AI和ML/DL算法的出现,数据驱动的医疗应用已成为一种有前途的工具,用于从医学数据设计可靠且可扩展的诊断和预后模型。近年来,这引起了从学术界到工业的广泛关注。这无疑改善了医疗保健提供的质量。但是,由于这些基于AI的医疗应用程序在满足严格的安全性,隐私和服务标准(例如低延迟)方面的困难,因此仍然采用较差。此外,医疗数据通常是分散的和私人的,这使得在人群之间产生强大的结果具有挑战性。联邦学习(FL)的最新发展使得以分布式方式训练复杂的机器学习模型成为可能。因此,FL已成为一个积极的研究领域,尤其是以分散的方式处理网络边缘的医疗数据,以保护隐私和安全问题。为此,本次调查论文重点介绍了数据共享是重大负担的医疗应用中FL技术的当前和未来。它还审查并讨论了当前的研究趋势及其设计可靠和可扩展模型的结果。我们概述了FL将军的统计问题,设备挑战,安全性,隐私问题及其在医疗领域的潜力。此外,我们的研究还集中在医疗应用上,我们重点介绍了全球癌症的负担以及有效利用FL来开发计算机辅助诊断工具来解决这些诊断工具。我们希望这篇评论是一个检查站,以彻底的方式阐明现有的最新最新作品,并为该领域提供开放的问题和未来的研究指示。
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人工智能(AI)正在成为我们日常生活中许多系统的转角石,例如自动驾驶汽车,医疗保健系统和无人飞机系统。机器学习是AI领域,它使系统能够从数据中学习并根据模型对新数据做出决策,以实现给定的目标。 AI模型的随机性质使验证和验证任务具有挑战性。此外,在AI模型中存在固有的双重性,例如生殖偏见,选择偏见(例如种族,性别,颜色)和报告偏见(即结果不反映现实的结果)。越来越多的人特别关注AI的道德,法律和社会影响。 AI系统由于其黑盒性质而难以审核和认证。它们似乎也容易受到威胁。当给出不受信任的数据时,AI系统可能会不良,使其不安全且不安全。政府,国家和国际组织提出了几种克服这些挑战的原则,但是实际上,它们的应用是有限的,并且在原则上有不同的解释可以偏向实施。在本文中,我们研究了基于AI的系统的信任,以了解AI系统值得信赖的意义,并确定需要采取的行动,以确保AI系统值得信赖。为了实现这一目标,我们首先审查了为确保AI系统的可信度的现有方法,以确定在理解可信AI是什么的潜在概念差距。然后,我们建议对AI的信任(零值)模型,并建议一组应满足的属性,以确保AI系统的可信度。
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随着自动机器人解决方案无处不在的越来越多,对它们的连通性和多机器人系统中的合作的兴趣正在上升。当前研究问题的两个方面是机器人安全性和对拜占庭代理商的确保多机器人协作。已提出了区块链和其他分布式分类帐技术(DLT)来应对两个领域的挑战。但是,一些关键挑战包括现实世界网络中的可扩展性和部署。本文提出了一种集成IOTA和ROS 2的方法,以实现更可扩展的基于DLT的机器人系统,同时允许部署后进行网络分区耐受性。据我们所知,这是机器人系统IOTA智能合约的首次实施,以及与ROS2的首次集成设计,这与依赖以太坊的绝大多数文献相比。我们提出了一般的IOTA+ROS 2体系结构,导致耐隔离的决策过程,该过程也从嵌入式区块链结构中继承了拜占庭式公差属性。我们证明了在具有间歇性网络连接的系统中进行合作映射应用程序的拟议框架的有效性。在存在网络分区的情况下,我们在以太坊方面表现出了卓越的性能,在计算资源利用方面的影响很小。这些结果为分布式机器人系统中的区块链解决方案更广泛地集成开辟了道路,其连接性和计算要求较少。
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随着全球人口越来越多的人口驱动世界各地的快速城市化,有很大的需要蓄意审议值得生活的未来。特别是,随着现代智能城市拥抱越来越多的数据驱动的人工智能服务,值得记住技术可以促进繁荣,福祉,城市居住能力或社会正义,而是只有当它具有正确的模拟补充时(例如竭尽全力,成熟机构,负责任治理);这些智能城市的最终目标是促进和提高人类福利和社会繁荣。研究人员表明,各种技术商业模式和特征实际上可以有助于极端主义,极化,错误信息和互联网成瘾等社会问题。鉴于这些观察,解决了确保了诸如未来城市技术基岩的安全,安全和可解释性的哲学和道德问题,以为未来城市的技术基岩具有至关重要的。在全球范围内,有能够更加人性化和以人为本的技术。在本文中,我们分析和探索了在人以人为本的应用中成功部署AI的安全,鲁棒性,可解释性和道德(数据和算法)挑战的关键挑战,特别强调这些概念/挑战的融合。我们对这些关键挑战提供了对现有文献的详细审查,并分析了这些挑战中的一个可能导致他人的挑战方式或帮助解决其他挑战。本文还建议了这些域的当前限制,陷阱和未来研究方向,以及如何填补当前的空白并导致更好的解决方案。我们认为,这种严谨的分析将为域名的未来研究提供基准。
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期望与成功采用AI来创新和改善业务之间仍然存在很大的差距。由于深度学习的出现,AI的采用率更为复杂,因为它经常结合大数据和物联网,从而影响数据隐私。现有的框架已经确定需要专注于以人为中心的设计,结合技术和业务/组织的观点。但是,信任仍然是一个关键问题,需要从一开始就设计。拟议的框架从以人为本的设计方法扩展,强调和维持基于该过程的信任。本文提出了负责人工智能(AI)实施的理论框架。拟议的框架强调了敏捷共同创造过程的协同业务技术方法。目的是简化AI的采用过程来通过在整个项目中参与所有利益相关者来创新和改善业务,以便AI技术的设计,开发和部署与人合作而不是孤立。该框架对基于分析文献综述,概念框架设计和从业者的中介专业知识的负责人AI实施提出了新的观点。该框架强调在以人为以人为中心的设计和敏捷发展中建立和维持信任。这种以人为中心的方式与设计原则的隐私相符和启用。该技术和最终用户的创建者正在共同努力,为业务需求和人类特征定制AI解决方案。关于采用AI来协助医院计划的说明性案例研究将证明该拟议框架适用于现实生活中的应用。
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