自动SQL生成一直是一个活跃的研究领域,旨在通过以特定意图编写自然语言而不是编写SQL来简化对数据库的访问。语义解析的当前SOTA方法取决于LLMS在基准数据集上实现高预测精度。这降低了其适用性,因为LLMS需要昂贵的GPU。此外,SOTA方法是未接地的,因此不能保证始终生成有效的SQL。在这里,我们提出了T5QL,这是一种新的SQL生成方法,当使用较小的LMS(即T5-base)与SOTA方法相比时,可以改善基准数据集中的性能。此外,保证T5QL始终使用无上下文语法来限制SQL生成的有效SQL。最后,我们表明,在两项任务中进行语义解析,候选SQLS的生成和重新排名,是一个有希望的研究途径,可以减少对大型LM的需求。
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Recently, there has been increasing interest in synthesizing data to improve downstream text-to-SQL tasks. In this paper, we first examined the existing synthesized datasets and discovered that state-of-the-art text-to-SQL algorithms did not further improve on popular benchmarks when trained with augmented synthetic data. We observed two shortcomings: illogical synthetic SQL queries from independent column sampling and arbitrary table joins. To address these issues, we propose a novel synthesis framework that incorporates key relationships from schema, imposes strong typing, and conducts schema-distance-weighted column sampling. We also adopt an intermediate representation (IR) for the SQL-to-text task to further improve the quality of the generated natural language questions. When existing powerful semantic parsers are pre-finetuned on our high-quality synthesized data, our experiments show that these models have significant accuracy boosts on popular benchmarks, including new state-of-the-art performance on Spider.
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从头开始解决复杂问题通常是有挑战性的,但如果我们可以访问其解决方案的其他类似问题,则更容易 - 一种称为基于案例的推理(CBR)的范式。我们提出了一种神经象征性的CBR方法(CBR-KBQA),用于在大知识库上应答。 CBR-KBQA由非参数内存组成,该内存存储案例(问题和逻辑表单)和参数模型,该参数模型可以通过检索与其相关的案例来为新问题生成逻辑表单。在包含复杂问题的几个KBQA数据集上,CBR-KBQA实现了竞争性能。例如,在ComplexWebQuestions数据集上,CBR-KBQA以11 \%的准确度优于当前最新状态。此外,我们表明CBR-KBQA能够使用新案例\ EMPH {没有}任何进一步的培训:通过在案例存储器中纳入一些人类标记的示例,CBR-KBQA能够成功地生成包含未经看线KB实体的逻辑表格以及关系。
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随着未来以数据为中心的决策,对数据库的无缝访问至关重要。关于创建有效的文本到SQL(Text2SQL)模型以访问数据库的数据有广泛的研究。使用自然语言是可以通过有效访问数据库(尤其是对于非技术用户)来弥合数据和结果之间差距的最佳接口之一。它将打开门,并在精通技术技能或不太熟练的查询语言的用户中引起极大的兴趣。即使提出或研究了许多基于深度学习的算法,在现实工作场景中使用自然语言来解决数据查询问题仍然非常具有挑战性。原因是在不同的研究中使用不同的数据集,这带来了其局限性和假设。同时,我们确实缺乏对这些提议的模型及其对其训练的特定数据集的局限性的彻底理解。在本文中,我们试图介绍过去几年研究的24种神经网络模型的整体概述,包括其涉及卷积神经网络,经常性神经网络,指针网络,强化学习,生成模型等的架构。我们还概述11个数据集,这些数据集被广泛用于训练Text2SQL技术的模型。我们还讨论了无缝数据查询中文本2SQL技术的未来应用可能性。
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文本到SQL引起了自然语言处理和数据库社区的关注,因为它能够将自然语言中的语义转换为SQL查询及其在构建自然语言接口到数据库系统中的实际应用。文本到SQL的主要挑战在于编码自然话语的含义,解码为SQL查询,并翻译这两种形式之间的语义。这些挑战已被最近的进步解决了不同的范围。但是,对于这项任务仍缺乏全面的调查。为此,我们回顾了有关数据集,方法和评估的文本到SQL的最新进展,并提供了这项系统的调查,解决了上述挑战并讨论潜在的未来方向。我们希望这项调查可以作为快速获取现有工作并激励未来的研究。
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Current SQL generators based on pre-trained language models struggle to answer complex questions requiring domain context or understanding fine-grained table structure. Humans would deal with these unknowns by reasoning over the documentation of the tables. Based on this hypothesis, we propose DocuT5, which uses off-the-shelf language model architecture and injects knowledge from external `documentation' to improve domain generalization. We perform experiments on the Spider family of datasets that contain complex questions that are cross-domain and multi-table. Specifically, we develop a new text-to-SQL failure taxonomy and find that 19.6% of errors are due to foreign key mistakes, and 49.2% are due to a lack of domain knowledge. We proposed DocuT5, a method that captures knowledge from (1) table structure context of foreign keys and (2) domain knowledge through contextualizing tables and columns. Both types of knowledge improve over state-of-the-art T5 with constrained decoding on Spider, and domain knowledge produces state-of-the-art comparable effectiveness on Spider-DK and Spider-SYN datasets.
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A key missing ability of current language models (LMs) is grounding to real-world environments. Most existing work for grounded language understanding uses LMs to directly generate plans that can be executed in the environment to achieve the desired effects. It casts the burden of ensuring grammaticality, faithfulness, and controllability all on the LMs. We propose Pangu, a generic framework for grounded language understanding that capitalizes on the discriminative ability of LMs instead of their generative ability. Pangu consists of a symbolic agent and a neural LM working in a concerted fashion: the agent explores the environment to incrementally construct valid candidate plans, and the LM evaluates the plausibility of the candidate plans to guide the search process. A case study on the challenging problem of knowledge base question answering (KBQA), which features a massive environment, demonstrates the remarkable effectiveness and flexibility of Pangu: A BERT-base LM is sufficient for achieving a new state of the art on standard KBQA datasets, and larger LMs further improve the performance by a large margin. Pangu also enables, for the first time, effective few-shot in-context learning for KBQA with large LMs such as Codex.
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Parsing natural language questions into executable logical forms is a useful and interpretable way to perform question answering on structured data such as knowledge bases (KB) or databases (DB). However, existing approaches on semantic parsing cannot adapt to both modalities, as they suffer from the exponential growth of the logical form candidates and can hardly generalize to unseen data. In this work, we propose Uni-Parser, a unified semantic parser for question answering (QA) on both KB and DB. We introduce the primitive (relation and entity in KB, and table name, column name and cell value in DB) as an essential element in our framework. The number of primitives grows linearly with the number of retrieved relations in KB and DB, preventing us from dealing with exponential logic form candidates. We leverage the generator to predict final logical forms by altering and composing topranked primitives with different operations (e.g. select, where, count). With sufficiently pruned search space by a contrastive primitive ranker, the generator is empowered to capture the composition of primitives enhancing its generalization ability. We achieve competitive results on multiple KB and DB QA benchmarks more efficiently, especially in the compositional and zero-shot settings.
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本文旨在通过探索基于神经网络的方法(称为Sun)中的内在不确定性来提高文本到SQL解析的性能。从数据不确定性的角度来看,可以从多个语义等效的问题中学到单个SQL。从以前仅限于一对一映射的方法中不同,我们提出了一个数据不确定性限制来探索潜在的互补语义语义多个语义等效问题(多对一)中的信息,并以减少的虚假关联来学习稳健的特征表示。通过这种方式,我们可以降低学习表示的敏感性并改善解析器的鲁棒性。从模型的不确定性角度来看,神经网络的权重之间通常存在结构信息(依赖性)。为了提高神经文本到SQL解析器的普遍性和稳定性,我们提出了模型不确定性约束,以通过强制执行不同扰动编码网络的输出表示形式来完善查询表示形式,以使其彼此一致。在五个基准数据集上进行的广泛实验表明,我们的方法显着优于强大的竞争对手,并实现了新的最新结果。为了获得可重复性,我们在https://github.com/alibabaresearch/damo-convai/tree/main/main/sunsql上发布代码和数据。
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我们探索使用大型预用语言模型作为少量语义解析器。语义解析中的目标是给定自然语言输入的结构化含义表示。但是,培训语言模型以生成自然语言。为了弥合差距,我们使用语言模型来解释进入一个类似于英语的受控的子宫内的输入,可以自动映射到目标含义表示表示。我们的结果表明,只有少量的数据和较少的代码转换为类似英语的代表,我们为快速启动语义解析器的蓝图导致了对多个社区任务的令人惊讶的有效性能,大大超过基线方法也在相同的限制上培训数据。
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我们介绍了BenchClamp,这是一种评估受约束语言模型解析的基准测试,该基准通过通过限制性解码的启动或微调语言模型来基于输入文本的分析来产生语义输出。目前,预审前语言模型的开发人员基于分类,跨度提取和自由文本生成任务。语言解析在语言模型评估中被忽略,因为处理特定于任务的体系结构和表示的复杂性。最近的工作表明,当输出被限制为有效的语义表示时,从提示或微调的语言模型中产生的发电能力可以很好地表现。台式设备包括无上下文的语法,适用于六个具有不同输出含义表示形式的语义解析数据集,以及一个受约束的解码接口,以生成这些语法覆盖的输出。我们为每个数据集提供低,中和高资源分割,从而可以在不同的数据制度下准确比较各种语言模型。我们的基准测试既支持基于及时的学习又支持微调,并为语言模型开发人员提供了易于使用的工具包,以评估语义解析。
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Computational notebooks, such as Jupyter notebooks, are interactive computing environments that are ubiquitous among data scientists to perform data wrangling and analytic tasks. To measure the performance of AI pair programmers that automatically synthesize programs for those tasks given natural language (NL) intents from users, we build ARCADE, a benchmark of 1082 code generation problems using the pandas data analysis framework in data science notebooks. ARCADE features multiple rounds of NL-to-code problems from the same notebook. It requires a model to understand rich multi-modal contexts, such as existing notebook cells and their execution states as well as previous turns of interaction. To establish a strong baseline on this challenging task, we develop PaChiNCo, a 62B code language model (LM) for Python computational notebooks, which significantly outperforms public code LMs. Finally, we explore few-shot prompting strategies to elicit better code with step-by-step decomposition and NL explanation, showing the potential to improve the diversity and explainability of model predictions.
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天然语言对代码模型学会生成具有自然语言(NL)意图的代码段。但是,由于每天引入新的库和功能,因此不可能使用培训示例来覆盖所有API的公开库和专有库和功能的快速增长。因此,现有模型本质上不能仅通过将它们纳入培训数据而概括地使用看不见的功能和库。相反,当人类程序员编写程序时,他们经常指文本资源,例如代码手册,文档和教程,以探索和理解可用的库功能。受此观察的启发,我们介绍了Doccoder:一种方法,该方法通过(1)检索给定NL意图的相关文档明确利用代码手册和文档,以及(2)基于NL意图和检索到的文档生成代码。我们的方法是一般的,可以应用于任何编程语言,并且对基础神经模型不可知。我们证明,Doccoder始终改善NL-TO-代码模型:DOCCODER在新的Bash数据集TLDR上的强基准比强基础高11倍;在受欢迎的Python Conala基准中,Doccoder在强大的基线上提高了1.65 BLEU。
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Conversational text-to-SQL is designed to translate multi-turn natural language questions into their corresponding SQL queries. Most state-of-the-art conversational text- to-SQL methods are incompatible with generative pre-trained language models (PLMs), such as T5. In this paper, we present a two-stage unified MultI-task Generation frAmework (MIGA) that leverages PLMs' ability to tackle conversational text-to-SQL. In the pre-training stage, MIGA first decomposes the main task into several related sub-tasks and then unifies them into the same sequence-to-sequence (Seq2Seq) paradigm with task-specific natural language prompts to boost the main task from multi-task training. Later in the fine-tuning stage, we propose four SQL perturbations to alleviate the error propagation problem. MIGA tends to achieve state-of-the-art performance on two benchmarks (SparC and CoSQL). We also provide extensive analyses and discussions to shed light on some new perspectives for conversational text-to-SQL.
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自然语言接口到数据库(NLIDB),其中用户在自然语言(NL)上姿势查询是至关重要的,使非专家能够从数据中获得见解。相比之下,开发此类接口依赖于经常代码启发式的专家来映射NL到SQL。或者,基于机器学习模型的NLIDB依赖于用作训练数据的NL到SQL映射的监督示例(NL-SQL对)。再次采购这些示例,使用专家,该专家通常涉及超过一次性相互作用。即,部署NLIDB的每个数据域都可能具有不同的特征,因此需要专用的启发式或域特定的培训示例。为此,我们提出了一种使用弱监管培训基于机器学习的NLIDB的替代方法。我们使用最近提出的问题分解表示称为qdmr,是NL和正式查询语言之间的中间。最近的工作表明,非专家通常在将NL转化为QDMR时是成功的。因此,我们使用NL-QDMR对以及问题答案,作为自动综合SQL查询的监督。然后使用NL问题和合成的SQL来培训NL-TO-SQL模型,我们在五个基准数据集中测试。广泛的实验表明,我们的解决方案需要零专家注释,竞争性地与专家注释数据培训的模型竞争地表现得很竞争。
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关于文本到SQL语义解析的最新研究取决于解析器本身或基于简单的启发式方法来理解自然语言查询(NLQ)。合成SQL查询时,没有可用的NLQ的明确语义信息,从而导致不良的概括性能。此外,如果没有词汇级的细粒度查询理解,查询与数据库之间的链接只能依赖模糊的字符串匹配,这会导致实际应用中的次优性能。考虑到这一点,在本文中,我们提出了一个基于令牌级的细粒度查询理解的通用,模块化的神经语义解析框架。我们的框架由三个模块组成:命名实体识别器(NER),神经实体接头(NEL)和神经语义解析器(NSP)。通过共同建模查询和数据库,NER模型可以分析用户意图并确定查询中的实体。 NEL模型将类型的实体链接到数据库中的模式和单元格值。解析器模型利用可用的语义信息并链接结果并根据动态生成的语法合成树结构的SQL查询。新发布的语义解析数据集的Squall实验表明,我们可以在WikiableQuestions(WTQ)测试集上实现56.8%的执行精度,这使最先进的模型的表现优于2.7%。
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Task-oriented semantic parsing is increasingly being used in user-facing applications, making measuring the calibration of parsing models especially important. We examine the calibration characteristics of six models across three model families on two common English semantic parsing datasets, finding that many models are reasonably well-calibrated and that there is a trade-off between calibration and performance. Based on confidence scores across three models, we propose and release new challenge splits of the two datasets we examine. We then illustrate the ways a calibrated model can be useful in balancing common trade-offs in task-oriented parsing. In a simulated annotator-in-the-loop experiment, we show that using model confidence allows us to improve the accuracy on validation programs by 9.6% (absolute) with annotator interactions on only 2.2% of tokens. Using sequence-level confidence scores, we then examine how we can optimize trade-off between a parser's usability and safety. We show that confidence-based thresholding can reduce the number of incorrect low-confidence programs executed by 76%; however, this comes at a cost to usability. We propose the DidYouMean system which balances usability and safety. We conclude by calling for calibration to be included in the evaluation of semantic parsing systems, and release a library for computing calibration metrics.
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在知识库(KBQA)上回答的问题对语义解析研究提出了一个独特的挑战,这是由于两个相互交织的挑战:大大的搜索空间和模式链接中的歧义。基于常规排名的KBQA模型依靠候选枚举步骤来减少搜索空间,在预测复杂查询方面具有灵活性而挣扎并具有不切实际的运行时间。在本文中,我们提出了Arcaneqa,这是一个基于新的一代模型,它既解决统一框架中的大型搜索空间和架构将挑战联系起来的挑战,以及两种相互增强的成分:动态程序诱导,以解决大型搜索空间和动态上下文化的编码,以用于模式链接。多个流行KBQA数据集的实验结果证明了Arcaneqa在有效性和效率方面的竞争性能高。
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文本到SQL解析是一项必不可少且具有挑战性的任务。文本到SQL解析的目的是根据关系数据库提供的证据将自然语言(NL)问题转换为其相应的结构性查询语言(SQL)。来自数据库社区的早期文本到SQL解析系统取得了显着的进展,重度人类工程和用户与系统的互动的成本。近年来,深层神经网络通过神经生成模型显着提出了这项任务,该模型会自动学习从输入NL问题到输出SQL查询的映射功能。随后,大型的预训练的语言模型将文本到SQL解析任务的最新作品带到了一个新级别。在这项调查中,我们对文本到SQL解析的深度学习方法进行了全面的评论。首先,我们介绍了文本到SQL解析语料库,可以归类为单转和多转。其次,我们提供了预先训练的语言模型和现有文本解析方法的系统概述。第三,我们向读者展示了文本到SQL解析所面临的挑战,并探索了该领域的一些潜在未来方向。
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学习捕获文本表对齐对于文本到SQL等任务至关重要。一个模型需要正确识别对列和值的自然语言引用,并在给定的数据库架构中将其扎根。在本文中,我们为文本到SQL提出了一个新颖的弱监督结构接地预处理框架(strug),可以有效地学习基于平行的文本表语料库来捕获文本表对齐。我们确定了一组新的预测任务:列接地,价值接地和列值映射,并利用它们为文本表编码预处理。此外,为了评估更现实的文本表对齐设置下的不同方法,我们基于蜘蛛dev设置的新评估集蜘蛛现实化,并明确提及已删除的列名,并采用八个现有的文本到SQL数据集以进行交叉 - 数据库评估。在所有设置中,Strug对Bert-Large都有显着改善。与现有的预训练方法(例如Grappa)相比,Strug在蜘蛛方面的性能相似,并且在更现实的集合上都优于所有基线。蜘蛛现实的数据集可从https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5205322获得。
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