尖峰神经网络(SNN)为时间信号处理提供了有效的计算机制,尤其是与低功率SNN推理相结合时。历史上很难配置SNN,缺乏为任意任务寻找解决方案的一般方法。近年来,逐渐发芽的优化方法已应用于SNN,并且越来越轻松。因此,SNN和SNN推理处理器为在没有云依赖性的能源约束环境中为商业低功率信号处理提供了一个良好的平台。但是,迄今为止,行业中的ML工程师无法访问这些方法,需要研究生级培训才能成功配置单个SNN应用程序。在这里,我们演示了一条方便的高级管道,用于设计,训练和部署任意的时间信号处理应用程序,向子-MW SNN推理硬件。我们使用用于时间信号处理的新型直接SNN体系结构,使用突触时间常数的金字塔在一系列时间尺度上提取信号特征。我们在环境音频分类任务上演示了这种体系结构,该任务部署在流式传输模式下的Xylo SNN推理处理器上。我们的应用以低功率(<4MUW推理功率)达到了高准确性(98%)和低潜伏期(100ms)。我们的方法使培训和部署SNN应用程序可用于具有通用NN背景的ML工程师,而无需先前的Spiking NNS经验。我们打算将神经形态硬件和SNN成为商业低功率和边缘信号处理应用程序的吸引人选择。
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超低功耗本地信号处理是始终安装在设备上的边缘应用的关键方面。尖刺神经网络的神经形态处理器显示出很大的计算能力,同时根据该领域的需要满足有限的电力预算。在这项工作中,我们提出了尖峰神经动力学作为扩张时间卷积的自然替代品。我们将这个想法扩展到WaveSense,这是一个由Wavenet Architects的激发灵感的尖峰神经网络。WaveSense使用简单的神经动力学,固定时间常数和简单的前馈结构,因此特别适用于神经形态实现。我们在几个数据集中测试此模型的功能,以用于关键字斑点。结果表明,该网络击败了其他尖刺神经网络的领域,并达到了诸如CNN和LSTM的人工神经网络的最先进的性能。
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穗状花序的神经形状硬件占据了深度神经网络(DNN)的更节能实现的承诺,而不是GPU的标准硬件。但这需要了解如何在基于事件的稀疏触发制度中仿真DNN,否则能量优势丢失。特别地,解决序列处理任务的DNN通常采用难以使用少量尖峰效仿的长短期存储器(LSTM)单元。我们展示了许多生物神经元的面部,在每个尖峰后缓慢的超积极性(AHP)电流,提供了有效的解决方案。 AHP电流可以轻松地在支持多舱神经元模型的神经形状硬件中实现,例如英特尔的Loihi芯片。滤波近似理论解释为什么AHP-Neurons可以模拟LSTM单元的功能。这产生了高度节能的时间序列分类方法。此外,它为实现了非常稀疏的大量大型DNN来实现基础,这些大型DNN在文本中提取单词和句子之间的关系,以便回答有关文本的问题。
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Neuromorphic systems require user-friendly software to support the design and optimization of experiments. In this work, we address this need by presenting our development of a machine learning-based modeling framework for the BrainScaleS-2 neuromorphic system. This work represents an improvement over previous efforts, which either focused on the matrix-multiplication mode of BrainScaleS-2 or lacked full automation. Our framework, called hxtorch.snn, enables the hardware-in-the-loop training of spiking neural networks within PyTorch, including support for auto differentiation in a fully-automated hardware experiment workflow. In addition, hxtorch.snn facilitates seamless transitions between emulating on hardware and simulating in software. We demonstrate the capabilities of hxtorch.snn on a classification task using the Yin-Yang dataset employing a gradient-based approach with surrogate gradients and densely sampled membrane observations from the BrainScaleS-2 hardware system.
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In the past years, artificial neural networks (ANNs) have become the de-facto standard to solve tasks in communications engineering that are difficult to solve with traditional methods. In parallel, the artificial intelligence community drives its research to biology-inspired, brain-like spiking neural networks (SNNs), which promise extremely energy-efficient computing. In this paper, we investigate the use of SNNs in the context of channel equalization for ultra-low complexity receivers. We propose an SNN-based equalizer with a feedback structure akin to the decision feedback equalizer (DFE). For conversion of real-world data into spike signals we introduce a novel ternary encoding and compare it with traditional log-scale encoding. We show that our approach clearly outperforms conventional linear equalizers for three different exemplary channels. We highlight that mainly the conversion of the channel output to spikes introduces a small performance penalty. The proposed SNN with a decision feedback structure enables the path to competitive energy-efficient transceivers.
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Event-based simulations of Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are fast and accurate. However, they are rarely used in the context of event-based gradient descent because their implementations on GPUs are difficult. Discretization with the forward Euler method is instead often used with gradient descent techniques but has the disadvantage of being computationally expensive. Moreover, the lack of precision of discretized simulations can create mismatches between the simulated models and analog neuromorphic hardware. In this work, we propose a new exact error-backpropagation through spikes method for SNNs, extending Fast \& Deep to multiple spikes per neuron. We show that our method can be efficiently implemented on GPUs in a fully event-based manner, making it fast to compute and precise enough for analog neuromorphic hardware. Compared to the original Fast \& Deep and the current state-of-the-art event-based gradient-descent algorithms, we demonstrate increased performance on several benchmark datasets with both feedforward and convolutional SNNs. In particular, we show that multi-spike SNNs can have advantages over single-spike networks in terms of convergence, sparsity, classification latency and sensitivity to the dead neuron problem.
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Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are bio-plausible models that hold great potential for realizing energy-efficient implementations of sequential tasks on resource-constrained edge devices. However, commercial edge platforms based on standard GPUs are not optimized to deploy SNNs, resulting in high energy and latency. While analog In-Memory Computing (IMC) platforms can serve as energy-efficient inference engines, they are accursed by the immense energy, latency, and area requirements of high-precision ADCs (HP-ADC), overshadowing the benefits of in-memory computations. We propose a hardware/software co-design methodology to deploy SNNs into an ADC-Less IMC architecture using sense-amplifiers as 1-bit ADCs replacing conventional HP-ADCs and alleviating the above issues. Our proposed framework incurs minimal accuracy degradation by performing hardware-aware training and is able to scale beyond simple image classification tasks to more complex sequential regression tasks. Experiments on complex tasks of optical flow estimation and gesture recognition show that progressively increasing the hardware awareness during SNN training allows the model to adapt and learn the errors due to the non-idealities associated with ADC-Less IMC. Also, the proposed ADC-Less IMC offers significant energy and latency improvements, $2-7\times$ and $8.9-24.6\times$, respectively, depending on the SNN model and the workload, compared to HP-ADC IMC.
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我们提出了Memprop,即采用基于梯度的学习来培训完全的申请尖峰神经网络(MSNNS)。我们的方法利用固有的设备动力学来触发自然产生的电压尖峰。这些由回忆动力学发出的尖峰本质上是类似物,因此完全可区分,这消除了尖峰神经网络(SNN)文献中普遍存在的替代梯度方法的需求。回忆性神经网络通常将备忘录集成为映射离线培训网络的突触,或者以其他方式依靠关联学习机制来训练候选神经元的网络。相反,我们直接在循环神经元和突触的模拟香料模型上应用了通过时间(BPTT)训练算法的反向传播。我们的实现是完全的综合性,因为突触重量和尖峰神经元都集成在电阻RAM(RRAM)阵列上,而无需其他电路来实现尖峰动态,例如模数转换器(ADCS)或阈值比较器。结果,高阶电物理效应被充分利用,以在运行时使用磁性神经元的状态驱动动力学。通过朝着非同一梯度的学习迈进,我们在以前报道的几个基准上的轻巧密集的完全MSNN中获得了高度竞争的准确性。
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The term ``neuromorphic'' refers to systems that are closely resembling the architecture and/or the dynamics of biological neural networks. Typical examples are novel computer chips designed to mimic the architecture of a biological brain, or sensors that get inspiration from, e.g., the visual or olfactory systems in insects and mammals to acquire information about the environment. This approach is not without ambition as it promises to enable engineered devices able to reproduce the level of performance observed in biological organisms -- the main immediate advantage being the efficient use of scarce resources, which translates into low power requirements. The emphasis on low power and energy efficiency of neuromorphic devices is a perfect match for space applications. Spacecraft -- especially miniaturized ones -- have strict energy constraints as they need to operate in an environment which is scarce with resources and extremely hostile. In this work we present an overview of early attempts made to study a neuromorphic approach in a space context at the European Space Agency's (ESA) Advanced Concepts Team (ACT).
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尖峰神经网络(SNN)提供了一个新的计算范式,能够高度平行,实时处理。光子设备是设计与SNN计算范式相匹配的高带宽,平行体系结构的理想选择。 CMO和光子元件的协整允许将低损耗的光子设备与模拟电子设备结合使用,以更大的非线性计算元件的灵活性。因此,我们在整体硅光子学(SIPH)过程上设计和模拟了光电尖峰神经元电路,该过程复制了超出泄漏的集成和火(LIF)之外有用的尖峰行为。此外,我们探索了两种学习算法,具有使用Mach-Zehnder干涉法(MZI)网格作为突触互连的片上学习的潜力。实验证明了随机反向传播(RPB)的变体,并在简单分类任务上与标准线性回归的性能相匹配。同时,将对比性HEBBIAN学习(CHL)规则应用于由MZI网格组成的模拟神经网络,以进行随机输入输出映射任务。受CHL训练的MZI网络的性能比随机猜测更好,但不符合理想神经网络的性能(没有MZI网格施加的约束)。通过这些努力,我们证明了协调的CMO和SIPH技术非常适合可扩展的SNN计算体系结构的设计。
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神经形态计算是一种新兴的计算范式,它从批处理的处理转向在线,事件驱动的流数据处理。当神经形态芯片与基于尖峰的传感器结合在一起时,只有在峰值时间内记录相关事件并证明对变化条件的低延迟响应时,才能通过消耗能量来固有地适应数据分布的“语义”。环境。本文为神经形态无线网络系统系统提出了端到端设计,该系统集成了基于尖峰的传感,处理和通信。在拟议的神经系统系统中,每个传感设备都配备了神经形态传感器,尖峰神经网络(SNN)和带有多个天线的脉冲无线电发射器。传输发生在配备了多Antenna脉冲无线电接收器和SNN的接收器上的共享褪色通道上进行。为了使接收器适应褪色的通道条件,我们引入了一项超网络,以使用飞行员控制解码SNN的权重。飞行员,编码SNN,解码SNN和超网络经过多个通道实现的共同训练。该系统被证明可以显着改善基于传统的基于框架的数字解决方案以及替代性非自适应训练方法,从时间到准确性和能源消耗指标方面。
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在本文中,我们为两个静态的美国手语(ASL)手势分类任务(即ASL字母和ASL数字)开发了四个尖峰神经网络(SNN)模型。SNN模型部署在英特尔的神经形态平台上,然后与部署在边缘计算设备(Intel神经计算棒2(NCS2))上的等效深神经网络(DNN)模型进行了比较。在准确性,延迟,功耗和能源方面,我们进行了两种系统之间的全面比较。最佳DNN模型在ASL字母数据集上的精度为99.6%,而最佳性能SNN模型的精度为99.44%。对于ASL数字数据集,最好的SNN模型以99.52%的精度优于其所有DNN对应物。此外,我们获得的实验结果表明,与NCS2相比,Loihi神经形态硬件的实现分别可降低14.67倍和4.09倍。
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编译器框架对于广泛使用基于FPGA的深度学习加速器来说是至关重要的。它们允许研究人员和开发人员不熟悉硬件工程,以利用域特定逻辑所获得的性能。存在传统人工神经网络的各种框架。然而,没有多大的研究努力已经进入创建针对尖刺神经网络(SNNS)进行优化的框架。这种新一代的神经网络对于在边缘设备上部署AI的越来越有趣,其具有紧密的功率和资源约束。我们的端到端框架E3NE为FPGA自动生成高效的SNN推理逻辑。基于Pytorch模型和用户参数,它应用各种优化,并评估基于峰值的加速器固有的权衡。多个水平的并行性和新出现的神经编码方案的使用导致优于先前的SNN硬件实现的效率。对于类似的型号,E3NE使用的硬件资源的少于50%,功率较低20%,同时通过幅度降低延迟。此外,可扩展性和通用性允许部署大规模的SNN模型AlexNet和VGG。
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这项研究提出了依赖电压突触可塑性(VDSP),这是一种新型的脑启发的无监督的本地学习规则,用于在线实施HEBB对神经形态硬件的可塑性机制。拟议的VDSP学习规则仅更新了突触后神经元的尖峰的突触电导,这使得相对于标准峰值依赖性可塑性(STDP)的更新数量减少了两倍。此更新取决于突触前神经元的膜电位,该神经元很容易作为神经元实现的一部分,因此不需要额外的存储器来存储。此外,该更新还对突触重量进行了正规化,并防止重复刺激时的重量爆炸或消失。进行严格的数学分析以在VDSP和STDP之间达到等效性。为了验证VDSP的系统级性能,我们训练一个单层尖峰神经网络(SNN),以识别手写数字。我们报告85.01 $ \ pm $ 0.76%(平均$ \ pm $ s.d。)对于MNIST数据集中的100个输出神经元网络的精度。在缩放网络大小时,性能会提高(400个输出神经元的89.93 $ \ pm $ 0.41%,500个神经元为90.56 $ \ pm $ 0.27),这验证了大规模计算机视觉任务的拟议学习规则的适用性。有趣的是,学习规则比STDP更好地适应输入信号的频率,并且不需要对超参数进行手动调整。
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Spiking Neural networks (SNN) have emerged as an attractive spatio-temporal computing paradigm for a wide range of low-power vision tasks. However, state-of-the-art (SOTA) SNN models either incur multiple time steps which hinder their deployment in real-time use cases or increase the training complexity significantly. To mitigate this concern, we present a training framework (from scratch) for one-time-step SNNs that uses a novel variant of the recently proposed Hoyer regularizer. We estimate the threshold of each SNN layer as the Hoyer extremum of a clipped version of its activation map, where the clipping threshold is trained using gradient descent with our Hoyer regularizer. This approach not only downscales the value of the trainable threshold, thereby emitting a large number of spikes for weight update with a limited number of iterations (due to only one time step) but also shifts the membrane potential values away from the threshold, thereby mitigating the effect of noise that can degrade the SNN accuracy. Our approach outperforms existing spiking, binary, and adder neural networks in terms of the accuracy-FLOPs trade-off for complex image recognition tasks. Downstream experiments on object detection also demonstrate the efficacy of our approach.
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深度估计是一个重要的计算机视觉任务,特别是用于自主车辆中的导航,或者在机器人中的对象操纵。在这里,我们使用端到端的神经形态方法解决了它,将两个事件的相机和尖峰神经网络(SNN)与略微修改的U-Net的编码器 - 解码器架构结合起来,我们命名为Sterepike。更具体地说,我们使用了多车辆立体声事件相机数据集(MVSEC)。它提供了深度地面真理,用于使用替代梯度下降以监督方式训练立体摩托车。我们提出了一种新颖的读数范式来获得密集的模拟预测 - 从解码器的尖峰中获得每个像素的深度。我们证明,这种体系结构概括得非常好,甚至比其非尖峰对应物更好,导致最先进的测试精度。据我们所知,这是第一次通过完全尖峰网络解决了这样一个大规模的回归问题。最后,我们表明,可以通过规范化获得低发射速率(<10%),精度最低的成本。这意味着可以在神经芯片上有效地实现Sterepositike,用于为低功率和实时嵌入式系统开门。
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Neuromorphic computing using biologically inspired Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) is a promising solution to meet Energy-Throughput (ET) efficiency needed for edge computing devices. Neuromorphic hardware architectures that emulate SNNs in analog/mixed-signal domains have been proposed to achieve order-of-magnitude higher energy efficiency than all-digital architectures, however at the expense of limited scalability, susceptibility to noise, complex verification, and poor flexibility. On the other hand, state-of-the-art digital neuromorphic architectures focus either on achieving high energy efficiency (Joules/synaptic operation (SOP)) or throughput efficiency (SOPs/second/area), resulting in poor ET efficiency. In this work, we present THOR, an all-digital neuromorphic processor with a novel memory hierarchy and neuron update architecture that addresses both energy consumption and throughput bottlenecks. We implemented THOR in 28nm FDSOI CMOS technology and our post-layout results demonstrate an ET efficiency of 7.29G $\text{TSOP}^2/\text{mm}^2\text{Js}$ at 0.9V, 400 MHz, which represents a 3X improvement over state-of-the-art digital neuromorphic processors.
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关键字斑点(kWs)是一个重要的功能,使我们的周围环境中许多无处不在的智能设备进行交互,可以通过唤醒词或直接作为人机界面激活它们。对于许多应用程序,KWS是我们与设备交互的进入点,因此,始终是ON工作负载。许多智能设备都是移动的,并且它们的电池寿命受到持续运行的服务受到严重影响。因此,KWS和类似的始终如一的服务是在优化整体功耗时重点。这项工作解决了低成本微控制器单元(MCU)的KWS节能。我们将模拟二元特征提取与二元神经网络相结合。通过用拟议的模拟前端取代数字预处理,我们表明数据采集和预处理所需的能量可以减少29倍,将其份额从主导的85%的份额削减到仅为我们的整体能源消耗的16%参考KWS应用程序。语音命令数据集的实验评估显示,所提出的系统分别优于最先进的准确性和能效,在10级数据集中分别在10级数据集上达到1%和4.3倍,同时提供令人信服的精度 - 能源折衷包括71倍能量减少2%的精度下降。
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大脑中尖刺神经元之间的沟通的事件驱动和稀疏性质对灵活和节能的AI来说具有很大的承诺。学习算法的最新进展已经证明,与标准经常性神经网络相比,可以有效地培训尖刺神经元的复发网络以实现竞争性能。尽管如此,随着这些学习算法使用错误 - 反复通过时间(BPTT),它们遭受了高的内存要求,慢慢训练,并且与在线学习不兼容。这将这些学习算法的应用限制为相对较小的网络和有限的时间序列长度。已经提出了具有较低计算和内存复杂性的BPTT的在线近似(E-PROP,OSTL),但在实践中也遭受内存限制,并且作为近似,不要倾销标准BPTT训练。在这里,我们展示了最近开发的BPTT替代方法,通过时间(FPTT)可以应用于尖峰神经网络。与BPTT不同,FPTT试图最大限度地减少损失的持续动态正常风险。结果,可以以在线方式计算FPTT,并且相对于序列长度具有固定的复杂性。与新型动态尖刺神经元模型结合时,液态常数神经元,我们表明SNNS培训了FPTT优于在线BPTT近似,并在时间分类任务上接近或超过离线BPTT精度。因此,这种方法使得在长期序列中以记忆友好的在线方式训练SNNS并向新颖和复杂的神经架构进行扩展。
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已知尖峰神经网络(SNN)对于神经形态处理器实施非常有效,可以在传统深度学习方法上提高能效和计算潜伏期的数量级。最近,随着监督培训算法对SNN的背景,最近也使可比的算法性能成为可能。但是,包括音频,视频和其他传感器衍生数据在内的信息通常被编码为不适合SNN的实用值信号,从而阻止网络利用SPIKE定时信息。因此,从实价信号到尖峰的有效编码是至关重要的,并且会显着影响整个系统的性能。为了有效地将信号编码为尖峰,必须考虑与手头任务相关的信息以及编码尖峰的密度。在本文中,我们在扬声器独立数字分类系统的背景下研究了四种尖峰编码方法:发送三角洲,第一次尖峰的时间,漏水的集成和火神经元和弯曲尖刺算法。我们首先表明,与传统的短期傅立叶变换相比,在编码生物启发的耳蜗时,使用较少的尖峰会产生更高的分类精度。然后,我们证明了两种对三角洲变体的发送导致分类结果可与最先进的深卷积神经网络基线相媲美,同时降低了编码的比特率。最后,我们表明,几种编码方法在某些情况下导致比传统深度学习基线的性能提高,进一步证明了编码实用值信号中编码算法的尖峰力量艺术技术。
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