随着自动驾驶功能(AD)功能的进步,近年来,远程运行越来越受欢迎。通过启用自动化车辆的远程操作,可以将远程处理作为可靠的后备解决方案,用于操作设计域限制和广告功能的边缘案例。多年来,文献中提出了有关人类操作员如何远程支持或替代广告功能的各种不同的远程关系概念。本文介绍了关于道路车辆远程运行概念的文献调查的结果。此外,由于行业内部的兴趣日益增加,对专利和公司整体活动的见解也提出了。
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在本文中,提出了针对遥控道路车辆的转向动作自适应巡航控制方法(ACC)。为了使车辆保持安全状态,ACC方法可以覆盖人类操作员的速度控制命令。安全状态被定义为可以安全停止车辆的状态,无论操作员采用哪种转向措施。这是通过首先采样各种潜在的未来轨迹来实现的。在第二阶段,假设风险最高的轨迹,则优化了安全舒适的速度轮廓。这为车辆提供了安全的速度控制命令。在模拟中,将方法的特性与能够覆盖指挥转向角度和速度的模型预测控制方法进行比较。此外,在使用1:10尺度的车辆测试的远程运输实验中,即使操作员的控制命令会导致碰撞,提议的ACC方法也可以确保车辆的安全。
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无人驾驶道路维护可能对所有利益相关者都非常有利,其关键目标是提高所有公路参与者的安全性,更有效的交通管理以及降低的道路维护成本,因此道路基础设施的标准足以使用它在自动驾驶(AD)中。本文介绍了如何扩展技术状态以实现这些目标。在使用公路标记机作为系统的“遥控道路标记系统”项目中,讨论并开发了基于远程操作的不同操作模式。此外,考虑到硬件和软件元素的功能系统概述通过实际的公路标记机对实验进行了验证,应作为在此和类似领域的未来工作的基准。
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汽车行业在过去几十年中见证了越来越多的发展程度;从制造手动操作车辆到具有高自动化水平的制造车辆。随着近期人工智能(AI)的发展,汽车公司现在雇用BlackBox AI模型来使车辆能够感知其环境,并使人类少或没有输入的驾驶决策。希望能够在商业规模上部署自治车辆(AV),通过社会接受AV成为至关重要的,并且可能在很大程度上取决于其透明度,可信度和遵守法规的程度。通过为AVS行为的解释提供对这些接受要求的遵守对这些验收要求的评估。因此,解释性被视为AVS的重要要求。 AV应该能够解释他们在他们运作的环境中的“见到”。在本文中,我们对可解释的自动驾驶的现有工作体系进行了全面的调查。首先,我们通过突出显示并强调透明度,问责制和信任的重要性来开放一个解释的动机;并审查与AVS相关的现有法规和标准。其次,我们识别并分类了参与发展,使用和监管的不同利益相关者,并引出了AV的解释要求。第三,我们对以前的工作进行了严格的审查,以解释不同的AV操作(即,感知,本地化,规划,控制和系统管理)。最后,我们确定了相关的挑战并提供建议,例如AV可解释性的概念框架。该调查旨在提供对AVS中解释性感兴趣的研究人员所需的基本知识。
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自动驾驶在过去十年中取得了重大的研究和发展中的重要里程碑。在道路上的自动车辆部署时,对该领域的兴趣越来越令人兴趣,承诺更安全,更生态的运输系统。随着计算强大的人工智能(AI)技术的兴起,自动车辆可以用高精度感测它们的环境,进行安全的实时决策,并在没有人类干预的情况下更可靠地运行。然而,在现有技术中,人类智能决策通常不可能理解,这种缺陷阻碍了这种技术在社会上可接受。因此,除了制造安全的实时决策之外,自治车辆的AI系统还需要解释如何构建这些决策,以便在许多司法管辖区兼容监管。我们的研究在开发可解释的人工智能(XAI)的自治车辆方法上阐明了全面的光芒。特别是,我们做出以下贡献。首先,我们在最先进的自主车辆行业的解释方面彻底概述了目前的差距。然后,我们显示了该领域的解释和解释接收器的分类。第三,我们为端到端自主驾驶系统的架构提出了一个框架,并证明了Xai在调试和调节这些系统中的作用。最后,作为未来的研究方向,我们提供了XAI自主驾驶方法的实地指南,可以提高运营安全性和透明度,以实现监管机构,制造商和所有参与利益相关者的公共批准。
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自动驾驶汽车是一项不断发展的技术,旨在通过自动操作从车道变更到超车来提高安全性,可访问性,效率和便利性。超车是自动驾驶汽车最具挑战性的操作之一,当前的自动超车技术仅限于简单情况。本文研究了如何通过允许动作流产来提高自主超车的安全性。我们提出了一个基于深层Q网络的决策过程,以确定是否以及何时需要中止超车的操作。拟议的算法在与交通情况不同的模拟中进行了经验评估,这表明所提出的方法可以改善超车手动过程中的安全性。此外,使用自动班车Iseauto在现实世界实验中证明了该方法。
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自动化驾驶系统(广告)开辟了汽车行业的新领域,为未来的运输提供了更高的效率和舒适体验的新可能性。然而,在恶劣天气条件下的自主驾驶已经存在,使自动车辆(AVS)长时间保持自主车辆(AVS)或更高的自主权。本文评估了天气在分析和统计方式中为广告传感器带来的影响和挑战,并对恶劣天气条件进行了解决方案。彻底报道了关于对每种天气的感知增强的最先进技术。外部辅助解决方案如V2X技术,当前可用的数据集,模拟器和天气腔室的实验设施中的天气条件覆盖范围明显。通过指出各种主要天气问题,自主驾驶场目前正在面临,近年来审查硬件和计算机科学解决方案,这项调查概述了在不利的天气驾驶条件方面的障碍和方向的障碍和方向。
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Autonomous driving confronts great challenges in complex traffic scenarios, where the risk of Safety of the Intended Functionality (SOTIF) can be triggered by the dynamic operational environment and system insufficiencies. The SOTIF risk is reflected not only intuitively in the collision risk with objects outside the autonomous vehicles (AVs), but also inherently in the performance limitation risk of the implemented algorithms themselves. How to minimize the SOTIF risk for autonomous driving is currently a critical, difficult, and unresolved issue. Therefore, this paper proposes the "Self-Surveillance and Self-Adaption System" as a systematic approach to online minimize the SOTIF risk, which aims to provide a systematic solution for monitoring, quantification, and mitigation of inherent and external risks. The core of this system is the risk monitoring of the implemented artificial intelligence algorithms within the AV. As a demonstration of the Self-Surveillance and Self-Adaption System, the risk monitoring of the perception algorithm, i.e., YOLOv5 is highlighted. Moreover, the inherent perception algorithm risk and external collision risk are jointly quantified via SOTIF entropy, which is then propagated downstream to the decision-making module and mitigated. Finally, several challenging scenarios are demonstrated, and the Hardware-in-the-Loop experiments are conducted to verify the efficiency and effectiveness of the system. The results demonstrate that the Self-Surveillance and Self-Adaption System enables dependable online monitoring, quantification, and mitigation of SOTIF risk in real-time critical traffic environments.
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两栖地面汽车将飞行和驾驶模式融合在一起,以实现更灵活的空中行动能力,并且最近受到了越来越多的关注。通过分析现有的两栖车辆,我们强调了在复杂的三维城市运输系统中有效使用两栖车辆的自动驾驶功能。我们审查并总结了现有两栖车辆设计中智能飞行驾驶的关键促成技术,确定主要的技术障碍,并提出潜在的解决方案,以实现未来的研究和创新。本文旨在作为研究和开发智能两栖车辆的指南,以实现未来的城市运输。
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通过实现灵活的按需系统,预计自动车辆(AVS)将增加交通安全和交通效率等。这在新加坡尤其重要,是世界上最稠密的国家之一,这就是为什么新加坡当局目前正在积极促进AVS的部署。但是,由于正式的AV路公路审批程序所需所需。为此,提出了一种安全评估框架,这与基于交通场景的方法相结合了标准化功能安全设计方法的方面。后者涉及使用驱动数据来提取AV相关的流量方案。底层方法基于将场景分解为基本事件,随后的场景参数化和采样场景参数的估计概率密度函数来创建测试场景。随后,由此产生的测试场景用于模拟环境中的虚拟测试,并在证明地面和现实生活中进行物理测试。结果,所提出的评估管线因此由于基于模拟的方法而在相对短的时间帧中为AV性能提供统计相关和定量措施。最终,拟议的方法提供了AVS的正式道路审批程序的当局。特别是,拟议的方法将支持新加坡土地运输机构进行AVS的道路批准。
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尽管机器人学课程在高等教育方面已建立,但这些课程通常专注于理论,有时缺乏对开发,部署和将软件应用于真实硬件的技术的系统覆盖。此外,大多数用于机器人教学的硬件平台是针对中学水平的年轻学生的低级玩具。为了解决这一差距,开发了一个自动驾驶汽车硬件平台,称为第1 f1 f1tth,用于教授自动驾驶系统。本文介绍了以“赛车”和替换考试的竞赛为主题的各种教育水平教学模块和软件堆栈。第1辆车提供了一个模块化硬件平台及其相关软件,用于教授自动驾驶算法的基础知识。从基本的反应方法到高级计划算法,教学模块通过使用第1辆车的自动驾驶来增强学生的计算思维。第1辆汽车填补了研究平台和低端玩具车之间的空白,并提供了学习自主系统中主题的动手经验。多年的四所大学为他们的学期本科和研究生课程采用了教学模块。学生反馈用于分析第1个平台的有效性。超过80%的学生强烈同意,硬件平台和模块大大激发了他们的学习,而超过70%的学生强烈同意,硬件增强了他们对学科的理解。调查结果表明,超过80%的学生强烈同意竞争激励他们参加课程。
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Designing a local planner to control tractor-trailer vehicles in forward and backward maneuvering is a challenging control problem in the research community of autonomous driving systems. Considering a critical situation in the stability of tractor-trailer systems, a practical and novel approach is presented to design a non-linear MPC(NMPC) local planner for tractor-trailer autonomous vehicles in both forward and backward maneuvering. The tractor velocity and steering angle are considered to be control variables. The proposed NMPC local planner is designed to handle jackknife situations, avoiding multiple static obstacles, and path following in both forward and backward maneuvering. The challenges mentioned above are converted into a constrained problem that can be handled simultaneously by the proposed NMPC local planner. The direct multiple shooting approach is used to convert the optimal control problem(OCP) into a non-linear programming problem(NLP) that IPOPT solvers can solve in CasADi. The controller performance is evaluated through different backup and forward maneuvering scenarios in the Gazebo simulation environment in real-time. It achieves asymptotic stability in avoiding static obstacles and accurate tracking performance while respecting path constraints. Finally, the proposed NMPC local planner is integrated with an open-source autonomous driving software stack called AutowareAi.
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本报告介绍了Waymo关于系统疲劳风险管理框架的建议,该框架解决了在ADS技术的公路测试期间疲劳诱导的风险的预防,监测和缓解。所提出的框架仍然可以灵活地纳入持续的改进,并受到最先进的实践,研究,学习和经验的信息(内部和外部的Waymo)。疲劳是涉及人类驾驶员的大部分公路撞车事故的公认因素,缓解疲劳引起的风险仍然是全球研究的公开关注。虽然提出的框架是专门针对SAE 4级广告技术的公路测试而设计的,但它对较低的自动化也具有含义和适用性。
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在自动驾驶领域内,环境感知的明显趋势趋于更多的传感器,更高的冗余和计算能力的总体增加。这主要是由范例驱动,以尽可能地掌握整个环境。然而,由于功能复杂性的持续上升,必须考虑妥协以确保感知系统的实时能力。在这项工作中,我们介绍了一种情况感知环境感知的概念,以控制资源分配在数据内处理相关区域,以及仅用于用于环境感知的功能模块的子集,如果足够的驱动任务。具体地,我们建议评估自动化车辆的上下文,以得出定义相关区域的多层注意图(MLAM)。使用此MLAM,动态配置有源功能模块的最佳状态,并强制执行仅相关数据的模块内处理。我们概述了我们概念在手头的直接实施中使用真实数据应用的可行性。在保留整体功能的同时,我们实现了59%的累计处理时间的降低。
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The last decade witnessed increasingly rapid progress in self-driving vehicle technology, mainly backed up by advances in the area of deep learning and artificial intelligence. The objective of this paper is to survey the current state-of-the-art on deep learning technologies used in autonomous driving. We start by presenting AI-based self-driving architectures, convolutional and recurrent neural networks, as well as the deep reinforcement learning paradigm. These methodologies form a base for the surveyed driving scene perception, path planning, behavior arbitration and motion control algorithms. We investigate both the modular perception-planning-action pipeline, where each module is built using deep learning methods, as well as End2End systems, which directly map sensory information to steering commands. Additionally, we tackle current challenges encountered in designing AI architectures for autonomous driving, such as their safety, training data sources and computational hardware. The comparison presented in this survey helps to gain insight into the strengths and limitations of deep learning and AI approaches for autonomous driving and assist with design choices. 1
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Autonomous vehicle (AV) algorithms need to be tested extensively in order to make sure the vehicle and the passengers will be safe while using it after the implementation. Testing these algorithms in real world create another important safety critical point. Real world testing is also subjected to limitations such as logistic limitations to carry or drive the vehicle to a certain location. For this purpose, hardware in the loop (HIL) simulations as well as virtual environments such as CARLA and LG SVL are used widely. This paper discusses a method that combines the real vehicle with the virtual world, called vehicle in virtual environment (VVE). This method projects the vehicle location and heading into a virtual world for desired testing, and transfers back the information from sensors in the virtual world to the vehicle. As a result, while vehicle is moving in the real world, it simultaneously moves in the virtual world and obtains the situational awareness via multiple virtual sensors. This would allow testing in a safe environment with the real vehicle while providing some additional benefits on vehicle dynamics fidelity, logistics limitations and passenger experience testing. The paper also demonstrates an example case study where path following and the virtual sensors are utilized to test a radar based stopping algorithm.
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While the capabilities of autonomous systems have been steadily improving in recent years, these systems still struggle to rapidly explore previously unknown environments without the aid of GPS-assisted navigation. The DARPA Subterranean (SubT) Challenge aimed to fast track the development of autonomous exploration systems by evaluating their performance in real-world underground search-and-rescue scenarios. Subterranean environments present a plethora of challenges for robotic systems, such as limited communications, complex topology, visually-degraded sensing, and harsh terrain. The presented solution enables long-term autonomy with minimal human supervision by combining a powerful and independent single-agent autonomy stack, with higher level mission management operating over a flexible mesh network. The autonomy suite deployed on quadruped and wheeled robots was fully independent, freeing the human supervision to loosely supervise the mission and make high-impact strategic decisions. We also discuss lessons learned from fielding our system at the SubT Final Event, relating to vehicle versatility, system adaptability, and re-configurable communications.
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随着自动驾驶汽车(AV)开发的发展,对环境中乘客和代理商的安全性的担忧已经上升。涉及自主控制车辆的每个现实世界交通碰撞都使这种担忧加剧了。开源自主驾驶实现显示了具有复杂相互依赖任务的软件体系结构,这很大程度上依赖于机器学习和深层神经网络(DNN),这些任务容易受到非确定性故障和角落案例的影响。这些复杂的子系统共同履行AV的任务,同时还保持安全性。尽管在提高对这些系统的经验可靠性和信心方面正在做出重大改进,但DNN验证的固有局限性在提供AV中提供确定性安全保证方面却引起了无法克服的挑战。我们提出了协同冗余(SR),这是一种用于复杂网络物理系统的安全架构,例如AV。 SR通过将系统的任务和安全任务解耦来提供可验证的安全保证。在独立履行其主要角色的同时,部分功能多余的任务和安全任务能够相互帮助,从而协同改善合并的系统。协同安全层仅使用可验证且可分析的软件来完成其任务。与任务层的密切协调可以更轻松,更早地检测系统中的紧急故障。 SR简化了任务层的优化目标并改进了其设计。 SR提供了高性能的安全部署,尽管本质上无法验证的机器学习软件。在这项工作中,我们首先介绍SR体系结构的设计和功能,然后评估解决方案的功效,重点关注AV中障碍物存在故障的关键问题。
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越来越多的交通部门的问题是事故,交通流量不良和污染。智能运输系统使用外部基础架构(其)可以解决这些问题。据我们所知,不存在对现有解决方案的系统审查。为了填补这一知识缺口,本文概述了现有的使用外部基础架构。此外,本文发现目前没有充分的回答的研究问题。出于这个原因,我们对文件进行了文献综述,它自2009年以来介绍了其解决方案。我们根据他的技术水平分类结果并分析了它们的性质。因此,我们使其有所可比性,并突出了过去的发展以及目前的趋势。根据提及的方法,我们分析了346多篇论文,其中包括40个试验床项目。总之,目前其可以实时提供有关交通情况下的个体的高准确信息。然而,在其使用现代传感器,即插即用机制以及高度数据的分散方式中,进一步研究其应重点关注对流量的更可靠的流量感知。通过解决这些主题,智能运输系统的开发处于校正方向,以实现全面推出。
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This paper describes Waymo's Collision Avoidance Testing (CAT) methodology: a scenario-based testing method that evaluates the safety of the Waymo Driver Automated Driving Systems' (ADS) intended functionality in conflict situations initiated by other road users that require urgent evasive maneuvers. Because SAE Level 4 ADS are responsible for the dynamic driving task (DDT), when engaged, without immediate human intervention, evaluating a Level 4 ADS using scenario-based testing is difficult due to the potentially infinite number of operational scenarios in which hazardous situations may unfold. To that end, in this paper we first describe the safety test objectives for the CAT methodology, including the collision and serious injury metrics and the reference behavior model representing a non-impaired eyes on conflict human driver used to form an acceptance criterion. Afterward, we introduce the process for identifying potentially hazardous situations from a combination of human data, ADS testing data, and expert knowledge about the product design and associated Operational Design Domain (ODD). The test allocation and execution strategy is presented next, which exclusively utilize simulations constructed from sensor data collected on a test track, real-world driving, or from simulated sensor data. The paper concludes with the presentation of results from applying CAT to the fully autonomous ride-hailing service that Waymo operates in San Francisco, California and Phoenix, Arizona. The iterative nature of scenario identification, combined with over ten years of experience of on-road testing, results in a scenario database that converges to a representative set of responder role scenarios for a given ODD. Using Waymo's virtual test platform, which is calibrated to data collected as part of many years of ADS development, the CAT methodology provides a robust and scalable safety evaluation.
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