文本到SQL引起了自然语言处理和数据库社区的关注,因为它能够将自然语言中的语义转换为SQL查询及其在构建自然语言接口到数据库系统中的实际应用。文本到SQL的主要挑战在于编码自然话语的含义,解码为SQL查询,并翻译这两种形式之间的语义。这些挑战已被最近的进步解决了不同的范围。但是,对于这项任务仍缺乏全面的调查。为此,我们回顾了有关数据集,方法和评估的文本到SQL的最新进展,并提供了这项系统的调查,解决了上述挑战并讨论潜在的未来方向。我们希望这项调查可以作为快速获取现有工作并激励未来的研究。
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文本到SQL解析是一项必不可少且具有挑战性的任务。文本到SQL解析的目的是根据关系数据库提供的证据将自然语言(NL)问题转换为其相应的结构性查询语言(SQL)。来自数据库社区的早期文本到SQL解析系统取得了显着的进展,重度人类工程和用户与系统的互动的成本。近年来,深层神经网络通过神经生成模型显着提出了这项任务,该模型会自动学习从输入NL问题到输出SQL查询的映射功能。随后,大型的预训练的语言模型将文本到SQL解析任务的最新作品带到了一个新级别。在这项调查中,我们对文本到SQL解析的深度学习方法进行了全面的评论。首先,我们介绍了文本到SQL解析语料库,可以归类为单转和多转。其次,我们提供了预先训练的语言模型和现有文本解析方法的系统概述。第三,我们向读者展示了文本到SQL解析所面临的挑战,并探索了该领域的一些潜在未来方向。
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随着未来以数据为中心的决策,对数据库的无缝访问至关重要。关于创建有效的文本到SQL(Text2SQL)模型以访问数据库的数据有广泛的研究。使用自然语言是可以通过有效访问数据库(尤其是对于非技术用户)来弥合数据和结果之间差距的最佳接口之一。它将打开门,并在精通技术技能或不太熟练的查询语言的用户中引起极大的兴趣。即使提出或研究了许多基于深度学习的算法,在现实工作场景中使用自然语言来解决数据查询问题仍然非常具有挑战性。原因是在不同的研究中使用不同的数据集,这带来了其局限性和假设。同时,我们确实缺乏对这些提议的模型及其对其训练的特定数据集的局限性的彻底理解。在本文中,我们试图介绍过去几年研究的24种神经网络模型的整体概述,包括其涉及卷积神经网络,经常性神经网络,指针网络,强化学习,生成模型等的架构。我们还概述11个数据集,这些数据集被广泛用于训练Text2SQL技术的模型。我们还讨论了无缝数据查询中文本2SQL技术的未来应用可能性。
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We present Spider, a large-scale, complex and cross-domain semantic parsing and textto-SQL dataset annotated by 11 college students. It consists of 10,181 questions and 5,693 unique complex SQL queries on 200 databases with multiple tables, covering 138 different domains. We define a new complex and cross-domain semantic parsing and textto-SQL task where different complex SQL queries and databases appear in train and test sets. In this way, the task requires the model to generalize well to both new SQL queries and new database schemas. Spider is distinct from most of the previous semantic parsing tasks because they all use a single database and the exact same programs in the train set and the test set. We experiment with various state-of-the-art models and the best model achieves only 12.4% exact matching accuracy on a database split setting. This shows that Spider presents a strong challenge for future research. Our dataset and task are publicly available at https://yale-lily. github.io/spider.
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学习捕获文本表对齐对于文本到SQL等任务至关重要。一个模型需要正确识别对列和值的自然语言引用,并在给定的数据库架构中将其扎根。在本文中,我们为文本到SQL提出了一个新颖的弱监督结构接地预处理框架(strug),可以有效地学习基于平行的文本表语料库来捕获文本表对齐。我们确定了一组新的预测任务:列接地,价值接地和列值映射,并利用它们为文本表编码预处理。此外,为了评估更现实的文本表对齐设置下的不同方法,我们基于蜘蛛dev设置的新评估集蜘蛛现实化,并明确提及已删除的列名,并采用八个现有的文本到SQL数据集以进行交叉 - 数据库评估。在所有设置中,Strug对Bert-Large都有显着改善。与现有的预训练方法(例如Grappa)相比,Strug在蜘蛛方面的性能相似,并且在更现实的集合上都优于所有基线。蜘蛛现实的数据集可从https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5205322获得。
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深度学习的最新进展极大地推动了语义解析的研究。此后,在许多下游任务中进行了改进,包括Web API的自然语言接口,文本到SQL的生成等。但是,尽管与这些任务有着密切的联系,但有关知识库的问题的研究(KBQA)的进展相对缓慢。我们将其确定并归因于KBQA的两个独特挑战,模式级的复杂性和事实级别的复杂性。在这项调查中,我们将KBQA放置在更广泛的语义解析文献中,并全面说明了现有的KBQA方法如何试图应对独特的挑战。无论面临什么独特的挑战,我们都认为我们仍然可以从语义解析的文献中汲取太大的灵感,这被现有的KBQA研究所忽略了。基于我们的讨论,我们可以更好地了解当前KBQA研究的瓶颈,并阐明KBQA的有希望的方向,以跟上语义解析的文献,尤其是在预训练的语言模型时代。
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Current SQL generators based on pre-trained language models struggle to answer complex questions requiring domain context or understanding fine-grained table structure. Humans would deal with these unknowns by reasoning over the documentation of the tables. Based on this hypothesis, we propose DocuT5, which uses off-the-shelf language model architecture and injects knowledge from external `documentation' to improve domain generalization. We perform experiments on the Spider family of datasets that contain complex questions that are cross-domain and multi-table. Specifically, we develop a new text-to-SQL failure taxonomy and find that 19.6% of errors are due to foreign key mistakes, and 49.2% are due to a lack of domain knowledge. We proposed DocuT5, a method that captures knowledge from (1) table structure context of foreign keys and (2) domain knowledge through contextualizing tables and columns. Both types of knowledge improve over state-of-the-art T5 with constrained decoding on Spider, and domain knowledge produces state-of-the-art comparable effectiveness on Spider-DK and Spider-SYN datasets.
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知识基础问题回答(KBQA)旨在通过知识库(KB)回答问题。早期研究主要集中于回答有关KB的简单问题,并取得了巨大的成功。但是,他们在复杂问题上的表现远非令人满意。因此,近年来,研究人员提出了许多新颖的方法,研究了回答复杂问题的挑战。在这项调查中,我们回顾了KBQA的最新进展,重点是解决复杂问题,这些问题通常包含多个主题,表达复合关系或涉及数值操作。详细说明,我们从介绍复杂的KBQA任务和相关背景开始。然后,我们描述用于复杂KBQA任务的基准数据集,并介绍这些数据集的构建过程。接下来,我们提出两个复杂KBQA方法的主流类别,即基于语义解析的方法(基于SP)的方法和基于信息检索的方法(基于IR)。具体而言,我们通过流程设计说明了他们的程序,并讨论了它们的主要差异和相似性。之后,我们总结了这两类方法在回答复杂问题时会遇到的挑战,并解释了现有工作中使用的高级解决方案和技术。最后,我们结论并讨论了与复杂的KBQA有关的几个有希望的方向,以进行未来的研究。
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Natural Language Generation (NLG) has improved exponentially in recent years thanks to the development of sequence-to-sequence deep learning technologies such as Transformer-based language models. This advancement has led to more fluent and coherent NLG, leading to improved development in downstream tasks such as abstractive summarization, dialogue generation and data-to-text generation. However, it is also apparent that deep learning based generation is prone to hallucinate unintended text, which degrades the system performance and fails to meet user expectations in many real-world scenarios. To address this issue, many studies have been presented in measuring and mitigating hallucinated texts, but these have never been reviewed in a comprehensive manner before. In this survey, we thus provide a broad overview of the research progress and challenges in the hallucination problem in NLG. The survey is organized into two parts: (1) a general overview of metrics, mitigation methods, and future directions; and (2) an overview of task-specific research progress on hallucinations in the following downstream tasks, namely abstractive summarization, dialogue generation, generative question answering, data-to-text generation, machine translation, and visual-language generation. This survey serves to facilitate collaborative efforts among researchers in tackling the challenge of hallucinated texts in NLG.
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Recently, there has been increasing interest in synthesizing data to improve downstream text-to-SQL tasks. In this paper, we first examined the existing synthesized datasets and discovered that state-of-the-art text-to-SQL algorithms did not further improve on popular benchmarks when trained with augmented synthetic data. We observed two shortcomings: illogical synthetic SQL queries from independent column sampling and arbitrary table joins. To address these issues, we propose a novel synthesis framework that incorporates key relationships from schema, imposes strong typing, and conducts schema-distance-weighted column sampling. We also adopt an intermediate representation (IR) for the SQL-to-text task to further improve the quality of the generated natural language questions. When existing powerful semantic parsers are pre-finetuned on our high-quality synthesized data, our experiments show that these models have significant accuracy boosts on popular benchmarks, including new state-of-the-art performance on Spider.
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在与用户进行交流时,以任务为导向的对话系统必须根据对话历史记录在每个回合时跟踪用户的需求。这个称为对话状态跟踪(DST)的过程至关重要,因为它直接告知下游对话政策。近年来,DST引起了很大的兴趣,文本到文本范式作为受欢迎的方法。在本评论论文中,我们首先介绍任务及其相关的数据集。然后,考虑到最近出版的大量出版物,我们确定了2021 - 2022年研究的重点和研究进展。尽管神经方法已经取得了重大进展,但我们认为对话系统(例如概括性)的某些关键方面仍未得到充实。为了激励未来的研究,我们提出了几种研究途径。
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基于语音的投入在我们日常生活中获得了智能手机和平板电脑的普及,因为声音是人类计算机交互的最简单而有效的方式。本文旨在设计更有效的基于语音的接口,以查询关系数据库中的结构化数据。我们首先识别名为Speep-to-SQL的新任务,旨在了解人类语音传达的信息,并直接将其转换为结构化查询语言(SQL)语句。对此问题的天真解决方案可以以级联方式工作,即,自动语音识别(ASR)组件,后跟文本到SQL组件。然而,它需要高质量的ASR系统,并且还遭受了两种组件之间的错误复合问题,从而产生有限的性能。为了处理这些挑战,我们进一步提出了一个名为SpeepSQLNET的新型端到端神经结构,直接将人类语音转化为没有外部ASR步骤的SQL查询。 SpeemSQLNET具有充分利用演讲中提供的丰富语言信息的优势。据我们所知,这是第一次尝试根据任意自然语言问题直接综合SQL,而不是基于自然语言的SQL版本或其具有有限的SQL语法的变体。为了验证所提出的问题和模型的有效性,我们还通过捎带广泛使用的文本到SQL数据集来进一步构建名为SpeemQL的数据集。对该数据集的广泛实验评估表明,SpeemSQLNET可以直接从人类语音中直接综合高质量的SQL查询,优于各种竞争对手,以及在精确匹配的准确性方面的级联方法。
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最近训练模型通过利用大规模文本语料库来改善神经网络的上下文表示能力,显着提高了各种NLP任务的性能。大型预培训语言模型也已应用于表语义解析的区域。然而,现有的预训练方法没有仔细探索问题与相应的数据库模式之间的明确互动关系,这是揭示其语义和结构对应的关键成分。此外,在架构接地背景下的问知表示学习在预训练目标中受到更少的关注。为了减轻这些问题,本文设计了两种新的预训练目标,将所需的归纳偏差将所需的归纳偏差施加到表前的学习表现-训练。我们进一步提出了一种模式感知课程学习方法来减轻噪声的影响,并以易于努力的方式从预训练数据中学习。我们通过在两个基准,蜘蛛和罢工中进行微调,评估我们预先接受训练的框架。结果表明,与各种基线相比,我们的预训练目标和课程的有效性。
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本文对过去二十年来对自然语言生成(NLG)的研究提供了全面的审查,特别是与数据到文本生成和文本到文本生成深度学习方法有关,以及NLG的新应用技术。该调查旨在(a)给出关于NLG核心任务的最新综合,以及该领域采用的建筑;(b)详细介绍各种NLG任务和数据集,并提请注意NLG评估中的挑战,专注于不同的评估方法及其关系;(c)强调一些未来的强调和相对近期的研究问题,因为NLG和其他人工智能领域的协同作用而增加,例如计算机视觉,文本和计算创造力。
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语义解析数据集可以收集昂贵。此外,即使是与给定域的相关问题,它是语义解析系统的输入,也可能不容易获得,尤其是跨域语义解析。这使得数据增强更具挑战性。现有方法综合新数据使用手工制作或诱导规则,需要大量的工程努力和语言专业知识来实现​​良好的覆盖和精度,这限制了可扩展性。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种纯粹的神经网络,用于语义解析的语义解析,完全消除对语法工程的需要,同时实现更高的语义解析精度。此外,我们的方法可以在零拍摄设置中合成,其中只有新域模式没有新域的任何输入输出示例。在蜘蛛跨域文本到SQL语义解析基准测试中,我们使用我们的零射击增强实现了开发集的最先进的性能(77.2%的准确性)。
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长期以来,可以将可以应用于新数据库的文本到SQL解析器的重要性已得到认可,实现此目标的关键步骤是架构链接,即在生成SQL时正确地识别未见列或表的提及。在这项工作中,我们提出了一个新颖的框架,以通过基于PoinCar \'e距离指标的探测程序从大规模预训练的语言模型(PLM)中引起关系结构,并使用诱导的关系来增强基于图的解析器为了更好的模式链接。与常用的基于规则的架构链接方法相比,我们发现探测关系也可以稳健地捕获语义对应关系,即使提及和实体的表面形式不同。此外,我们的探测过程完全不受监督,不需要其他参数。广泛的实验表明,我们的框架在三个基准测试中设定了新的最新性能。我们从经验上验证我们的探测程序确实可以通过定性分析找到所需的关系结构。
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本文旨在通过探索基于神经网络的方法(称为Sun)中的内在不确定性来提高文本到SQL解析的性能。从数据不确定性的角度来看,可以从多个语义等效的问题中学到单个SQL。从以前仅限于一对一映射的方法中不同,我们提出了一个数据不确定性限制来探索潜在的互补语义语义多个语义等效问题(多对一)中的信息,并以减少的虚假关联来学习稳健的特征表示。通过这种方式,我们可以降低学习表示的敏感性并改善解析器的鲁棒性。从模型的不确定性角度来看,神经网络的权重之间通常存在结构信息(依赖性)。为了提高神经文本到SQL解析器的普遍性和稳定性,我们提出了模型不确定性约束,以通过强制执行不同扰动编码网络的输出表示形式来完善查询表示形式,以使其彼此一致。在五个基准数据集上进行的广泛实验表明,我们的方法显着优于强大的竞争对手,并实现了新的最新结果。为了获得可重复性,我们在https://github.com/alibabaresearch/damo-convai/tree/main/main/sunsql上发布代码和数据。
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As an important fine-grained sentiment analysis problem, aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA), aiming to analyze and understand people's opinions at the aspect level, has been attracting considerable interest in the last decade. To handle ABSA in different scenarios, various tasks are introduced for analyzing different sentiment elements and their relations, including the aspect term, aspect category, opinion term, and sentiment polarity. Unlike early ABSA works focusing on a single sentiment element, many compound ABSA tasks involving multiple elements have been studied in recent years for capturing more complete aspect-level sentiment information. However, a systematic review of various ABSA tasks and their corresponding solutions is still lacking, which we aim to fill in this survey. More specifically, we provide a new taxonomy for ABSA which organizes existing studies from the axes of concerned sentiment elements, with an emphasis on recent advances of compound ABSA tasks. From the perspective of solutions, we summarize the utilization of pre-trained language models for ABSA, which improved the performance of ABSA to a new stage. Besides, techniques for building more practical ABSA systems in cross-domain/lingual scenarios are discussed. Finally, we review some emerging topics and discuss some open challenges to outlook potential future directions of ABSA.
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Conversational text-to-SQL is designed to translate multi-turn natural language questions into their corresponding SQL queries. Most state-of-the-art conversational text- to-SQL methods are incompatible with generative pre-trained language models (PLMs), such as T5. In this paper, we present a two-stage unified MultI-task Generation frAmework (MIGA) that leverages PLMs' ability to tackle conversational text-to-SQL. In the pre-training stage, MIGA first decomposes the main task into several related sub-tasks and then unifies them into the same sequence-to-sequence (Seq2Seq) paradigm with task-specific natural language prompts to boost the main task from multi-task training. Later in the fine-tuning stage, we propose four SQL perturbations to alleviate the error propagation problem. MIGA tends to achieve state-of-the-art performance on two benchmarks (SparC and CoSQL). We also provide extensive analyses and discussions to shed light on some new perspectives for conversational text-to-SQL.
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Subject to the huge semantic gap between natural and formal languages, neural semantic parsing is typically bottlenecked by its complexity of dealing with both input semantics and output syntax. Recent works have proposed several forms of supplementary supervision but none is generalized across multiple formal languages. This paper proposes a unified intermediate representation (IR) for graph query languages, named GraphQ IR. It has a natural-language-like expression that bridges the semantic gap and formally defined syntax that maintains the graph structure. Therefore, a neural semantic parser can more precisely convert user queries into GraphQ IR, which can be later losslessly compiled into various downstream graph query languages. Extensive experiments on several benchmarks including KQA Pro, Overnight, GrailQA, and MetaQA-Cypher under standard i.i.d., out-of-distribution, and low-resource settings validate GraphQ IR's superiority over the previous state-of-the-arts with a maximum 11% accuracy improvement.
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