Autonomous driving confronts great challenges in complex traffic scenarios, where the risk of Safety of the Intended Functionality (SOTIF) can be triggered by the dynamic operational environment and system insufficiencies. The SOTIF risk is reflected not only intuitively in the collision risk with objects outside the autonomous vehicles (AVs), but also inherently in the performance limitation risk of the implemented algorithms themselves. How to minimize the SOTIF risk for autonomous driving is currently a critical, difficult, and unresolved issue. Therefore, this paper proposes the "Self-Surveillance and Self-Adaption System" as a systematic approach to online minimize the SOTIF risk, which aims to provide a systematic solution for monitoring, quantification, and mitigation of inherent and external risks. The core of this system is the risk monitoring of the implemented artificial intelligence algorithms within the AV. As a demonstration of the Self-Surveillance and Self-Adaption System, the risk monitoring of the perception algorithm, i.e., YOLOv5 is highlighted. Moreover, the inherent perception algorithm risk and external collision risk are jointly quantified via SOTIF entropy, which is then propagated downstream to the decision-making module and mitigated. Finally, several challenging scenarios are demonstrated, and the Hardware-in-the-Loop experiments are conducted to verify the efficiency and effectiveness of the system. The results demonstrate that the Self-Surveillance and Self-Adaption System enables dependable online monitoring, quantification, and mitigation of SOTIF risk in real-time critical traffic environments.

Perception algorithms in autonomous driving systems confront great challenges in long-tail traffic scenarios, where the problems of Safety of the Intended Functionality (SOTIF) could be triggered by the algorithm performance insufficiencies and dynamic operational environment. However, such scenarios are not systematically included in current open-source datasets, and this paper fills the gap accordingly. Based on the analysis and enumeration of trigger conditions, a high-quality diverse dataset is released, including various long-tail traffic scenarios collected from multiple resources. Considering the development of probabilistic object detection (POD), this dataset marks trigger sources that may cause perception SOTIF problems in the scenarios as key objects. In addition, an evaluation protocol is suggested to verify the effectiveness of POD algorithms in identifying the key objects via uncertainty. The dataset never stops expanding, and the first batch of open-source data includes 1126 frames with an average of 2.27 key objects and 2.47 normal objects in each frame. To demonstrate how to use this dataset for SOTIF research, this paper further quantifies the perception SOTIF entropy to confirm whether a scenario is unknown and unsafe for a perception system. The experimental results show that the quantified entropy can effectively and efficiently reflect the failure of the perception algorithm.

自动化驾驶系统（广告）开辟了汽车行业的新领域，为未来的运输提供了更高的效率和舒适体验的新可能性。然而，在恶劣天气条件下的自主驾驶已经存在，使自动车辆（AVS）长时间保持自主车辆（AVS）或更高的自主权。本文评估了天气在分析和统计方式中为广告传感器带来的影响和挑战，并对恶劣天气条件进行了解决方案。彻底报道了关于对每种天气的感知增强的最先进技术。外部辅助解决方案如V2X技术，当前可用的数据集，模拟器和天气腔室的实验设施中的天气条件覆盖范围明显。通过指出各种主要天气问题，自主驾驶场目前正在面临，近年来审查硬件和计算机科学解决方案，这项调查概述了在不利的天气驾驶条件方面的障碍和方向的障碍和方向。

The last decade witnessed increasingly rapid progress in self-driving vehicle technology, mainly backed up by advances in the area of deep learning and artificial intelligence. The objective of this paper is to survey the current state-of-the-art on deep learning technologies used in autonomous driving. We start by presenting AI-based self-driving architectures, convolutional and recurrent neural networks, as well as the deep reinforcement learning paradigm. These methodologies form a base for the surveyed driving scene perception, path planning, behavior arbitration and motion control algorithms. We investigate both the modular perception-planning-action pipeline, where each module is built using deep learning methods, as well as End2End systems, which directly map sensory information to steering commands. Additionally, we tackle current challenges encountered in designing AI architectures for autonomous driving, such as their safety, training data sources and computational hardware. The comparison presented in this survey helps to gain insight into the strengths and limitations of deep learning and AI approaches for autonomous driving and assist with design choices. 1

Proper functioning of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) is crucial for the safety and efficiency of future intelligent transport systems. Meanwhile, transitioning to fully autonomous driving requires a long period of mixed autonomy traffic, including both CAVs and human-driven vehicles. Thus, collaboration decision-making for CAVs is essential to generate appropriate driving behaviors to enhance the safety and efficiency of mixed autonomy traffic. In recent years, deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has been widely used in solving decision-making problems. However, the existing DRL-based methods have been mainly focused on solving the decision-making of a single CAV. Using the existing DRL-based methods in mixed autonomy traffic cannot accurately represent the mutual effects of vehicles and model dynamic traffic environments. To address these shortcomings, this article proposes a graph reinforcement learning (GRL) approach for multi-agent decision-making of CAVs in mixed autonomy traffic. First, a generic and modular GRL framework is designed. Then, a systematic review of DRL and GRL methods is presented, focusing on the problems addressed in recent research. Moreover, a comparative study on different GRL methods is further proposed based on the designed framework to verify the effectiveness of GRL methods. Results show that the GRL methods can well optimize the performance of multi-agent decision-making for CAVs in mixed autonomy traffic compared to the DRL methods. Finally, challenges and future research directions are summarized. This study can provide a valuable research reference for solving the multi-agent decision-making problems of CAVs in mixed autonomy traffic and can promote the implementation of GRL-based methods into intelligent transportation systems. The source code of our work can be found at https://github.com/Jacklinkk/Graph_CAVs.

随着智能车辆和先进驾驶员援助系统（ADAS）的快速发展，新趋势是人类驾驶员的混合水平将参与运输系统。因此，在这种情况下，司机的必要视觉指导对于防止潜在风险至关重要。为了推进视觉指导系统的发展，我们介绍了一种新的视觉云数据融合方法，从云中集成相机图像和数字双胞胎信息，帮助智能车辆做出更好的决策。绘制目标车辆边界框并在物体检测器的帮助下（在EGO车辆上运行）和位置信息（从云接收）匹配。使用深度图像作为附加特征源获得最佳匹配结果，从工会阈值下面的0.7交叉口下的精度为79.2％。进行了对车道改变预测的案例研究，以表明所提出的数据融合方法的有效性。在案例研究中，提出了一种多层的Perceptron算法，用修改的车道改变预测方法提出。从Unity游戏发动机获得的人型仿真结果表明，在安全性，舒适度和环境可持续性方面，拟议的模型可以显着提高高速公路驾驶性能。

背景信息：在过去几年中，机器学习（ML）一直是许多创新的核心。然而，包括在所谓的“安全关键”系统中，例如汽车或航空的系统已经被证明是非常具有挑战性的，因为ML的范式转变为ML带来完全改变传统认证方法。目的：本文旨在阐明与ML为基础的安全关键系统认证有关的挑战，以及文献中提出的解决方案，以解决它们，回答问题的问题如何证明基于机器学习的安全关键系统？'方法：我们开展2015年至2020年至2020年之间发布的研究论文的系统文献综述（SLR），涵盖了与ML系统认证有关的主题。总共确定了217篇论文涵盖了主题，被认为是ML认证的主要支柱：鲁棒性，不确定性，解释性，验证，安全强化学习和直接认证。我们分析了每个子场的主要趋势和问题，并提取了提取的论文的总结。结果：单反结果突出了社区对该主题的热情，以及在数据集和模型类型方面缺乏多样性。它还强调需要进一步发展学术界和行业之间的联系，以加深域名研究。最后，它还说明了必须在上面提到的主要支柱之间建立连接的必要性，这些主要柱主要主要研究。结论：我们强调了目前部署的努力，以实现ML基于ML的软件系统，并讨论了一些未来的研究方向。

自主系统（AS）越来越多地提出或在安全关键（SC）应用中使用，例如公路车辆。许多这样的系统利用复杂的传感器套件和处理来提供场景理解，从而使“决策”（例如路径计划）提供了信息。传感器处理通常利用机器学习（ML），并且必须在具有挑战性的环境中工作，此外，ML算法具有已知的局限性，例如，对象分类中错误的负面因素或假阳性的可能性。为常规SC系统开发的完善的安全分析方法与AS使用的AS，ML或传感系统没有很好的匹配。本文提出了适应良好的安全分析方法的适应，以解决AS的传感系统的细节，包括解决环境效应和ML的潜在故障模式，并为选择特定的指南或提示集提供了理由。安全分析。它继续展示了如何使用分析结果来告知AS系统的设计和验证，并通过对移动机器人进行部分分析来说明新方法。本文中的插图主要基于光学传感，但是本文讨论了该方法对其他感应方式的适用性及其在更广泛的安全过程中的作用，以解决AS的整体功能

汽车行业在过去几十年中见证了越来越多的发展程度;从制造手动操作车辆到具有高自动化水平的制造车辆。随着近期人工智能（AI）的发展，汽车公司现在雇用BlackBox AI模型来使车辆能够感知其环境，并使人类少或没有输入的驾驶决策。希望能够在商业规模上部署自治车辆（AV），通过社会接受AV成为至关重要的，并且可能在很大程度上取决于其透明度，可信度和遵守法规的程度。通过为AVS行为的解释提供对这些接受要求的遵守对这些验收要求的评估。因此，解释性被视为AVS的重要要求。 AV应该能够解释他们在他们运作的环境中的“见到”。在本文中，我们对可解释的自动驾驶的现有工作体系进行了全面的调查。首先，我们通过突出显示并强调透明度，问责制和信任的重要性来开放一个解释的动机;并审查与AVS相关的现有法规和标准。其次，我们识别并分类了参与发展，使用和监管的不同利益相关者，并引出了AV的解释要求。第三，我们对以前的工作进行了严格的审查，以解释不同的AV操作（即，感知，本地化，规划，控制和系统管理）。最后，我们确定了相关的挑战并提供建议，例如AV可解释性的概念框架。该调查旨在提供对AVS中解释性感兴趣的研究人员所需的基本知识。

自动驾驶在过去十年中取得了重大的研究和发展中的重要里程碑。在道路上的自动车辆部署时，对该领域的兴趣越来越令人兴趣，承诺更安全，更生态的运输系统。随着计算强大的人工智能（AI）技术的兴起，自动车辆可以用高精度感测它们的环境，进行安全的实时决策，并在没有人类干预的情况下更可靠地运行。然而，在现有技术中，人类智能决策通常不可能理解，这种缺陷阻碍了这种技术在社会上可接受。因此，除了制造安全的实时决策之外，自治车辆的AI系统还需要解释如何构建这些决策，以便在许多司法管辖区兼容监管。我们的研究在开发可解释的人工智能（XAI）的自治车辆方法上阐明了全面的光芒。特别是，我们做出以下贡献。首先，我们在最先进的自主车辆行业的解释方面彻底概述了目前的差距。然后，我们显示了该领域的解释和解释接收器的分类。第三，我们为端到端自主驾驶系统的架构提出了一个框架，并证明了Xai在调试和调节这些系统中的作用。最后，作为未来的研究方向，我们提供了XAI自主驾驶方法的实地指南，可以提高运营安全性和透明度，以实现监管机构，制造商和所有参与利益相关者的公共批准。

在公共道路上大规模的自动车辆部署有可能大大改变当今社会的运输方式。尽管这种追求是在几十年前开始的，但仍有公开挑战可靠地确保此类车辆在开放环境中安全运行。尽管功能安全性是一个完善的概念，但测量车辆行为安全的问题仍然需要研究。客观和计算分析交通冲突的一种方法是开发和利用所谓的关键指标。在与自动驾驶有关的各种应用中，当代方法利用了关键指标的潜力，例如用于评估动态风险或过滤大型数据集以构建方案目录。作为系统地选择适当的批判性指标的先决条件，我们在自动驾驶的背景下广泛回顾了批判性指标，其属性及其应用的现状。基于这篇综述，我们提出了一种适合性分析，作为一种有条不紊的工具，可以由从业者使用。然后，可以利用提出的方法和最新审查的状态来选择涵盖应用程序要求的合理的测量工具，如分析的示例性执行所证明。最终，高效，有效且可靠的衡量自动化车辆安全性能是证明其可信赖性的关键要求。

关键应用程序中机器学习（ML）组件的集成引入了软件认证和验证的新挑战。正在开发新的安全标准和技术准则，以支持基于ML的系统的安全性，例如ISO 21448 SOTIF用于汽车域名，并保证机器学习用于自主系统（AMLAS）框架。 SOTIF和AMLA提供了高级指导，但对于每个特定情况，必须将细节凿出来。我们启动了一个研究项目，目的是证明开放汽车系统中ML组件的完整安全案例。本文报告说，Smikk的安全保证合作是由行业级别的行业合作的，这是一个基于ML的行人自动紧急制动示威者，在行业级模拟器中运行。我们演示了AMLA在伪装上的应用，以在简约的操作设计域中，即，我们为其基于ML的集成组件共享一个完整的安全案例。最后，我们报告了经验教训，并在开源许可下为研究界重新使用的开源许可提供了傻笑和安全案例。

Computer vision applications in intelligent transportation systems (ITS) and autonomous driving (AD) have gravitated towards deep neural network architectures in recent years. While performance seems to be improving on benchmark datasets, many real-world challenges are yet to be adequately considered in research. This paper conducted an extensive literature review on the applications of computer vision in ITS and AD, and discusses challenges related to data, models, and complex urban environments. The data challenges are associated with the collection and labeling of training data and its relevance to real world conditions, bias inherent in datasets, the high volume of data needed to be processed, and privacy concerns. Deep learning (DL) models are commonly too complex for real-time processing on embedded hardware, lack explainability and generalizability, and are hard to test in real-world settings. Complex urban traffic environments have irregular lighting and occlusions, and surveillance cameras can be mounted at a variety of angles, gather dirt, shake in the wind, while the traffic conditions are highly heterogeneous, with violation of rules and complex interactions in crowded scenarios. Some representative applications that suffer from these problems are traffic flow estimation, congestion detection, autonomous driving perception, vehicle interaction, and edge computing for practical deployment. The possible ways of dealing with the challenges are also explored while prioritizing practical deployment.

With the rise of AI and automation, moral decisions are being put into the hands of algorithms that were formerly the preserve of humans. In autonomous driving, a variety of such decisions with ethical implications are made by algorithms for behavior and trajectory planning. Therefore, we present an ethical trajectory planning algorithm with a framework that aims at a fair distribution of risk among road users. Our implementation incorporates a combination of five essential ethical principles: minimization of the overall risk, priority for the worst-off, equal treatment of people, responsibility, and maximum acceptable risk. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first ethical algorithm for trajectory planning of autonomous vehicles in line with the 20 recommendations from the EU Commission expert group and with general applicability to various traffic situations. We showcase the ethical behavior of our algorithm in selected scenarios and provide an empirical analysis of the ethical principles in 2000 scenarios. The code used in this research is available as open-source software.

Recently, numerous studies have investigated cooperative traffic systems using the communication among vehicle-to-everything (V2X). Unfortunately, when multiple autonomous vehicles are deployed while exposed to communication failure, there might be a conflict of ideal conditions between various autonomous vehicles leading to adversarial situation on the roads. In South Korea, virtual and real-world urban autonomous multi-vehicle races were held in March and November of 2021, respectively. During the competition, multiple vehicles were involved simultaneously, which required maneuvers such as overtaking low-speed vehicles, negotiating intersections, and obeying traffic laws. In this study, we introduce a fully autonomous driving software stack to deploy a competitive driving model, which enabled us to win the urban autonomous multi-vehicle races. We evaluate module-based systems such as navigation, perception, and planning in real and virtual environments. Additionally, an analysis of traffic is performed after collecting multiple vehicle position data over communication to gain additional insight into a multi-agent autonomous driving scenario. Finally, we propose a method for analyzing traffic in order to compare the spatial distribution of multiple autonomous vehicles. We study the similarity distribution between each team's driving log data to determine the impact of competitive autonomous driving on the traffic environment.

随着自动驾驶功能（AD）功能的进步，近年来，远程运行越来越受欢迎。通过启用自动化车辆的远程操作，可以将远程处理作为可靠的后备解决方案，用于操作设计域限制和广告功能的边缘案例。多年来，文献中提出了有关人类操作员如何远程支持或替代广告功能的各种不同的远程关系概念。本文介绍了关于道路车辆远程运行概念的文献调查的结果。此外，由于行业内部的兴趣日益增加，对专利和公司整体活动的见解也提出了。

近年来，道路安全引起了智能运输系统领域的研究人员和从业者的重大关注。作为最常见的道路用户群体之一，行人由于其不可预测的行为和运动而导致令人震惊，因为车辆行人互动的微妙误解可以很容易地导致风险的情况或碰撞。现有方法使用预定义的基于碰撞的模型或人类标签方法来估计行人的风险。这些方法通常受到他们的概括能力差，缺乏对自我车辆和行人之间的相互作用的限制。这项工作通过提出行人风险级预测系统来解决所列问题。该系统由三个模块组成。首先，收集车辆角度的行人数据。由于数据包含关于自我车辆和行人的运动的信息，因此可以简化以交互感知方式预测时空特征的预测。使用长短短期存储器模型，行人轨迹预测模块预测后续五个框架中的时空特征。随着预测的轨迹遵循某些交互和风险模式，采用混合聚类和分类方法来探讨时空特征中的风险模式，并使用学习模式训练风险等级分类器。在预测行人的时空特征并识别相应的风险水平时，确定自我车辆和行人之间的风险模式。实验结果验证了PRLP系统的能力，以预测行人的风险程度，从而支持智能车辆的碰撞风险评估，并为车辆和行人提供安全警告。

自动驾驶汽车是一项不断发展的技术，旨在通过自动操作从车道变更到超车来提高安全性，可访问性，效率和便利性。超车是自动驾驶汽车最具挑战性的操作之一，当前的自动超车技术仅限于简单情况。本文研究了如何通过允许动作流产来提高自主超车的安全性。我们提出了一个基于深层Q网络的决策过程，以确定是否以及何时需要中止超车的操作。拟议的算法在与交通情况不同的模拟中进行了经验评估，这表明所提出的方法可以改善超车手动过程中的安全性。此外，使用自动班车Iseauto在现实世界实验中证明了该方法。

然而，由于各种交通/道路结构方案以及人类驾驶员行为的长时间分布，自动驾驶的感应，感知和本地化取得了重大进展，因此，对于智能车辆来说，这仍然是一个持开放态度的挑战始终知道如何在有可用的传感 /感知 /本地化信息的道路上做出和执行最佳决定。在本章中，我们讨论了人工智能，更具体地说，强化学习如何利用运营知识和安全反射来做出战略性和战术决策。我们讨论了一些与强化学习解决方案的鲁棒性及其对自动驾驶驾驶策略的实践设计有关的具有挑战性的问题。我们专注于在高速公路上自动驾驶以及增强学习，车辆运动控制和控制屏障功能的整合，从而实现了可靠的AI驾驶策略，可以安全地学习和适应。

自动化驾驶系统（ADSS）近年来迅速进展。为确保这些系统的安全性和可靠性，在未来的群心部署之前正在进行广泛的测试。测试道路上的系统是最接近真实世界和理想的方法，但它非常昂贵。此外，使用此类现实世界测试覆盖稀有角案件是不可行的。因此，一种流行的替代方案是在一些设计精心设计的具有挑战性场景中评估广告的性能，A.k.a.基于场景的测试。高保真模拟器已广泛用于此设置中，以最大限度地提高测试的灵活性和便利性 - 如果发生的情况。虽然已经提出了许多作品，但为测试特定系统提供了各种框架/方法，但这些作品之间的比较和连接仍然缺失。为了弥合这一差距，在这项工作中，我们在高保真仿真中提供了基于场景的测试的通用制定，并对现有工作进行了文献综述。我们进一步比较了它们并呈现开放挑战以及潜在的未来研究方向。