概率图形模型(PGM)是解决多种概率分布的复杂关系系统的强大工具。但是,虽然树结构的PGM始终导致有效和精确的解决方案,但是图表(或循环)的推断不保证发现最佳解决方案。原则上可以将循环PGM转换为等同的树结构,但由于指数爆炸,这对于有趣的问题通常是不切实际的。要解决此问题,我们开发了净化和合并算法。该算法通过选择性合并因子来迭代朝向树结构朝向树结构阐述。合并过程旨在避免通过稀疏结构的指数爆炸,因为算法进行了冗余的冗余。我们设置任务以测试约束满意拼图(如Sudoku,Fill-A-Pix和Kakuro)的算法,并且在文献中报告了其他基于PGM的方法。虽然我们设置的任务专注于CSP的二进制逻辑,但我们认为可以将吹扫和合并算法扩展到一般PGM推理。
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贝叶斯网络中的精确推断非常棘手,并且对相应集团树(CT)中最大集团的大小具有指数依赖性,因此需要近似。基于因子的结合物大小的方法比基于结构的方法更准确,但是昂贵,因为它们涉及大量候选结构或区域图中的信念的推断。我们提出了一种基于增量的建筑 - 上方(ibia)范式的近似推断的替代方法,该方法将贝叶斯网络转换为包含一系列链接的集团森林(SLCTF)的数据结构,并由用户包围的集团尺寸 - 指定值。在此方法的增量构建阶段中,只要集团大小在指定的界限内,CTF是通过向CTF添加变量来逐步构建的。一旦达到集团尺寸约束,CTF中的CTS就会在IBIA的推断阶段进行校准。所得的集团信念在近似阶段使用,以获得较小的集团大小的近似CTF。近似CTF构成了序列中下一个CTF的起点。重复这些步骤,直到将所有变量添加到序列中的CTF中。我们证明,我们用于汇总树的增量结构的算法始终会产生有效的CT,并且我们的近似技术保留了一个集团内变量的共同信念。基于此,我们表明SLCTF数据结构可用于有效的分区功能以及先验和后边缘的近似推断。使用了500多个基准测试该方法,与其他近似方法相比,结果显示出具有竞争力的运行时的误差显着降低。
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优化在离散变量上的高度复杂的成本/能源功能是不同科学学科和行业的许多公开问题的核心。一个主要障碍是在硬实例中的某些变量子集之间的出现,导致临界减慢或集体冻结了已知的随机本地搜索策略。通常需要指数计算工作来解冻这种变量,并探索配置空间的其他看不见的区域。在这里,我们通过开发自适应梯度的策略来介绍一个量子启发的非本球非识别蒙特卡罗(NMC)算法,可以有效地学习成本函数的关键实例的几何特征。该信息随行使用,以构造空间不均匀的热波动,用于以各种长度尺度集体未填充变量,规避昂贵的勘探与开发权衡。我们将算法应用于两个最具挑战性的组合优化问题:随机k可满足(K-SAT)附近计算阶段转换和二次分配问题(QAP)。我们在专业的确定性求解器和通用随机求解器上观察到显着的加速和鲁棒性。特别是,对于90%的随机4-SAT实例,我们发现了最佳专用确定性算法无法访问的解决方案,该算法(SP)具有最强的10%实例的解决方案质量的大小提高。我们还通过最先进的通用随机求解器(APT)显示出在最先进的通用随机求解器(APT)上的时间到溶液的两个数量级改善。
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近年来,在平衡(超级)图分配算法的设计和评估中取得了重大进展。我们调查了过去十年的实用算法的趋势,用于平衡(超级)图形分区以及未来的研究方向。我们的工作是对先前有关该主题的调查的更新。特别是,该调查还通过涵盖了超图形分区和流算法来扩展先前的调查,并额外关注并行算法。
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组合优化是运营研究和计算机科学领域的一个公认领域。直到最近,它的方法一直集中在孤立地解决问题实例,而忽略了它们通常源于实践中的相关数据分布。但是,近年来,人们对使用机器学习,尤其是图形神经网络(GNN)的兴趣激增,作为组合任务的关键构件,直接作为求解器或通过增强确切的求解器。GNN的电感偏差有效地编码了组合和关系输入,因为它们对排列和对输入稀疏性的意识的不变性。本文介绍了对这个新兴领域的最新主要进步的概念回顾,旨在优化和机器学习研究人员。
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即使机器学习算法已经在数据科学中发挥了重要作用,但许多当前方法对输入数据提出了不现实的假设。由于不兼容的数据格式,或数据集中的异质,分层或完全缺少的数据片段,因此很难应用此类方法。作为解决方案,我们提出了一个用于样本表示,模型定义和培训的多功能,统一的框架,称为“ Hmill”。我们深入审查框架构建和扩展的机器学习的多个范围范式。从理论上讲,为HMILL的关键组件的设计合理,我们将通用近似定理的扩展显示到框架中实现的模型所实现的所有功能的集合。本文还包含有关我们实施中技术和绩效改进的详细讨论,该讨论将在MIT许可下发布供下载。该框架的主要资产是其灵活性,它可以通过相同的工具对不同的现实世界数据源进行建模。除了单独观察到每个对象的一组属性的标准设置外,我们解释了如何在框架中实现表示整个对象系统的图表中的消息推断。为了支持我们的主张,我们使用框架解决了网络安全域的三个不同问题。第一种用例涉及来自原始网络观察结果的IoT设备识别。在第二个问题中,我们研究了如何使用以有向图表示的操作系统的快照可以对恶意二进制文件进行分类。最后提供的示例是通过网络中实体之间建模域黑名单扩展的任务。在所有三个问题中,基于建议的框架的解决方案可实现与专业方法相当的性能。
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Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) is a recently proposed search method that combines the precision of tree search with the generality of random sampling. It has received considerable interest due to its spectacular success in the difficult problem of computer Go, but has also proved beneficial in a range of other domains. This paper is a survey of the literature to date, intended to provide a snapshot of the state of the art after the first five years of MCTS research. We outline the core algorithm's derivation, impart some structure on the many variations and enhancements that have been proposed, and summarise the results from the key game and non-game domains to which MCTS methods have been applied. A number of open research questions indicate that the field is ripe for future work.
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We argue the case for Gaussian Belief Propagation (GBP) as a strong algorithmic framework for the distributed, generic and incremental probabilistic estimation we need in Spatial AI as we aim at high performance smart robots and devices which operate within the constraints of real products. Processor hardware is changing rapidly, and GBP has the right character to take advantage of highly distributed processing and storage while estimating global quantities, as well as great flexibility. We present a detailed tutorial on GBP, relating to the standard factor graph formulation used in robotics and computer vision, and give several simulation examples with code which demonstrate its properties.
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We present the Neural Satisfiability Network (NSNet), a general neural framework that models satisfiability problems as probabilistic inference and meanwhile exhibits proper explainability. Inspired by the Belief Propagation (BP), NSNet uses a novel graph neural network (GNN) to parameterize BP in the latent space, where its hidden representations maintain the same probabilistic interpretation as BP. NSNet can be flexibly configured to solve both SAT and #SAT problems by applying different learning objectives. For SAT, instead of directly predicting a satisfying assignment, NSNet performs marginal inference among all satisfying solutions, which we empirically find is more feasible for neural networks to learn. With the estimated marginals, a satisfying assignment can be efficiently generated by rounding and executing a stochastic local search. For #SAT, NSNet performs approximate model counting by learning the Bethe approximation of the partition function. Our evaluations show that NSNet achieves competitive results in terms of inference accuracy and time efficiency on multiple SAT and #SAT datasets.
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众所周知,加入操作(尤其是N-Way,多到许多人的加入)是耗时和资源的。在大尺度上,关于桌子和联接量的大小,当前的最新方法(包括使用嵌套环/哈希/排序 - 合并算法的二进制加入算法,或者,或者,最糟糕的案例最佳连接算法(wojas)),甚至可能无法给定合理的资源和时间限制产生任何答案。在这项工作中,我们介绍了一种新的n-way qui-join处理方法,即图形结合(GJ)。关键想法是两个方面:首先,将物理连接计算问题映射到PGMS并引入调整的推理算法,该算法可以计算基于运行的编码(RLE)基于连接的汇总摘要,并需要实现结合结果所必需的所有统计信息。其次,也是最重要的是,要表明,像GJ这样的联接算法(像GJ一样)产生了上述联接介绍摘要,然后对其进行删除,可以在时空中引入巨大的性能优势。通过工作,TPCD和LASTFM数据集的加入查询进行了全面的实验,将GJ与PostgreSQL和MonetDB进行了比较,以及UMBRA系统中实现的最先进的WOJA。内存中加入计算的结果表明,性能改善的速度分别比PostgreSQL,MONETDB和UMBRA快64倍,388倍和6倍。对于磁盘加入计算,GJ的速度比PostgreSQL,MONETDB和UMBRA的速度分别高达820X,717X和165X。此外,GJ空间需求分别高达21,488倍,38,333倍和78,750倍,分别比PostgreSQL,MonetDB和Umbra小。
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We review clustering as an analysis tool and the underlying concepts from an introductory perspective. What is clustering and how can clusterings be realised programmatically? How can data be represented and prepared for a clustering task? And how can clustering results be validated? Connectivity-based versus prototype-based approaches are reflected in the context of several popular methods: single-linkage, spectral embedding, k-means, and Gaussian mixtures are discussed as well as the density-based protocols (H)DBSCAN, Jarvis-Patrick, CommonNN, and density-peaks.
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我们提供了传递用于使用图形模型推断的新消息传递算法。我们的方法是为最困难的推理问题而设计的,即循环信念传播和其他启发式方法无法融合。当基础图形模型是无环时,信念的传播可以保证会收敛,但是当基础图具有复杂的拓扑结构时,可能会收敛,并且对初始化敏感。本文描述了对标准信念传播算法的修改,这些算法导致方法会收敛到具有任意拓扑和潜在功能的图形模型上的独特解决方案。
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This paper presents a tutorial introduction to the use of variational methods for inference and learning in graphical models (Bayesian networks and Markov random fields). We present a number of examples of graphical models, including the QMR-DT database, the sigmoid belief network, the Boltzmann machine, and several variants of hidden Markov models, in which it is infeasible to run exact inference algorithms. We then introduce variational methods, which exploit laws of large numbers to transform the original graphical model into a simplified graphical model in which inference is efficient. Inference in the simpified model provides bounds on probabilities of interest in the original model. We describe a general framework for generating variational transformations based on convex duality. Finally we return to the examples and demonstrate how variational algorithms can be formulated in each case.
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我们将反应性消息传递(RMP)作为框架,用于在概率模型的因子图表示中执行基于时间表,鲁棒和可扩展的消息通过的基于消息传递的推断。 RMP基于反应性编程风格,该样式仅描述因子图中的节点如何对连接节点中的更改作出反应。没有固定消息传递计划提高推理过程的稳健性,可伸缩性和执行时间。我们还存在ReactiveMp.jl,这是一个Julia包,用于通过最小化约束的自由能实现RMP。通过用户定义的本地表单和分解约束对变分后部分布的结构,ReastiveMp.jl执行混合消息传递算法,包括信仰传播,变分消息通过,期望传播和期望最大化更新规则。实验结果表明,与其他概率模型的贝叶斯推断的其他朱莉娅封装相比,基于Reactivemp的RMP的性能提高。特别是,我们表明RMP框架能够为大型概率状态空间模型运行贝叶斯人推断,并在标准膝上型计算机上具有数十万个随机变量。
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The stochastic block model (SBM) is a random graph model with planted clusters. It is widely employed as a canonical model to study clustering and community detection, and provides generally a fertile ground to study the statistical and computational tradeoffs that arise in network and data sciences.This note surveys the recent developments that establish the fundamental limits for community detection in the SBM, both with respect to information-theoretic and computational thresholds, and for various recovery requirements such as exact, partial and weak recovery (a.k.a., detection). The main results discussed are the phase transitions for exact recovery at the Chernoff-Hellinger threshold, the phase transition for weak recovery at the Kesten-Stigum threshold, the optimal distortion-SNR tradeoff for partial recovery, the learning of the SBM parameters and the gap between information-theoretic and computational thresholds.The note also covers some of the algorithms developed in the quest of achieving the limits, in particular two-round algorithms via graph-splitting, semi-definite programming, linearized belief propagation, classical and nonbacktracking spectral methods. A few open problems are also discussed.
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This paper surveys the recent attempts, both from the machine learning and operations research communities, at leveraging machine learning to solve combinatorial optimization problems. Given the hard nature of these problems, state-of-the-art algorithms rely on handcrafted heuristics for making decisions that are otherwise too expensive to compute or mathematically not well defined. Thus, machine learning looks like a natural candidate to make such decisions in a more principled and optimized way. We advocate for pushing further the integration of machine learning and combinatorial optimization and detail a methodology to do so. A main point of the paper is seeing generic optimization problems as data points and inquiring what is the relevant distribution of problems to use for learning on a given task.
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决策树学习是机器学习中广泛使用的方法,在需要简洁明了的模型的应用中受到青睐。传统上,启发式方法用于快速生产具有相当高准确性的模型。然而,一个普遍的批评是,从精度和大小方面,所产生的树可能不一定是数据的最佳表示。近年来,这激发了最佳分类树算法的发展,这些算法与执行一系列本地最佳决策的启发式方法相比,在全球范围内优化决策树。我们遵循这一工作线,并提供了一种基于动态编程和搜索的最佳分类树的新颖算法。我们的算法支持对树的深度和节点数量的约束。我们方法的成功归因于一系列专门技术,这些技术利用了分类树独有的属性。传统上,最佳分类树的算法受到了高运行时的困扰和有限的可伸缩性,但我们在一项详细的实验研究中表明,我们的方法仅使用最先进的时间所需的时间,并且可以处理数十个数据集的数据集在数千个实例中,提供了几个数量级的改进,并特别有助于实现最佳决策树的实现。
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This paper proposes a new 3D gas distribution mapping technique based on the local message passing of Gaussian belief propagation that is capable of resolving in real time, concentration estimates in 3D space whilst accounting for the obstacle information within the scenario, the first of its kind in the literature. The gas mapping problem is formulated as a 3D factor graph of Gaussian potentials, the connections of which are conditioned on local occupancy values. The Gaussian belief propagation framework is introduced as the solver and a new hybrid message scheduler is introduced to increase the rate of convergence. The factor graph problem is then redesigned as a dynamically expanding inference task, coupling the information of consecutive gas measurements with local spatial structure obtained by the robot. The proposed algorithm is compared to the state of the art methods in 2D and 3D simulations and is found to resolve distribution maps orders of magnitude quicker than typical direct solvers. The proposed framework is then deployed for the first time onboard a ground robot in a 3D mapping and exploration task. The system is shown to be able to resolve multiple sensor inputs and output high resolution 3D gas distribution maps in a GPS denied cluttered scenario in real time. This online inference of complicated plume structures provides a new layer of contextual information over its 2D counterparts and enables autonomous systems to take advantage of real time estimates to inform potential next best sampling locations.
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命题模型计数或#SAT是计算布尔公式满足分配数量的问题。来自不同应用领域的许多问题,包括许多离散的概率推理问题,可以将#SAT求解器解决的模型计数问题转化为模型计数问题。但是,确切的#sat求解器通常无法扩展到工业规模实例。在本文中,我们提出了Neuro#,这是一种学习分支启发式方法,以提高特定问题家族中的实例的精确#sat求解器的性能。我们通过实验表明,我们的方法减少了类似分布的持有实例的步骤,并将其推广到同一问题家族的更大实例。它能够在具有截然不同的结构的许多不同问题家族上实现这些结果。除了步骤计数的改进外,Neuro#还可以在某些问题家族的较大实例上在较大的实例上实现壁式锁定速度的订单,尽管开头查询了模型。
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算法配置(AC)与对参数化算法最合适的参数配置的自动搜索有关。目前,文献中提出了各种各样的交流问题变体和方法。现有评论没有考虑到AC问题的所有衍生物,也没有提供完整的分类计划。为此,我们引入分类法以分别描述配置方法的交流问题和特征。我们回顾了分类法的镜头中现有的AC文献,概述相关的配置方法的设计选择,对比方法和问题变体相互对立,并描述行业中的AC状态。最后,我们的评论为研究人员和从业人员提供了AC领域的未来研究方向。
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