事物互联网的蓬勃发展使得能够将其计算和存储能力扩展到计算空中系统中的任务，其中云和边缘协作，特别是对于基于深度学习（DL）的人工智能（AI）任务。收集大量图像/视频数据，无人驾驶飞行器（UAV）由于其存储和计算能力有限，只能将智能分析任务切换到后端移动边缘计算（MEC）服务器。如何有效地传输AI模型的最相关信息是一个具有挑战性的主题。灵感来自近年来的任务型沟通，我们提出了一个新的空中图像传输范例，用于场景分类任务。在前端UAV上开发了轻量级模型，用于语义块传输，具有对图像和信道条件的看法。为了实现传输延迟和分类准确性之间的权衡，深增强学习（DRL）用于探索在各种信道条件下对后端分类器具有最佳贡献的语义块。实验结果表明，与固定传输策略和传统的内容感知方法相比，该方法可以显着提高分类准确性。

Along with the springing up of semantics-empowered communication (SemCom) researches, it is now witnessing an unprecedentedly growing interest towards a wide range of aspects (e.g., theories, applications, metrics and implementations) in both academia and industry. In this work, we primarily aim to provide a comprehensive survey on both the background and research taxonomy, as well as a detailed technical tutorial. Specifically, we start by reviewing the literature and answering the "what" and "why" questions in semantic transmissions. Afterwards, we present corresponding ecosystems, including theories, metrics, datasets and toolkits, on top of which the taxonomy for research directions is presented. Furthermore, we propose to categorize the critical enabling techniques by explicit and implicit reasoning-based methods, and elaborate on how they evolve and contribute to modern content \& channel semantics-empowered communications. Besides reviewing and summarizing the latest efforts in SemCom, we discuss the relations with other communication levels (e.g., reliable and goal-oriented communications) from a holistic and unified viewpoint. Subsequently, in order to facilitate the future developments and industrial applications, we also highlight advanced practical techniques for boosting semantic accuracy, robustness, and large-scale scalability, just to mention a few. Finally, we discuss the technical challenges that shed light on future research opportunities.

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarms are considered as a promising technique for next-generation communication networks due to their flexibility, mobility, low cost, and the ability to collaboratively and autonomously provide services. Distributed learning (DL) enables UAV swarms to intelligently provide communication services, multi-directional remote surveillance, and target tracking. In this survey, we first introduce several popular DL algorithms such as federated learning (FL), multi-agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL), distributed inference, and split learning, and present a comprehensive overview of their applications for UAV swarms, such as trajectory design, power control, wireless resource allocation, user assignment, perception, and satellite communications. Then, we present several state-of-the-art applications of UAV swarms in wireless communication systems, such us reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), virtual reality (VR), semantic communications, and discuss the problems and challenges that DL-enabled UAV swarms can solve in these applications. Finally, we describe open problems of using DL in UAV swarms and future research directions of DL enabled UAV swarms. In summary, this survey provides a comprehensive survey of various DL applications for UAV swarms in extensive scenarios.

最近，通过协作推断部署深神经网络（DNN）模型，该推断将预训练的模型分为两个部分，并分别在用户设备（UE）和Edge Server上执行它们，从而变得有吸引力。但是，DNN的大型中间特征会阻碍灵活的脱钩，现有方法要么集中在单个UE方案上，要么只是在考虑所需的CPU周期的情况下定义任务，但忽略了单个DNN层的不可分割性。在本文中，我们研究了多代理协作推理方案，其中单个边缘服务器协调了多个UES的推理。我们的目标是为所有UES实现快速和节能的推断。为了实现这一目标，我们首先设计了一种基于自动编码器的轻型方法，以压缩大型中间功能。然后，我们根据DNN的推理开销定义任务，并将问题作为马尔可夫决策过程（MDP）。最后，我们提出了一种多代理混合近端策略优化（MAHPPO）算法，以解决混合动作空间的优化问题。我们对不同类型的网络进行了广泛的实验，结果表明，我们的方法可以降低56％的推理潜伏期，并节省多达72 \％的能源消耗。

未来的互联网涉及几种新兴技术，例如5G和5G网络，车辆网络，无人机（UAV）网络和物联网（IOT）。此外，未来的互联网变得异质并分散了许多相关网络实体。每个实体可能需要做出本地决定，以在动态和不确定的网络环境下改善网络性能。最近使用标准学习算法，例如单药强化学习（RL）或深入强化学习（DRL），以使每个网络实体作为代理人通过与未知环境进行互动来自适应地学习最佳决策策略。但是，这种算法未能对网络实体之间的合作或竞争进行建模，而只是将其他实体视为可能导致非平稳性问题的环境的一部分。多机构增强学习（MARL）允许每个网络实体不仅观察环境，还可以观察其他实体的政策来学习其最佳政策。结果，MAL可以显着提高网络实体的学习效率，并且最近已用于解决新兴网络中的各种问题。在本文中，我们因此回顾了MAL在新兴网络中的应用。特别是，我们提供了MARL的教程，以及对MARL在下一代互联网中的应用进行全面调查。特别是，我们首先介绍单代机Agent RL和MARL。然后，我们回顾了MAL在未来互联网中解决新兴问题的许多应用程序。这些问题包括网络访问，传输电源控制，计算卸载，内容缓存，数据包路由，无人机网络的轨迹设计以及网络安全问题。

语义通信引起了人们的兴趣，因为它可以显着减少在不丢失关键信息的情况下要传输的数据量。大多数现有作品都探索文本的语义编码和传输，并在自然语言处理（NLP）中应用技术来解释文本的含义。在本文中，我们构想了图像数据的语义通信，这些语义数据在语义和带宽敏感方面更为丰富。我们提出了一种基于增强学习的自适应语义编码（RL-ASC）方法，该方法编码超过像素级别的图像。首先，我们定义了图像数据的语义概念，该概念包括类别，空间布置和视觉特征作为表示单元，并提出卷积语义编码器以提取语义概念。其次，我们提出了图像重建标准，该标准从传统像素的相似性演变为语义相似性和感知性能。第三，我们设计了一种基于RL的新型语义位分配模型，其奖励是用自适应量化水平编码某个语义概念后的速率语义感知性能的提高。因此，与任务相关的信息得到正确保存和重建，同时丢弃了较少重要的数据。最后，我们提出了基于生成的对抗网（GAN）的语义解码器，该语义解码器通过注意模块融合本地和全球特征。实验结果表明，所提出的RL-ASC具有噪声稳定性，可以重建视觉上令人愉悦和语义一致的图像，并节省与标准编解码器和其他基于深度学习的图像编解码器相比，可以节省位置的时间。

视频编码技术已不断改进，以更高的分辨率以更高的压缩比。但是，最先进的视频编码标准（例如H.265/HEVC和多功能视频编码）仍在设计中，该假设将被人类观看。随着深度神经网络在解决计算机视觉任务方面的巨大进步和成熟，越来越多的视频通过无人参与的深度神经网络直接分析。当计算机视觉应用程序使用压缩视频时，这种传统的视频编码标准设计并不是最佳的。尽管人类视觉系统对具有高对比度的内容一直敏感，但像素对计算机视觉算法的影响是由特定的计算机视觉任务驱动的。在本文中，我们探索并总结了计算机视觉任务的视频编码和新兴视频编码标准，机器的视频编码。

迄今为止，通信系统主要旨在可靠地交流位序列。这种方法提供了有效的工程设计，这些设计对消息的含义或消息交换所旨在实现的目标不可知。但是，下一代系统可以通过将消息语义和沟通目标折叠到其设计中来丰富。此外，可以使这些系统了解进行交流交流的环境，从而为新颖的设计见解提供途径。本教程总结了迄今为止的努力，从早期改编，语义意识和以任务为导向的通信开始，涵盖了基础，算法和潜在的实现。重点是利用信息理论提供基础的方法，以及学习在语义和任务感知通信中的重要作用。

In recent years, the exponential proliferation of smart devices with their intelligent applications poses severe challenges on conventional cellular networks. Such challenges can be potentially overcome by integrating communication, computing, caching, and control (i4C) technologies. In this survey, we first give a snapshot of different aspects of the i4C, comprising background, motivation, leading technological enablers, potential applications, and use cases. Next, we describe different models of communication, computing, caching, and control (4C) to lay the foundation of the integration approach. We review current state-of-the-art research efforts related to the i4C, focusing on recent trends of both conventional and artificial intelligence (AI)-based integration approaches. We also highlight the need for intelligence in resources integration. Then, we discuss integration of sensing and communication (ISAC) and classify the integration approaches into various classes. Finally, we propose open challenges and present future research directions for beyond 5G networks, such as 6G.

Technology advancements in wireless communications and high-performance Extended Reality (XR) have empowered the developments of the Metaverse. The demand for Metaverse applications and hence, real-time digital twinning of real-world scenes is increasing. Nevertheless, the replication of 2D physical world images into 3D virtual world scenes is computationally intensive and requires computation offloading. The disparity in transmitted scene dimension (2D as opposed to 3D) leads to asymmetric data sizes in uplink (UL) and downlink (DL). To ensure the reliability and low latency of the system, we consider an asynchronous joint UL-DL scenario where in the UL stage, the smaller data size of the physical world scenes captured by multiple extended reality users (XUs) will be uploaded to the Metaverse Console (MC) to be construed and rendered. In the DL stage, the larger-size 3D virtual world scenes need to be transmitted back to the XUs. The decisions pertaining to computation offloading and channel assignment are optimized in the UL stage, and the MC will optimize power allocation for users assigned with a channel in the UL transmission stage. Some problems arise therefrom: (i) interactive multi-process chain, specifically Asynchronous Markov Decision Process (AMDP), (ii) joint optimization in multiple processes, and (iii) high-dimensional objective functions, or hybrid reward scenarios. To ensure the reliability and low latency of the system, we design a novel multi-agent reinforcement learning algorithm structure, namely Asynchronous Actors Hybrid Critic (AAHC). Extensive experiments demonstrate that compared to proposed baselines, AAHC obtains better solutions with preferable training time.

In this paper, a semantic communication framework for image transmission is developed. In the investigated framework, a set of servers cooperatively transmit images to a set of users utilizing semantic communication techniques. To evaluate the performance of studied semantic communication system, a multimodal metric is proposed to measure the correlation between the extracted semantic information and the original image. To meet the ISS requirement of each user, each server must jointly determine the semantic information to be transmitted and the resource blocks (RBs) used for semantic information transmission. We formulate this problem as an optimization problem aiming to minimize each server's transmission latency while reaching the ISS requirement. To solve this problem, a value decomposition based entropy-maximized multi-agent reinforcement learning (RL) is proposed, which enables servers to coordinate for training and execute RB allocation in a distributed manner to approach to a globally optimal performance with less training iterations. Compared to traditional multi-agent RL, the proposed RL improves the valuable action exploration of servers and the probability of finding a globally optimal RB allocation policy based on local observation. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can reduce the transmission delay by up to 16.1% compared to traditional multi-agent RL.

The deployment flexibility and maneuverability of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) increased their adoption in various applications, such as wildfire tracking, border monitoring, etc. In many critical applications, UAVs capture images and other sensory data and then send the captured data to remote servers for inference and data processing tasks. However, this approach is not always practical in real-time applications due to the connection instability, limited bandwidth, and end-to-end latency. One promising solution is to divide the inference requests into multiple parts (layers or segments), with each part being executed in a different UAV based on the available resources. Furthermore, some applications require the UAVs to traverse certain areas and capture incidents; thus, planning their paths becomes critical particularly, to reduce the latency of making the collaborative inference process. Specifically, planning the UAVs trajectory can reduce the data transmission latency by communicating with devices in the same proximity while mitigating the transmission interference. This work aims to design a model for distributed collaborative inference requests and path planning in a UAV swarm while respecting the resource constraints due to the computational load and memory usage of the inference requests. The model is formulated as an optimization problem and aims to minimize latency. The formulated problem is NP-hard so finding the optimal solution is quite complex; thus, this paper introduces a real-time and dynamic solution for online applications using deep reinforcement learning. We conduct extensive simulations and compare our results to the-state-of-the-art studies demonstrating that our model outperforms the competing models.

通过大量多输入和多重输出实现的许多性能增长取决于发射机（基站）下链路通道状态信息（CSI）的准确性，这通常是通过在接收器（用户终端）估算并馈入的。到发射器。 CSI反馈的开销占据了大量的上行链路带宽资源，尤其是当传输天线数量较大时。基于深度学习（DL）的CSI反馈是指基于DL的自动编码器的CSI压缩和重建，并且可以大大减少反馈开销。在本文中，提供了有关该主题的最新研究的全面概述，首先是在CSI反馈中广泛使用的基本DL概念，然后对一些现有的基于DL的反馈作品进行分类和描述。重点是新型的神经网络体系结构和沟通专家知识的利用来提高CSI反馈准确性。还介绍了有关CSI反馈和CSI反馈与其他通信模块的联合设计的作品，并讨论了一些实际问题，包括培训数据集收集，在线培训，复杂性，概括和标准化效果。在本文的最后，确定了与未来无线通信系统中基于DL的CSI反馈相关的一些挑战和潜在的研究方向。

Image super-resolution (SR) is a technique to recover lost high-frequency information in low-resolution (LR) images. Spatial-domain information has been widely exploited to implement image SR, so a new trend is to involve frequency-domain information in SR tasks. Besides, image SR is typically application-oriented and various computer vision tasks call for image arbitrary magnification. Therefore, in this paper, we study image features in the frequency domain to design a novel scale-arbitrary image SR network. First, we statistically analyze LR-HR image pairs of several datasets under different scale factors and find that the high-frequency spectra of different images under different scale factors suffer from different degrees of degradation, but the valid low-frequency spectra tend to be retained within a certain distribution range. Then, based on this finding, we devise an adaptive scale-aware feature division mechanism using deep reinforcement learning, which can accurately and adaptively divide the frequency spectrum into the low-frequency part to be retained and the high-frequency one to be recovered. Finally, we design a scale-aware feature recovery module to capture and fuse multi-level features for reconstructing the high-frequency spectrum at arbitrary scale factors. Extensive experiments on public datasets show the superiority of our method compared with state-of-the-art methods.

作为Shannon Paradigm的突破的语义通信旨在成功传输由源传送的语义信息，而不是每种单个符号或位的准确接收，而不管其含义如何。本文提供了关于语义通信的概述。在简要审查Shannon信息理论之后，我们讨论了深入学习的理论，框架和系统设计的语义通信。不同于用于测量传统通信系统的符号/误码率，还讨论了语义通信的新性能度量。这篇文章由几个开放问题结束。

我们呈现深度，第一端到端联合源通道编码（JSCC）视频传输方案，其利用深神经网络（DNN）的力量直接将视频信号映射到信道符号，组合视频压缩，信道编码并且调制步骤进入单个神经变换。我们的DNN解码器预测无失真反馈的残差，这通过占闭塞/脱离和相机运动来提高视频质量。我们同时培训不同的带宽分配网络，以允许变量带宽传输。然后，我们使用强化学习（RL）训练带宽分配网络，该钢筋学习（RL）优化视频帧之间的有限可用信道带宽的分配，以最大限度地提高整体视觉质量。我们的研究结果表明，深度可以克服悬崖效应，这在传统的分离的数字通信方案中普遍存在，并在估计和实际信道质量之间取得不匹配来实现优雅的降级。 DeepWive优于H.264视频压缩，然后在所有信道条件下的低密度奇偶校验（LDPC）代码在多尺度结构相似性指数（MS-SSIM）方面平均达到0.0462，同时跳动H.265 + LDPC平均高达0.0058。我们还说明了通过显示我们的最佳带宽分配策略优于NA \“IVE统一分配来优化JSCC视频传输中的带宽分配的重要性。我们相信这是实现端到端潜力的重要一步优化的JSCC无线视频传输系统优于当前的基于分离的设计。

最近，由于其优越的特征提取性能，深度神经网络（DNN）的应用在诸如计算机视觉（CV）和自然语言处理（NLP）之类的许多领域非常突出。但是，高维参数模型和大规模数学计算限制了执行效率，尤其是用于物联网（IoT）设备。与以前的云/边缘模式不同，为上行链路通信和仅用于设备的设备的巨大压力承担了无法实现的计算强度，我们突出了DNN模型的设备和边缘之间的协作计算，这可以实现良好的平衡通信负载和执行准确性。具体地，提出了一种系统的按需共引起框架来利用多分支结构，其中预先接受的alexNet通过\ emph {早期出口}右尺寸，并在中间DNN层划分。实施整数量化以进一步压缩传输位。结果，我们建立了一个新的深度加强学习（DRL）优化器 - 软演员 - 软件 - 软演员批评者，用于离散（SAC-D），它生成\ emph {退出点}，\ emph {partition point}，\ emph {压缩位通过软策略迭代。基于延迟和准确性意识奖励设计，这种优化器可以很好地适应动态无线信道等复杂环境和任意CPU处理，并且能够支持5G URLLC。 Raspberry PI 4和PC上的真实世界实验显示了所提出的解决方案的表现。

本文调查了大师无人机（MUAV） - 互联网（IOT）网络，我们建议使用配备有智能反射表面（IRS）的可充电辅助UAV（AUAV）来增强来自MUAV的通信信号并将MUAG作为充电电源利用。在拟议的模型下，我们研究了这些能量有限的无人机的最佳协作策略，以最大限度地提高物联网网络的累计吞吐量。根据两个无人机之间是否有收费，配制了两个优化问题。为了解决这些问题，提出了两个多代理深度强化学习（DRL）方法，这些方法是集中培训多师深度确定性政策梯度（CT-MADDPG）和多代理深度确定性政策选项评论仪（MADDPOC）。结果表明，CT-MADDPG可以大大减少对UAV硬件的计算能力的要求，拟议的MADDPOC能够在连续动作域中支持低水平的多代理合作学习，其优于优势基于选项的分层DRL，只支持单代理学习和离散操作。

随着数据生成越来越多地在没有连接连接的设备上进行，因此与机器学习（ML）相关的流量将在无线网络中无处不在。许多研究表明，传统的无线协议高效或不可持续以支持ML，这创造了对新的无线通信方法的需求。在这项调查中，我们对最先进的无线方法进行了详尽的审查，这些方法是专门设计用于支持分布式数据集的ML服务的。当前，文献中有两个明确的主题，模拟的无线计算和针对ML优化的数字无线电资源管理。这项调查对这些方法进行了全面的介绍，回顾了最重要的作品，突出了开放问题并讨论了应用程序方案。

Most semantic communication systems leverage deep learning models to provide end-to-end transmission performance surpassing the established source and channel coding approaches. While, so far, research has mainly focused on architecture and model improvements, but such a model trained over a full dataset and ergodic channel responses is unlikely to be optimal for every test instance. Due to limitations on the model capacity and imperfect optimization and generalization, such learned models will be suboptimal especially when the testing data distribution or channel response is different from that in the training phase, as is likely to be the case in practice. To tackle this, in this paper, we propose a novel semantic communication paradigm by leveraging the deep learning model's overfitting property. Our model can for instance be updated after deployment, which can further lead to substantial gains in terms of the transmission rate-distortion (RD) performance. This new system is named adaptive semantic communication (ASC). In our ASC system, the ingredients of wireless transmitted stream include both the semantic representations of source data and the adapted decoder model parameters. Specifically, we take the overfitting concept to the extreme, proposing a series of ingenious methods to adapt the semantic codec or representations to an individual data or channel state instance. The whole ASC system design is formulated as an optimization problem whose goal is to minimize the loss function that is a tripartite tradeoff among the data rate, model rate, and distortion terms. The experiments (including user study) verify the effectiveness and efficiency of our ASC system. Notably, the substantial gain of our overfitted coding paradigm can catalyze semantic communication upgrading to a new era.