Task-oriented semantic parsing is increasingly being used in user-facing applications, making measuring the calibration of parsing models especially important. We examine the calibration characteristics of six models across three model families on two common English semantic parsing datasets, finding that many models are reasonably well-calibrated and that there is a trade-off between calibration and performance. Based on confidence scores across three models, we propose and release new challenge splits of the two datasets we examine. We then illustrate the ways a calibrated model can be useful in balancing common trade-offs in task-oriented parsing. In a simulated annotator-in-the-loop experiment, we show that using model confidence allows us to improve the accuracy on validation programs by 9.6% (absolute) with annotator interactions on only 2.2% of tokens. Using sequence-level confidence scores, we then examine how we can optimize trade-off between a parser's usability and safety. We show that confidence-based thresholding can reduce the number of incorrect low-confidence programs executed by 76%; however, this comes at a cost to usability. We propose the DidYouMean system which balances usability and safety. We conclude by calling for calibration to be included in the evaluation of semantic parsing systems, and release a library for computing calibration metrics.
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我们探索使用大型预用语言模型作为少量语义解析器。语义解析中的目标是给定自然语言输入的结构化含义表示。但是,培训语言模型以生成自然语言。为了弥合差距,我们使用语言模型来解释进入一个类似于英语的受控的子宫内的输入,可以自动映射到目标含义表示表示。我们的结果表明,只有少量的数据和较少的代码转换为类似英语的代表,我们为快速启动语义解析器的蓝图导致了对多个社区任务的令人惊讶的有效性能,大大超过基线方法也在相同的限制上培训数据。
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尽管改善神经对话代理的事实准确性是大量研究的对象,但在神经对话的环境中,沟通的另一个重要方面是对无知的透明度。在这项工作中,我们分析了最新的聊天模型在多大程度上是语言校准的,因为它们的疑问(或信心)的口头表达与该模型的响应实际上是不正确(或正确)的可能性相匹配。 。我们发现这些模型的校准很差,但是我们表明可以准确预测正确性的可能性。通过将这种元认知特征纳入可控生成模型的训练中,我们获得了具有大大改进语言校准的对话代理。尽管改善神经对话代理的事实准确性是大量研究的对象,但在神经对话的环境中,沟通的另一个重要方面是对无知的透明度。在这项工作中,我们分析了最新的聊天模型在多大程度上是语言校准的,因为它们的疑问(或信心)的口头表达与该模型的响应实际上是不正确(或正确)的可能性相匹配。 。我们发现这些模型的校准很差,但是我们表明可以准确预测正确性的可能性。通过将这种元认知特征纳入可控生成模型的训练中,我们获得了具有大大改进语言校准的对话代理。
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机器学习(ML)模型越来越多地用于在现实世界应用中做出关键决策,但它们也变得更加复杂,使它们更难理解。为此,已经提出了几种解释模型预测的技术。但是,从业人员努力利用解释,因为他们通常不知道该使用哪个,如何解释结果,并且可能没有足够的数据科学经验来获得解释。此外,大多数当前的作品都集中在生成一声解释上,并且不允许用户跟进并提出有关解释的细粒度问题,这可能会令人沮丧。在这项工作中,我们通过引入TalkTomodel:一个开放式对话系统来解决这些挑战,以了解机器学习模型。具体而言,TalkTomodel包括三个关键组成部分:1)用于参与对话的自然语言接口,使理解高度访问的ML模型,2)适应任何表格模型和数据集的对话引擎,解释自然语言,将其映射到适当的操作(例如,特征重要性解释,反事实说明,显示模型错误)并生成文本响应,3)执行组件运行操作并确保说明准确。我们对TalkTomodel进行了定量和人类的主题评估。我们发现该系统以高精度了解新颖数据集和模型上的用户问题,这表明了系统将其推广到新情况的能力。在人类评估中,有73%的医护人员(例如,医生和护士)同意他们将使用TalkTomodel对基线点击系统使用,而84.6%的ML研究生同意TalkTomodel更容易使用。
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我们介绍了Sparrow,这是一个寻求信息的对话代理,与提示的语言模型基线相比,训练有素,更有帮助,正确和无害。我们使用从人类反馈中的强化学习来培训我们的模型,以帮助人类评估者判断代理人的行为。首先,为了使我们的代理人更有帮助和无害,我们将良好对话的要求分解为代理人应遵循的自然语言规则,并分别向评估者询问每个规则。我们证明,这种崩溃使我们能够收集对代理行为的更多针对性的人类判断,并允许更有效的规则条件奖励模型。其次,我们的代理商在收集对模型声明的偏好判决时提供了支持事实主张的来源的证据。对于事实问题,麻雀提供的证据支持了78%的时间。比基线比基线更享受麻雀,同时对人类的对抗性探测更具弹性,在探测时只有8%的时间违反了我们的规则。最后,我们进行了广泛的分析,表明尽管我们的模型学会遵守我们的规则,但它可以表现出分布偏见。
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Natural Language Generation (NLG) has improved exponentially in recent years thanks to the development of sequence-to-sequence deep learning technologies such as Transformer-based language models. This advancement has led to more fluent and coherent NLG, leading to improved development in downstream tasks such as abstractive summarization, dialogue generation and data-to-text generation. However, it is also apparent that deep learning based generation is prone to hallucinate unintended text, which degrades the system performance and fails to meet user expectations in many real-world scenarios. To address this issue, many studies have been presented in measuring and mitigating hallucinated texts, but these have never been reviewed in a comprehensive manner before. In this survey, we thus provide a broad overview of the research progress and challenges in the hallucination problem in NLG. The survey is organized into two parts: (1) a general overview of metrics, mitigation methods, and future directions; and (2) an overview of task-specific research progress on hallucinations in the following downstream tasks, namely abstractive summarization, dialogue generation, generative question answering, data-to-text generation, machine translation, and visual-language generation. This survey serves to facilitate collaborative efforts among researchers in tackling the challenge of hallucinated texts in NLG.
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Computational notebooks, such as Jupyter notebooks, are interactive computing environments that are ubiquitous among data scientists to perform data wrangling and analytic tasks. To measure the performance of AI pair programmers that automatically synthesize programs for those tasks given natural language (NL) intents from users, we build ARCADE, a benchmark of 1082 code generation problems using the pandas data analysis framework in data science notebooks. ARCADE features multiple rounds of NL-to-code problems from the same notebook. It requires a model to understand rich multi-modal contexts, such as existing notebook cells and their execution states as well as previous turns of interaction. To establish a strong baseline on this challenging task, we develop PaChiNCo, a 62B code language model (LM) for Python computational notebooks, which significantly outperforms public code LMs. Finally, we explore few-shot prompting strategies to elicit better code with step-by-step decomposition and NL explanation, showing the potential to improve the diversity and explainability of model predictions.
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Much recent work in task-oriented parsing has focused on finding a middle ground between flat slots and intents, which are inexpressive but easy to annotate, and powerful representations such as the lambda calculus, which are expressive but costly to annotate. This paper continues the exploration of task-oriented parsing by introducing a new dataset for parsing pizza and drink orders, whose semantics cannot be captured by flat slots and intents. We perform an extensive evaluation of deep-learning techniques for task-oriented parsing on this dataset, including different flavors of seq2seq systems and RNNGs. The dataset comes in two main versions, one in a recently introduced utterance-level hierarchical notation that we call TOP, and one whose targets are executable representations (EXR). We demonstrate empirically that training the parser to directly generate EXR notation not only solves the problem of entity resolution in one fell swoop and overcomes a number of expressive limitations of TOP notation, but also results in significantly greater parsing accuracy.
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Functionality and dialogue experience are two important factors of task-oriented dialogue systems. Conventional approaches with closed schema (e.g., conversational semantic parsing) often fail as both the functionality and dialogue experience are strongly constrained by the underlying schema. We introduce a new paradigm for task-oriented dialogue - Dialog2API - to greatly expand the functionality and provide seamless dialogue experience. The conversational model interacts with the environment by generating and executing programs triggering a set of pre-defined APIs. The model also manages the dialogue policy and interact with the user through generating appropriate natural language responses. By allowing generating free-form programs, Dialog2API supports composite goals by combining different APIs, whereas unrestricted program revision provides natural and robust dialogue experience. To facilitate Dialog2API, the core model is provided with API documents, an execution environment and optionally some example dialogues annotated with programs. We propose an approach tailored for the Dialog2API, where the dialogue states are represented by a stack of programs, with most recently mentioned program on the top of the stack. Dialog2API can work with many application scenarios such as software automation and customer service. In this paper, we construct a dataset for AWS S3 APIs and present evaluation results of in-context learning baselines.
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我们介绍了BenchClamp,这是一种评估受约束语言模型解析的基准测试,该基准通过通过限制性解码的启动或微调语言模型来基于输入文本的分析来产生语义输出。目前,预审前语言模型的开发人员基于分类,跨度提取和自由文本生成任务。语言解析在语言模型评估中被忽略,因为处理特定于任务的体系结构和表示的复杂性。最近的工作表明,当输出被限制为有效的语义表示时,从提示或微调的语言模型中产生的发电能力可以很好地表现。台式设备包括无上下文的语法,适用于六个具有不同输出含义表示形式的语义解析数据集,以及一个受约束的解码接口,以生成这些语法覆盖的输出。我们为每个数据集提供低,中和高资源分割,从而可以在不同的数据制度下准确比较各种语言模型。我们的基准测试既支持基于及时的学习又支持微调,并为语言模型开发人员提供了易于使用的工具包,以评估语义解析。
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本文介绍了Okapi,用于自然语言的新数据集到可执行的Web应用程序编程接口(NL2API)。此数据集是英文,包含22,508个问题和9,019个独特的API呼叫,涵盖三个域。我们为NL2API定义了新的组成泛化任务,该任务探讨了在推理阶段中的培训中从简单API调用外推开的模型能力。此外,该模型必须生成正确执行的API调用,而不是与现有方法进行正确执行,该方法评估具有占位符值的查询。我们的数据集与大多数现有的组合语义解析数据集不同,因为它是一个非合成数据集,研究了低资源设置中的组成概括。 Okapi是创建现实数据集和基准的一步,用于研究与现有数据集和任务一起学习组成泛化。我们报告了在各种扫描和okapi数据集任务上培训的序列到序列基线模型的泛化能力。当从简单API调用概括到更复杂的API调用时,最佳模型可实现15 \%精确匹配的准确性。这突出了未来研究的一些挑战。 okapi数据集和任务在https://aka.ms/nl2api/data上公开使用。
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大多数低编码平台的用户,例如Excel和PowerApps,都以特定于域的公式语言编写程序来执行非平凡的任务。用户通常可以编写他们想要的大部分程序,但是引入了一些小错误,这些错误会产生破损的公式。这些错误既可以是句法和语义,也很难让低代码用户识别和修复,即使只能通过一些编辑解决。我们正式化了产生最后一英里维修问题等编辑的问题。为了解决这个问题,我们开发了Lamirage,这是一种最后一英里的维修发动机发电机,结合了符号和神经技术,以低代码公式语言进行最后一英里维修。 Lamirage采用语法和一组特定领域的约束/规则,它们共同近似目标语言,并使用它们来生成可以用该语言修复公式的维修引擎。为了应对本地化错误和对候选维修进行排名的挑战,Lamirage利用神经技术,而它依赖于符号方法来生成候选维修。这种组合使Lamirage可以找到满足提供的语法和约束的维修,然后选择最自然的修复。我们将Lamirage与400个Real Excel和PowerFX公式的最新神经和符号方法进行了比较,其中Lamirage的表现优于所有基线。我们释放这些基准,以鼓励在低代码域中进行后续工作。
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Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) is the task of automatically detecting and correcting errors in text. The task not only includes the correction of grammatical errors, such as missing prepositions and mismatched subject-verb agreement, but also orthographic and semantic errors, such as misspellings and word choice errors respectively. The field has seen significant progress in the last decade, motivated in part by a series of five shared tasks, which drove the development of rule-based methods, statistical classifiers, statistical machine translation, and finally neural machine translation systems which represent the current dominant state of the art. In this survey paper, we condense the field into a single article and first outline some of the linguistic challenges of the task, introduce the most popular datasets that are available to researchers (for both English and other languages), and summarise the various methods and techniques that have been developed with a particular focus on artificial error generation. We next describe the many different approaches to evaluation as well as concerns surrounding metric reliability, especially in relation to subjective human judgements, before concluding with an overview of recent progress and suggestions for future work and remaining challenges. We hope that this survey will serve as comprehensive resource for researchers who are new to the field or who want to be kept apprised of recent developments.
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源代码存储库由大型代码库组成,通常包含容易发生的程序。软件的复杂性日益增加导致时间和识别这些缺陷的时间和成本急剧上升。存在各种方法可以自动生成错误代码的修复程序。但是,由于特定错误的可能解决方案的组合空间很大,因此没有很多工具和数据集可以有效地评估生成的代码。在这项工作中,我们介绍了FixeVal,这是一个基准,其中包括竞争性编程问题及其各自修复程序的基准。我们引入了丰富的测试套件,以评估和评估模型生成程序修复的正确性。我们将两种在编程语言上鉴定的变压器语言模型视为我们的基准,并使用基于匹配和基于执行的评估指标对其进行比较。我们的实验表明,基于匹配的指标不能准确反映模型生成的程序修复,而基于执行的方法通过专门为该解决方案设计的所有情况和场景评估程序。因此,我们认为FixeVal提供了朝着实际自动错误修复和模型生成的代码评估的步骤。
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In natural language understanding (NLU) production systems, users' evolving needs necessitate the addition of new features over time, indexed by new symbols added to the meaning representation space. This requires additional training data and results in ever-growing datasets. We present the first systematic investigation of this incremental symbol learning scenario. Our analysis reveals a troubling quirk in building broad-coverage NLU systems: as the training dataset grows, performance on the new symbol often decreases if we do not accordingly increase its training data. This suggests that it becomes more difficult to learn new symbols with a larger training dataset. We show that this trend holds for multiple mainstream models on two common NLU tasks: intent recognition and semantic parsing. Rejecting class imbalance as the sole culprit, we reveal that the trend is closely associated with an effect we call source signal dilution, where strong lexical cues for the new symbol become diluted as the training dataset grows. Selectively dropping training examples to prevent dilution often reverses the trend, showing the over-reliance of mainstream neural NLU models on simple lexical cues. Code, models, and data are available at https://aka.ms/nlu-incremental-symbol-learning
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我们提出了Blenderbot 3,这是一个175B参数对话模型,能够通过访问Internet和长期内存进行开放域对话,并接受了大量用户定义的任务的培训。我们同时发布了模型权重和代码,还将模型部署在公共网页上,以与有机用户进行交互。该技术报告描述了该模型的构建方式(建筑,模型和培训计划)以及其部署的细节,包括安全机制。人类评估表明,它优于现有的开放域对话代理,包括其前身(Roller等,2021; Komeili等,2022)。最后,我们使用部署收集的数据详细介绍了持续学习的计划,该数据也将公开发布。因此,该研究计划的目标是使社区能够研究通过互动学习的不断改进的负责任的代理商。
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在现实世界中的对话系统中,生成的响应必须满足几个互锁的限制:内容丰富,真实且易于控制。语言生成中的两个主要范式 - 神经语言建模和基于规则的一代 - 都难以满足这些约束。即使是最好的神经模型,也容易出现信息的幻觉和省略,而现有的基于规则的形式的形式使得很难编写既灵活又流利的语法。我们描述了对话响应产生的混合体系结构,结合了两种方法的优势。该体系结构有两个组件。首先,使用新的正式框架定义的基于规则的内容选择模型,称为数据流转导,该模型使用声明性规则将对话代理的计算(表示为数据流图)转换为代表上下文可接受响应空间的无上下文语法。其次,使用这些语法来限制神经语言模型的输出的受约束解码过程,该过程选择流利的话语。最终的系统在人类对流利,相关性和真实性的评估中的表现都优于基于规则的方法和学识渊博的方法。
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机器学习已经急剧提高,在多模式任务中缩小了人类的准确性差距,例如视觉问题答案(VQA)。但是,尽管人类在不确定的时候可以说“我不知道”(即避免回答问题),但这种能力在多模式研究中被大大忽略了,尽管此问题对VQA的使用很重要,而VQA实际上使用了VQA。设置。在这项工作中,我们为可靠的VQA提出了一个问题制定,我们更喜欢弃权,而不是提供错误的答案。我们首先为多种VQA模型提供了弃戒功能,并分析了它们的覆盖范围,回答的问题的一部分和风险,该部分的错误。为此,我们探索了几种弃权方法。我们发现,尽管最佳性能模型在VQA V2数据集上实现了超过71%的准确性,但通过直接使用模型的SoftMax得分介绍了弃权的选项,限制了它们的少于8%的问题,以达到错误的错误风险(即1%)。这促使我们利用多模式选择功能直接估计预测答案的正确性,我们显示的可以将覆盖率增加,例如,在1%风险下,2.4倍从6.8%到16.3%。尽管分析覆盖范围和风险很重要,但这些指标具有权衡,这使得比较VQA模型具有挑战性。为了解决这个问题,我们还建议对VQA的有效可靠性指标,与弃权相比,将不正确的答案的成本更大。 VQA的这种新问题制定,度量和分析为构建有效和可靠的VQA模型提供了基础,这些模型具有自我意识,并且只有当他们不知道答案时才戒除。
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鉴于大型语言模型的广泛能力,应该有可能朝着一般的文本的助手工作,这些助手与人类价值一致,这意味着它是有帮助,诚实的和无害的。在此方向上的初始遗传,我们研究简单的基线技术和评估,例如提示。我们发现,从模型规模增加适度的干预措施的好处,概括为各种对准评估,并不会损害大型模型的性能。接下来,我们调查与对齐,比较仿制,二进制歧视和排名偏好建模相关的几个培训目标的缩放趋势。我们发现排名优先级模型比模仿学习更好地表现得多,并且通常以模型大小更有利地缩放。相比之下,二进制歧视通常与模仿学习非常类似地执行和缩放。最后,我们研究了一种“偏好模型预训练阶段的培训阶段,其目的是在对人偏好的芬明时提高样本效率。
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随着未来以数据为中心的决策,对数据库的无缝访问至关重要。关于创建有效的文本到SQL(Text2SQL)模型以访问数据库的数据有广泛的研究。使用自然语言是可以通过有效访问数据库(尤其是对于非技术用户)来弥合数据和结果之间差距的最佳接口之一。它将打开门,并在精通技术技能或不太熟练的查询语言的用户中引起极大的兴趣。即使提出或研究了许多基于深度学习的算法,在现实工作场景中使用自然语言来解决数据查询问题仍然非常具有挑战性。原因是在不同的研究中使用不同的数据集,这带来了其局限性和假设。同时,我们确实缺乏对这些提议的模型及其对其训练的特定数据集的局限性的彻底理解。在本文中,我们试图介绍过去几年研究的24种神经网络模型的整体概述,包括其涉及卷积神经网络,经常性神经网络,指针网络,强化学习,生成模型等的架构。我们还概述11个数据集,这些数据集被广泛用于训练Text2SQL技术的模型。我们还讨论了无缝数据查询中文本2SQL技术的未来应用可能性。
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