本文探讨了超线性增长趋势的环境影响,从整体角度来看,跨越数据,算法和系统硬件。我们通过在行业规模机器学习用例中检查模型开发周期来表征AI计算的碳足迹,同时考虑系统硬件的生命周期。进一步迈出一步,我们捕获AI计算的操作和制造碳足迹,并为硬件 - 软件设计和尺度优化的结束分析以及如何帮助降低AI的整体碳足迹。根据行业经验和经验教训,我们分享关键挑战,并在AI的许多方面上绘制了重要的发展方向。我们希望本文提出的关键信息和见解能够激发社区以环保的方式推进AI领域。
translated by 谷歌翻译
通过提供前所未有的计算资源访问,云计算能够在机器学习等技术中快速增长,其计算需求产生了高能源成本和相应的碳足迹。结果,最近的奖学金呼吁更好地估计AI的温室气体影响:当今的数据科学家无法轻松或可靠地访问该信息的测量,从而排除了可行策略的发展。向用户提供有关软件碳强度的信息的云提供商是一种基本的垫脚石,以最大程度地减少排放。在本文中,我们提供了一个测量软件碳强度的框架,并建议通过使用每个能量单元使用基于位置和特定时间的边际排放数据来测量运行碳排放。我们为一组自然语言处理和计算机视觉的现代模型提供了操作软件强度的测量,以及各种模型尺寸,包括预处理61亿个参数语言模型。然后,我们评估了一套用于减少Microsoft Azure Cloud Compute平台排放的方法套件:使用不同地理区域中的云实例,在一天中的不同时间使用云实例,并在边际碳强度高于某个阈值时动态暂停云实例。我们证实了先前的结果,即数据中心的地理区域在给定云实例的碳强度中起着重要作用,并发现选择合适的区域可能具有最大的运营排放减少影响。我们还表明,一天中的时间对操作软件碳强度有显着影响。最后,我们最终提出了有关机器学习从业人员如何使用软件碳强度信息来减少环境影响的建议。
translated by 谷歌翻译
丹尼德缩放结束和摩尔法的放缓使能量使用数据中心在不可持续的道路上。数据中心已经是全球电力使用的大部分,应用需求以快速缩放。我们认为,数据中心计算的碳强度的大幅减少可以通过以软件为中心的方法来实现:通过修改系统API,通过修改系统API来使应用程序开发人员可见的能量和碳,使其成为可能进行知情的贸易性能和碳排放之间,并通过提高应用程序编程水平,以便灵活地使用更节能的计算和存储方法。我们还为系统软件奠定了一个研究议程,以减少数据中心计算的碳足迹。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Video, as a key driver in the global explosion of digital information, can create tremendous benefits for human society. Governments and enterprises are deploying innumerable cameras for a variety of applications, e.g., law enforcement, emergency management, traffic control, and security surveillance, all facilitated by video analytics (VA). This trend is spurred by the rapid advancement of deep learning (DL), which enables more precise models for object classification, detection, and tracking. Meanwhile, with the proliferation of Internet-connected devices, massive amounts of data are generated daily, overwhelming the cloud. Edge computing, an emerging paradigm that moves workloads and services from the network core to the network edge, has been widely recognized as a promising solution. The resulting new intersection, edge video analytics (EVA), begins to attract widespread attention. Nevertheless, only a few loosely-related surveys exist on this topic. A dedicated venue for collecting and summarizing the latest advances of EVA is highly desired by the community. Besides, the basic concepts of EVA (e.g., definition, architectures, etc.) are ambiguous and neglected by these surveys due to the rapid development of this domain. A thorough clarification is needed to facilitate a consensus on these concepts. To fill in these gaps, we conduct a comprehensive survey of the recent efforts on EVA. In this paper, we first review the fundamentals of edge computing, followed by an overview of VA. The EVA system and its enabling techniques are discussed next. In addition, we introduce prevalent frameworks and datasets to aid future researchers in the development of EVA systems. Finally, we discuss existing challenges and foresee future research directions. We believe this survey will help readers comprehend the relationship between VA and edge computing, and spark new ideas on EVA.
translated by 谷歌翻译
In recent years, the exponential proliferation of smart devices with their intelligent applications poses severe challenges on conventional cellular networks. Such challenges can be potentially overcome by integrating communication, computing, caching, and control (i4C) technologies. In this survey, we first give a snapshot of different aspects of the i4C, comprising background, motivation, leading technological enablers, potential applications, and use cases. Next, we describe different models of communication, computing, caching, and control (4C) to lay the foundation of the integration approach. We review current state-of-the-art research efforts related to the i4C, focusing on recent trends of both conventional and artificial intelligence (AI)-based integration approaches. We also highlight the need for intelligence in resources integration. Then, we discuss integration of sensing and communication (ISAC) and classify the integration approaches into various classes. Finally, we propose open challenges and present future research directions for beyond 5G networks, such as 6G.
translated by 谷歌翻译
自动化机器学习(Automl)努力自动配置机器学习算法及其组合的整体(软件)解决方案 - 机器学习管道 - 针对手头的学习任务(数据集)量身定制。在过去十年中,Automl已成为具有数百个贡献的热门研究课题。虽然Automl提供了许多前景,但也称它也是相当资源密集的,这是其主要批评的主要观点之一。高资源消耗的主要原因是许多方法依赖于许多ML管道的(昂贵)评估,同时寻找良好的候选者。由于使用许多数据集和方法进行了大规模实验,因此在Automl方法研究的背景下放大了这个问题,每个数据都是用几种重复来排除随机效应的几个重复的实验。本文阐述了最近的绿色AI的精神,是为了提高对问题的自动化研究人员的意识,并详细阐述可能的补救措施。为此,我们确定了四类行动,社区可能采取更加可持续的自动化计划,即接近设计,基准,研究激励和透明度。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is transforming the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) by enhancing the trust of end-users in machines. As the number of connected devices keeps on growing, the Internet of Things (IoT) market needs to be trustworthy for the end-users. However, existing literature still lacks a systematic and comprehensive survey work on the use of XAI for IoT. To bridge this lacking, in this paper, we address the XAI frameworks with a focus on their characteristics and support for IoT. We illustrate the widely-used XAI services for IoT applications, such as security enhancement, Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), Industrial IoT (IIoT), and Internet of City Things (IoCT). We also suggest the implementation choice of XAI models over IoT systems in these applications with appropriate examples and summarize the key inferences for future works. Moreover, we present the cutting-edge development in edge XAI structures and the support of sixth-generation (6G) communication services for IoT applications, along with key inferences. In a nutshell, this paper constitutes the first holistic compilation on the development of XAI-based frameworks tailored for the demands of future IoT use cases.
translated by 谷歌翻译
机器学习传感器代表了嵌入式机器学习应用程序未来的范式转移。当前的嵌入式机器学习(ML)实例化遭受了复杂的整合,缺乏模块化以及数据流动的隐私和安全问题。本文提出了一个以数据为中心的范式,用于将传感器智能嵌入边缘设备上,以应对这些挑战。我们对“传感器2.0”的愿景需要将传感器输入数据和ML处理从硬件级别隔离到更广泛的系统,并提供一个薄的界面,以模拟传统传感器的功能。这种分离导致模块化且易于使用的ML传感器设备。我们讨论了将ML处理构建到嵌入式系统上控制微处理器的软件堆栈中的标准方法所带来的挑战,以及ML传感器的模块化如何减轻这些问题。 ML传感器提高了隐私和准确性,同时使系统构建者更容易将ML集成到其产品中,以简单的组件。我们提供了预期的ML传感器和说明性数据表的例子,以表现出来,并希望这将建立对话使我们朝着传感器2.0迈进。
translated by 谷歌翻译
In recent years, deep learning (DL) models have demonstrated remarkable achievements on non-trivial tasks such as speech recognition and natural language understanding. One of the significant contributors to its success is the proliferation of end devices that acted as a catalyst to provide data for data-hungry DL models. However, computing DL training and inference is the main challenge. Usually, central cloud servers are used for the computation, but it opens up other significant challenges, such as high latency, increased communication costs, and privacy concerns. To mitigate these drawbacks, considerable efforts have been made to push the processing of DL models to edge servers. Moreover, the confluence point of DL and edge has given rise to edge intelligence (EI). This survey paper focuses primarily on the fifth level of EI, called all in-edge level, where DL training and inference (deployment) are performed solely by edge servers. All in-edge is suitable when the end devices have low computing resources, e.g., Internet-of-Things, and other requirements such as latency and communication cost are important in mission-critical applications, e.g., health care. Firstly, this paper presents all in-edge computing architectures, including centralized, decentralized, and distributed. Secondly, this paper presents enabling technologies, such as model parallelism and split learning, which facilitate DL training and deployment at edge servers. Thirdly, model adaptation techniques based on model compression and conditional computation are described because the standard cloud-based DL deployment cannot be directly applied to all in-edge due to its limited computational resources. Fourthly, this paper discusses eleven key performance metrics to evaluate the performance of DL at all in-edge efficiently. Finally, several open research challenges in the area of all in-edge are presented.
translated by 谷歌翻译
In this tutorial paper, we look into the evolution and prospect of network architecture and propose a novel conceptual architecture for the 6th generation (6G) networks. The proposed architecture has two key elements, i.e., holistic network virtualization and pervasive artificial intelligence (AI). The holistic network virtualization consists of network slicing and digital twin, from the aspects of service provision and service demand, respectively, to incorporate service-centric and user-centric networking. The pervasive network intelligence integrates AI into future networks from the perspectives of networking for AI and AI for networking, respectively. Building on holistic network virtualization and pervasive network intelligence, the proposed architecture can facilitate three types of interplay, i.e., the interplay between digital twin and network slicing paradigms, between model-driven and data-driven methods for network management, and between virtualization and AI, to maximize the flexibility, scalability, adaptivity, and intelligence for 6G networks. We also identify challenges and open issues related to the proposed architecture. By providing our vision, we aim to inspire further discussions and developments on the potential architecture of 6G.
translated by 谷歌翻译
受到深入学习的巨大成功通过云计算和边缘芯片的快速发展的影响,人工智能研究(AI)的研究已经转移到计算范例,即云计算和边缘计算。近年来,我们目睹了在云服务器上开发更高级的AI模型,以超越传统的深度学习模型,以造成模型创新(例如,变压器,净化家庭),训练数据爆炸和飙升的计算能力。但是,边缘计算,尤其是边缘和云协同计算,仍然在其初期阶段,因为由于资源受限的IOT场景,因此由于部署了非常有限的算法而导致其成功。在本调查中,我们对云和边缘AI进行系统审查。具体而言,我们是第一个设置云和边缘建模的协作学习机制,通过彻底的审查使能够实现这种机制的架构。我们还讨论了一些正在进行的先进EDGE AI主题的潜在和实践经验,包括预先训练模型,图形神经网络和加强学习。最后,我们讨论了这一领域的有希望的方向和挑战。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Accurate reporting of energy and carbon usage is essential for understanding the potential climate impacts of machine learning research. We introduce a framework that makes this easier by providing a simple interface for tracking realtime energy consumption and carbon emissions, as well as generating standardized online appendices. Utilizing this framework, we create a leaderboard for energy efficient reinforcement learning algorithms to incentivize responsible research in this area as an example for other areas of machine learning. Finally, based on case studies using our framework, we propose strategies for mitigation of carbon emissions and reduction of energy consumption. By making accounting easier, we hope to further the sustainable development of machine learning experiments and spur more research into energy efficient algorithms.
translated by 谷歌翻译
无线电接入网络(RAN)技术继续见证巨大的增长,开放式运行越来越最近的势头。在O-RAN规范中,RAN智能控制器(RIC)用作自动化主机。本文介绍了对O-RAN堆栈相关的机器学习(ML)的原则,特别是加强学习(RL)。此外,我们审查无线网络的最先进的研究,并将其投入到RAN框架和O-RAN架构的层次结构上。我们在整个开发生命周期中提供ML / RL模型面临的挑战的分类:从系统规范到生产部署(数据采集,模型设计,测试和管理等)。为了解决挑战,我们将一组现有的MLOPS原理整合,当考虑RL代理时,具有独特的特性。本文讨论了系统的生命周期模型开发,测试和验证管道,称为:RLOPS。我们讨论了RLOP的所有基本部分,包括:模型规范,开发和蒸馏,生产环境服务,运营监控,安全/安全和数据工程平台。根据这些原则,我们提出了最佳实践,以实现自动化和可重复的模型开发过程。
translated by 谷歌翻译
深度学习(DL)模型在许多应用领域中取得了卓越的性能,包括愿景,语言,医疗,商业广告,娱乐等。随着快速的发展,DL应用和潜在的服务硬件都表现出强大的缩放趋势,即例如,模型缩放和计算缩放,例如,最近的预先训练模型,具有数百亿次参数,具有〜TB级存储器消耗,以及提供数百个TFLOPS的最新GPU加速器。在扩大趋势,新的问题和挑战中出现了DL推理服务系统,这逐渐朝着大型深度学习服务系统(LDS)趋势。该调查旨在总结和分类大规模深度学习服务系统的新兴挑战和优化机会。通过提供新的分类法,总结计算范例,并详细说明最近的技术进步,我们希望这项调查能够在新的优化视角下阐明,并激励小说在大型深度学习系统优化中的作品。
translated by 谷歌翻译
使用人工智能(AI)赋予无线网络中数据量的前所未有的数据量激增,为提供无处不在的数据驱动智能服务而开辟了新的视野。通过集中收集数据集和培训模型来实现传统的云彩中心学习(ML)基础的服务。然而,这种传统的训练技术包括两个挑战:(i)由于数据通信增加而导致的高通信和能源成本,(ii)通过允许不受信任的各方利用这些信息来威胁数据隐私。最近,鉴于这些限制,一种新兴的新兴技术,包括联合学习(FL),以使ML带到无线网络的边缘。通过以分布式方式培训全局模型,可以通过FL Server策划的全局模型来提取数据孤岛的好处。 FL利用分散的数据集和参与客户的计算资源,在不影响数据隐私的情况下开发广义ML模型。在本文中,我们介绍了对FL的基本面和能够实现技术的全面调查。此外,提出了一个广泛的研究,详细说明了无线网络中的流体的各种应用,并突出了他们的挑战和局限性。进一步探索了FL的疗效,其新兴的前瞻性超出了第五代(B5G)和第六代(6G)通信系统。本调查的目的是在关键的无线技术中概述了流动的技术,这些技术将作为建立对该主题的坚定了解的基础。最后,我们向未来的研究方向提供前进的道路。
translated by 谷歌翻译
随着巨型密集模型的训练在当今硬件资源的可用性和能力方面达到了界限,由于其质量降低了大量培训成本,因此Experts(MOE)模型成为最有前途的模型体系结构之一等效密集模型。它的培训成本节省从编码器模型(先前的工作)展示到自动攻击性语言模型的5倍(这项工作以及并行探索)。但是,由于模型的规模和独特的架构,如何提供快速MOE模型推理仍然具有挑战性和未解决,从而限制了其实际用途。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了DeepSpeed-Moe,这是DeepSpeed库的一部分,包括新型MOE架构设计和模型压缩技术,将MOE模型大小降低到3.7倍,以及一个,以及一个与现有的MOE推理解决方案相比,高度优化的推理系统可提供7.3倍的延迟和成本。 DeepSpeed-Moe提供了前所未有的量表和效率,可与质量等效的密集模型相比,提供高达4.5倍和9倍的推理的大型MOE模型。我们希望我们的创新和系统有助于在大型模型景观中打开通往新方向的有前途的途径,从密集到稀疏的MOE模型转变,在这种模型中,培训和部署具有更少资源的更高质量模型变得更加广泛。
translated by 谷歌翻译
联合学习(FL)作为边缘设备的有希望的技术,以协作学习共享预测模型,同时保持其训练数据,从而解耦了从需要存储云中的数据的机器学习的能力。然而,在规模和系统异质性方面,FL难以现实地实现。虽然有许多用于模拟FL算法的研究框架,但它们不支持在异构边缘设备上进行可扩展的流程。在本文中,我们呈现花 - 一种全面的FL框架,通过提供新的设施来执行大规模的FL实验并考虑丰富的异构流程来区分现有平台。我们的实验表明花卉可以仅使用一对高端GPU在客户尺寸下进行FL实验。然后,研究人员可以将实验无缝地迁移到真实设备中以检查设计空间的其他部分。我们认为花卉为社区提供了一个批判性的新工具,用于研究和发展。
translated by 谷歌翻译
为了满足下一代无线通信网络的极其异构要求,研究界越来越依赖于使用机器学习解决方案进行实时决策和无线电资源管理。传统的机器学习采用完全集中的架构,其中整个培训数据在一个节点上收集,即云服务器,显着提高了通信开销,并提高了严重的隐私问题。迄今为止,最近提出了作为联合学习(FL)称为联合学习的分布式机器学习范式。在FL中,每个参与边缘设备通过使用自己的培训数据列举其本地模型。然后,通过无线信道,本地训练模型的权重或参数被发送到中央ps,聚合它们并更新全局模型。一方面,FL对优化无线通信网络的资源起着重要作用,另一方面,无线通信对于FL至关重要。因此,FL和无线通信之间存在“双向”关系。虽然FL是一个新兴的概念,但许多出版物已经在FL的领域发表了发布及其对下一代无线网络的应用。尽管如此,我们注意到没有任何作品突出了FL和无线通信之间的双向关系。因此,本调查纸的目的是通过提供关于FL和无线通信之间的相互依存性的及时和全面的讨论来弥合文学中的这种差距。
translated by 谷歌翻译
随着数据生成越来越多地在没有连接连接的设备上进行,因此与机器学习(ML)相关的流量将在无线网络中无处不在。许多研究表明,传统的无线协议高效或不可持续以支持ML,这创造了对新的无线通信方法的需求。在这项调查中,我们对最先进的无线方法进行了详尽的审查,这些方法是专门设计用于支持分布式数据集的ML服务的。当前,文献中有两个明确的主题,模拟的无线计算和针对ML优化的数字无线电资源管理。这项调查对这些方法进行了全面的介绍,回顾了最重要的作品,突出了开放问题并讨论了应用程序方案。
translated by 谷歌翻译
机器学习的进步为低端互联网节点(例如微控制器)带来了新的机会,将情报带入了情报。传统的机器学习部署具有较高的记忆力,并计算足迹阻碍了其在超资源约束的微控制器上的直接部署。本文强调了为MicroController类设备启用机载机器学习的独特要求。研究人员为资源有限的应用程序使用专门的模型开发工作流程,以确保计算和延迟预算在设备限制之内,同时仍保持所需的性能。我们表征了微控制器类设备的机器学习模型开发的广泛适用的闭环工作流程,并表明几类应用程序采用了它的特定实例。我们通过展示多种用例,将定性和数值见解介绍到模型开发的不同阶段。最后,我们确定了开放的研究挑战和未解决的问题,要求仔细考虑前进。
translated by 谷歌翻译