神经形态计算是一种新兴的计算范式，它从批处理的处理转向在线，事件驱动的流数据处理。当神经形态芯片与基于尖峰的传感器结合在一起时，只有在峰值时间内记录相关事件并证明对变化条件的低延迟响应时，才能通过消耗能量来固有地适应数据分布的“语义”。环境。本文为神经形态无线网络系统系统提出了端到端设计，该系统集成了基于尖峰的传感，处理和通信。在拟议的神经系统系统中，每个传感设备都配备了神经形态传感器，尖峰神经网络（SNN）和带有多个天线的脉冲无线电发射器。传输发生在配备了多Antenna脉冲无线电接收器和SNN的接收器上的共享褪色通道上进行。为了使接收器适应褪色的通道条件，我们引入了一项超网络，以使用飞行员控制解码SNN的权重。飞行员，编码SNN，解码SNN和超网络经过多个通道实现的共同训练。该系统被证明可以显着改善基于传统的基于框架的数字解决方案以及替代性非自适应训练方法，从时间到准确性和能源消耗指标方面。

神经形态计算是一项新兴技术，可为需要有效的在线推理和/或控制的应用程序提供以事件为导向的数据处理。最近的工作引入了神经形态通信的概念，在该概念中，神经形态计算与Impulse Radio（IR）传输集成在一起，以实现无线物联网网络中的低能量和低延迟远程推断。在本文中，我们介绍了神经形态综合传感和通信（N-ISAC），这是一种新的解决方案，可实现有效的在线数据解码和雷达传感。 N-ISAC利用了一个常见的IR波形，以传达数字信息并检测存在或不存在雷达靶标的双重目的。在接收方部署了尖峰神经网络（SNN），以解码数字数据并使用接收的信号检测雷达目标。通过平衡数据通信和雷达传感的性能指标，突出了两个应用程序之间的协同作用和权衡，可以优化SNN操作。

In the past years, artificial neural networks (ANNs) have become the de-facto standard to solve tasks in communications engineering that are difficult to solve with traditional methods. In parallel, the artificial intelligence community drives its research to biology-inspired, brain-like spiking neural networks (SNNs), which promise extremely energy-efficient computing. In this paper, we investigate the use of SNNs in the context of channel equalization for ultra-low complexity receivers. We propose an SNN-based equalizer with a feedback structure akin to the decision feedback equalizer (DFE). For conversion of real-world data into spike signals we introduce a novel ternary encoding and compare it with traditional log-scale encoding. We show that our approach clearly outperforms conventional linear equalizers for three different exemplary channels. We highlight that mainly the conversion of the channel output to spikes introduces a small performance penalty. The proposed SNN with a decision feedback structure enables the path to competitive energy-efficient transceivers.

The term ``neuromorphic'' refers to systems that are closely resembling the architecture and/or the dynamics of biological neural networks. Typical examples are novel computer chips designed to mimic the architecture of a biological brain, or sensors that get inspiration from, e.g., the visual or olfactory systems in insects and mammals to acquire information about the environment. This approach is not without ambition as it promises to enable engineered devices able to reproduce the level of performance observed in biological organisms -- the main immediate advantage being the efficient use of scarce resources, which translates into low power requirements. The emphasis on low power and energy efficiency of neuromorphic devices is a perfect match for space applications. Spacecraft -- especially miniaturized ones -- have strict energy constraints as they need to operate in an environment which is scarce with resources and extremely hostile. In this work we present an overview of early attempts made to study a neuromorphic approach in a space context at the European Space Agency's (ESA) Advanced Concepts Team (ACT).

神经形态数据携带由尖峰编码的时空模式的信息。因此，神经形态计算中的核心问题是训练尖峰神经网络（SNNS）以再现时加速时空尖峰图案响应于给定的尖刺刺激。通过将每个输入分配给特定期望的输出尖刺序列，大多数现有方法通过分配每个输入来模拟SNN的输入输出行为。相比之下，为了充分利用尖峰的时间编码能力，这项工作建议训练SNN，以匹配尖刺信号的分布而不是单独的尖峰信号。为此，本文介绍了一种新颖的混合架构，包括通过SNN实现的条件发生器，以及由传统人工神经网络（ANN）实现的鉴别器。 ANN的作用是在遵循生成的对抗网络（GANS）原则的对抗迭代学习策略中对SNN的培训期间提供反馈。为了更好地捕获多模态的时空分布，所提出的方法被称为Spikegan - 进一步扩展到支持发电机重量的贝叶斯学习。最后，通过提出Spikegan的在线元学习变量来解决具有时变统计数据的设置。实验与基于（静态）信念网络的现有解决方案相比，对所提出的方法的优点带来了洞察的洞察力，以及最大可能性（或经验风险最小化）。

生物智能的主要特征之一是能源效率，持续适应能力以及通过不确定性量化的风险管理。到目前为止，神经形态工程主要是由实施节能机器从生物学大脑的基于时间的计算范式中获得灵感的目标的驱动。在本文中，我们采取了朝着设计神经形态系统设计的步骤，这些系统能够适应改变学习任务，同时产生良好的不确定性量化估计。为此，我们得出了在贝叶斯持续学习框架内尖峰神经网络（SNN）的在线学习规则。在其中，每个突触重量都由参数表示，这些参数量化了先验知识和观察到的数据引起的当前认知不确定性。提出的在线规则在观察到数据时以流方式更新分布参数。我们实例化了实用值和二元突触权重的建议方法。使用英特尔熔岩平台的实验结果表明，贝叶斯在适应能力和不确定性定量方面的经常学习优点。

穗状花序的神经形状硬件占据了深度神经网络（DNN）的更节能实现的承诺，而不是GPU的标准硬件。但这需要了解如何在基于事件的稀疏触发制度中仿真DNN，否则能量优势丢失。特别地，解决序列处理任务的DNN通常采用难以使用少量尖峰效仿的长短期存储器（LSTM）单元。我们展示了许多生物神经元的面部，在每个尖峰后缓慢的超积极性（AHP）电流，提供了有效的解决方案。 AHP电流可以轻松地在支持多舱神经元模型的神经形状硬件中实现，例如英特尔的Loihi芯片。滤波近似理论解释为什么AHP-Neurons可以模拟LSTM单元的功能。这产生了高度节能的时间序列分类方法。此外，它为实现了非常稀疏的大量大型DNN来实现基础，这些大型DNN在文本中提取单词和句子之间的关系，以便回答有关文本的问题。

Ultra-reliable short-packet communication is a major challenge in future wireless networks with critical applications. To achieve ultra-reliable communications beyond 99.999%, this paper envisions a new interaction-based communication paradigm that exploits feedback from the receiver. We present AttentionCode, a new class of feedback codes leveraging deep learning (DL) technologies. The underpinnings of AttentionCode are three architectural innovations: AttentionNet, input restructuring, and adaptation to fading channels, accompanied by several training methods, including large-batch training, distributed learning, look-ahead optimizer, training-test signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) mismatch, and curriculum learning. The training methods can potentially be generalized to other wireless communication applications with machine learning. Numerical experiments verify that AttentionCode establishes a new state of the art among all DL-based feedback codes in both additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels and fading channels. In AWGN channels with noiseless feedback, for example, AttentionCode achieves a block error rate (BLER) of $10^{-7}$ when the forward channel SNR is 0 dB for a block size of 50 bits, demonstrating the potential of AttentionCode to provide ultra-reliable short-packet communications.

迄今为止，通信系统主要旨在可靠地交流位序列。这种方法提供了有效的工程设计，这些设计对消息的含义或消息交换所旨在实现的目标不可知。但是，下一代系统可以通过将消息语义和沟通目标折叠到其设计中来丰富。此外，可以使这些系统了解进行交流交流的环境，从而为新颖的设计见解提供途径。本教程总结了迄今为止的努力，从早期改编，语义意识和以任务为导向的通信开始，涵盖了基础，算法和潜在的实现。重点是利用信息理论提供基础的方法，以及学习在语义和任务感知通信中的重要作用。

Communication and computation are often viewed as separate tasks. This approach is very effective from the perspective of engineering as isolated optimizations can be performed. On the other hand, there are many cases where the main interest is a function of the local information at the devices instead of the local information itself. For such scenarios, information theoretical results show that harnessing the interference in a multiple-access channel for computation, i.e., over-the-air computation (OAC), can provide a significantly higher achievable computation rate than the one with the separation of communication and computation tasks. Besides, the gap between OAC and separation in terms of computation rate increases with more participating nodes. Given this motivation, in this study, we provide a comprehensive survey on practical OAC methods. After outlining fundamentals related to OAC, we discuss the available OAC schemes with their pros and cons. We then provide an overview of the enabling mechanisms and relevant metrics to achieve reliable computation in the wireless channel. Finally, we summarize the potential applications of OAC and point out some future directions.

我们提出了Memprop，即采用基于梯度的学习来培训完全的申请尖峰神经网络（MSNNS）。我们的方法利用固有的设备动力学来触发自然产生的电压尖峰。这些由回忆动力学发出的尖峰本质上是类似物，因此完全可区分，这消除了尖峰神经网络（SNN）文献中普遍存在的替代梯度方法的需求。回忆性神经网络通常将备忘录集成为映射离线培训网络的突触，或者以其他方式依靠关联学习机制来训练候选神经元的网络。相反，我们直接在循环神经元和突触的模拟香料模型上应用了通过时间（BPTT）训练算法的反向传播。我们的实现是完全的综合性，因为突触重量和尖峰神经元都集成在电阻RAM（RRAM）阵列上，而无需其他电路来实现尖峰动态，例如模数转换器（ADCS）或阈值比较器。结果，高阶电物理效应被充分利用，以在运行时使用磁性神经元的状态驱动动力学。通过朝着非同一梯度的学习迈进，我们在以前报道的几个基准上的轻巧密集的完全MSNN中获得了高度竞争的准确性。

超低功耗本地信号处理是始终安装在设备上的边缘应用的关键方面。尖刺神经网络的神经形态处理器显示出很大的计算能力，同时根据该领域的需要满足有限的电力预算。在这项工作中，我们提出了尖峰神经动力学作为扩张时间卷积的自然替代品。我们将这个想法扩展到WaveSense，这是一个由Wavenet Architects的激发灵感的尖峰神经网络。WaveSense使用简单的神经动力学，固定时间常数和简单的前馈结构，因此特别适用于神经形态实现。我们在几个数据集中测试此模型的功能，以用于关键字斑点。结果表明，该网络击败了其他尖刺神经网络的领域，并达到了诸如CNN和LSTM的人工神经网络的最先进的性能。

尖峰神经网络（SNN）提供了一个新的计算范式，能够高度平行，实时处理。光子设备是设计与SNN计算范式相匹配的高带宽，平行体系结构的理想选择。 CMO和光子元件的协整允许将低损耗的光子设备与模拟电子设备结合使用，以更大的非线性计算元件的灵活性。因此，我们在整体硅光子学（SIPH）过程上设计和模拟了光电尖峰神经元电路，该过程复制了超出泄漏的集成和火（LIF）之外有用的尖峰行为。此外，我们探索了两种学习算法，具有使用Mach-Zehnder干涉法（MZI）网格作为突触互连的片上学习的潜力。实验证明了随机反向传播（RPB）的变体，并在简单分类任务上与标准线性回归的性能相匹配。同时，将对比性HEBBIAN学习（CHL）规则应用于由MZI网格组成的模拟神经网络，以进行随机输入输出映射任务。受CHL训练的MZI网络的性能比随机猜测更好，但不符合理想神经网络的性能（没有MZI网格施加的约束）。通过这些努力，我们证明了协调的CMO和SIPH技术非常适合可扩展的SNN计算体系结构的设计。

尖峰神经网络已显示出具有人工神经网络的节能替代品。但是，对于常见的神经形态视觉基准（如分类），了解传感器噪声和输入编码对网络活动和性能的影响仍然很困难。因此，我们提出了一种使用替代梯度下降训练的单个对象定位的尖峰神经网络方法，用于基于框架和事件的传感器。我们将我们的方法与类似的人工神经网络进行比较，并表明我们的模型在准确性，对各种腐败的鲁棒性方面具有竞争力/更好的性能，并且能耗较低。此外，我们研究了神经编码方案对准确性，鲁棒性和能源效率的静态图像的影响。我们的观察结果与以前关于生物成分学习规则的研究重要差​​异，该规则有助于设计替代梯度训练的体系结构，并就噪声特征和数据编码方法方面的未来神经形态技术设计优先级。

Most semantic communication systems leverage deep learning models to provide end-to-end transmission performance surpassing the established source and channel coding approaches. While, so far, research has mainly focused on architecture and model improvements, but such a model trained over a full dataset and ergodic channel responses is unlikely to be optimal for every test instance. Due to limitations on the model capacity and imperfect optimization and generalization, such learned models will be suboptimal especially when the testing data distribution or channel response is different from that in the training phase, as is likely to be the case in practice. To tackle this, in this paper, we propose a novel semantic communication paradigm by leveraging the deep learning model's overfitting property. Our model can for instance be updated after deployment, which can further lead to substantial gains in terms of the transmission rate-distortion (RD) performance. This new system is named adaptive semantic communication (ASC). In our ASC system, the ingredients of wireless transmitted stream include both the semantic representations of source data and the adapted decoder model parameters. Specifically, we take the overfitting concept to the extreme, proposing a series of ingenious methods to adapt the semantic codec or representations to an individual data or channel state instance. The whole ASC system design is formulated as an optimization problem whose goal is to minimize the loss function that is a tripartite tradeoff among the data rate, model rate, and distortion terms. The experiments (including user study) verify the effectiveness and efficiency of our ASC system. Notably, the substantial gain of our overfitted coding paradigm can catalyze semantic communication upgrading to a new era.

随着数据生成越来越多地在没有连接连接的设备上进行，因此与机器学习（ML）相关的流量将在无线网络中无处不在。许多研究表明，传统的无线协议高效或不可持续以支持ML，这创造了对新的无线通信方法的需求。在这项调查中，我们对最先进的无线方法进行了详尽的审查，这些方法是专门设计用于支持分布式数据集的ML服务的。当前，文献中有两个明确的主题，模拟的无线计算和针对ML优化的数字无线电资源管理。这项调查对这些方法进行了全面的介绍，回顾了最重要的作品，突出了开放问题并讨论了应用程序方案。

第五代（5G）网络和超越设想巨大的东西互联网（物联网）推出，以支持延长现实（XR），增强/虚拟现实（AR / VR），工业自动化，自主驾驶和智能所有带来的破坏性应用一起占用射频（RF）频谱的大规模和多样化的IOT设备。随着频谱嘎嘎和吞吐量挑战，这种大规模的无线设备暴露了前所未有的威胁表面。 RF指纹识别是预约的作为候选技术，可以与加密和零信任安全措施相结合，以确保无线网络中的数据隐私，机密性和完整性。在未来的通信网络中，在这项工作中，在未来的通信网络中的相关性，我们对RF指纹识别方法进行了全面的调查，从传统观点到最近的基于深度学习（DL）的算法。现有的调查大多专注于无线指纹方法的受限制呈现，然而，许多方面仍然是不可能的。然而，在这项工作中，我们通过解决信号智能（SIGINT），应用程序，相关DL算法，RF指纹技术的系统文献综述来缓解这一点，跨越过去二十年的RF指纹技术的系统文献综述，对数据集和潜在研究途径的讨论 - 必须以百科全书的方式阐明读者的必要条件。

Event-based simulations of Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are fast and accurate. However, they are rarely used in the context of event-based gradient descent because their implementations on GPUs are difficult. Discretization with the forward Euler method is instead often used with gradient descent techniques but has the disadvantage of being computationally expensive. Moreover, the lack of precision of discretized simulations can create mismatches between the simulated models and analog neuromorphic hardware. In this work, we propose a new exact error-backpropagation through spikes method for SNNs, extending Fast \& Deep to multiple spikes per neuron. We show that our method can be efficiently implemented on GPUs in a fully event-based manner, making it fast to compute and precise enough for analog neuromorphic hardware. Compared to the original Fast \& Deep and the current state-of-the-art event-based gradient-descent algorithms, we demonstrate increased performance on several benchmark datasets with both feedforward and convolutional SNNs. In particular, we show that multi-spike SNNs can have advantages over single-spike networks in terms of convergence, sparsity, classification latency and sensitivity to the dead neuron problem.

为了在专门的神经形态硬件中进行节能计算，我们提出了尖峰神经编码，这是基于预测性编码理论的人工神经模型家族的实例化。该模型是同类模型，它是通过在“猜测和检查”的永无止境过程中运行的，神经元可以预测彼此的活动值，然后调整自己的活动以做出更好的未来预测。我们系统的互动性，迭代性质非常适合感官流预测的连续时间表述，并且如我们所示，模型的结构产生了局部突触更新规则，可以用来补充或作为在线峰值定位的替代方案依赖的可塑性。在本文中，我们对模型的实例化进行了实例化，该模型包括泄漏的集成和火灾单元。但是，我们系统所在的框架自然可以结合更复杂的神经元，例如Hodgkin-Huxley模型。我们在模式识别方面的实验结果证明了当二进制尖峰列车是通信间通信的主要范式时，模型的潜力。值得注意的是，尖峰神经编码在分类绩效方面具有竞争力，并且在从任务序列中学习时会降低遗忘，从而提供了更经济的，具有生物学上的替代品，可用于流行的人工神经网络。

In this article we present SHARP, an original approach for obtaining human activity recognition (HAR) through the use of commercial IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) devices. SHARP grants the possibility to discern the activities of different persons, across different time-spans and environments. To achieve this, we devise a new technique to clean and process the channel frequency response (CFR) phase of the Wi-Fi channel, obtaining an estimate of the Doppler shift at a radio monitor device. The Doppler shift reveals the presence of moving scatterers in the environment, while not being affected by (environment-specific) static objects. SHARP is trained on data collected as a person performs seven different activities in a single environment. It is then tested on different setups, to assess its performance as the person, the day and/or the environment change with respect to those considered at training time. In the worst-case scenario, it reaches an average accuracy higher than 95%, validating the effectiveness of the extracted Doppler information, used in conjunction with a learning algorithm based on a neural network, in recognizing human activities in a subject and environment independent way. The collected CFR dataset and the code are publicly available for replicability and benchmarking purposes.