在这项工作中，我们提出了一种新的多模态多代理轨迹预测架构，专注于使用图形表示的地图和交互建模。出于地图建模的目的，我们将丰富的拓扑结构捕获到基于向量的星形图中，使代理能够直接参加用于代表地图的折线上的相关区域。我们表示此架构Starnet，并将其集成在单次代理预测设置中。作为主要结果，我们将此架构扩展到联合场景级预测，同时产生多个代理的预测。联合赛斯网的关键思想在自己的参考框中将一个代理的意识与其他代理人的观点察觉到。我们通过蒙面的自我关注实现这一目标。两个提出的架构都建立在我们以前的工作中介绍的动作空间预测框架之上，这确保了运动学上可行的轨迹预测。我们评估了富含互动的IND和交互数据集的方法，其中STARNET和联合星网实现了最先进的技术。

Motion prediction systems aim to capture the future behavior of traffic scenarios enabling autonomous vehicles to perform safe and efficient planning. The evolution of these scenarios is highly uncertain and depends on the interactions of agents with static and dynamic objects in the scene. GNN-based approaches have recently gained attention as they are well suited to naturally model these interactions. However, one of the main challenges that remains unexplored is how to address the complexity and opacity of these models in order to deal with the transparency requirements for autonomous driving systems, which includes aspects such as interpretability and explainability. In this work, we aim to improve the explainability of motion prediction systems by using different approaches. First, we propose a new Explainable Heterogeneous Graph-based Policy (XHGP) model based on an heterograph representation of the traffic scene and lane-graph traversals, which learns interaction behaviors using object-level and type-level attention. This learned attention provides information about the most important agents and interactions in the scene. Second, we explore this same idea with the explanations provided by GNNExplainer. Third, we apply counterfactual reasoning to provide explanations of selected individual scenarios by exploring the sensitivity of the trained model to changes made to the input data, i.e., masking some elements of the scene, modifying trajectories, and adding or removing dynamic agents. The explainability analysis provided in this paper is a first step towards more transparent and reliable motion prediction systems, important from the perspective of the user, developers and regulatory agencies. The code to reproduce this work is publicly available at https://github.com/sancarlim/Explainable-MP/tree/v1.1.

We propose JFP, a Joint Future Prediction model that can learn to generate accurate and consistent multi-agent future trajectories. For this task, many different methods have been proposed to capture social interactions in the encoding part of the model, however, considerably less focus has been placed on representing interactions in the decoder and output stages. As a result, the predicted trajectories are not necessarily consistent with each other, and often result in unrealistic trajectory overlaps. In contrast, we propose an end-to-end trainable model that learns directly the interaction between pairs of agents in a structured, graphical model formulation in order to generate consistent future trajectories. It sets new state-of-the-art results on Waymo Open Motion Dataset (WOMD) for the interactive setting. We also investigate a more complex multi-agent setting for both WOMD and a larger internal dataset, where our approach improves significantly on the trajectory overlap metrics while obtaining on-par or better performance on single-agent trajectory metrics.

从社交机器人到自动驾驶汽车，多种代理的运动预测（MP）是任意复杂环境中的至关重要任务。当前方法使用端到端网络解决了此问题，其中输入数据通常是场景的最高视图和所有代理的过去轨迹；利用此信息是获得最佳性能的必不可少的。从这个意义上讲，可靠的自动驾驶（AD）系统必须按时产生合理的预测，但是，尽管其中许多方法使用了简单的Convnets和LSTM，但在使用两个信息源时，模型对于实时应用程序可能不够有效（地图和轨迹历史）。此外，这些模型的性能在很大程度上取决于训练数据的数量，这可能很昂贵（尤其是带注释的HD地图）。在这项工作中，我们探讨了如何使用有效的基于注意力的模型在Argoverse 1.0基准上实现竞争性能，该模型将其作为最小地图信息的过去轨迹和基于地图的功能的输入，以确保有效且可靠的MP。这些功能代表可解释的信息作为可驱动区域和合理的目标点，与基于黑框CNN的地图处理方法相反。

The task of motion forecasting is critical for self-driving vehicles (SDVs) to be able to plan a safe maneuver. Towards this goal, modern approaches reason about the map, the agents' past trajectories and their interactions in order to produce accurate forecasts. The predominant approach has been to encode the map and other agents in the reference frame of each target agent. However, this approach is computationally expensive for multi-agent prediction as inference needs to be run for each agent. To tackle the scaling challenge, the solution thus far has been to encode all agents and the map in a shared coordinate frame (e.g., the SDV frame). However, this is sample inefficient and vulnerable to domain shift (e.g., when the SDV visits uncommon states). In contrast, in this paper, we propose an efficient shared encoding for all agents and the map without sacrificing accuracy or generalization. Towards this goal, we leverage pair-wise relative positional encodings to represent geometric relationships between the agents and the map elements in a heterogeneous spatial graph. This parameterization allows us to be invariant to scene viewpoint, and save online computation by re-using map embeddings computed offline. Our decoder is also viewpoint agnostic, predicting agent goals on the lane graph to enable diverse and context-aware multimodal prediction. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on the urban Argoverse 2 benchmark as well as a novel highway dataset.

预测道路用户的未来行为是自主驾驶中最具挑战性和最重要的问题之一。应用深度学习对此问题需要以丰富的感知信号和地图信息的形式融合异构世界状态，并在可能的期货上推断出高度多模态分布。在本文中，我们呈现MultiPath ++，这是一个未来的预测模型，实现了在流行的基准上实现最先进的性能。 MultiPath ++通过重新访问许多设计选择来改善多径架构。第一关键设计差异是偏离基于图像的基于输入世界状态的偏离，有利于异构场景元素的稀疏编码：多径++消耗紧凑且有效的折线，直接描述道路特征和原始代理状态信息（例如，位置，速度，加速）。我们提出了一种背景感知这些元素的融合，并开发可重用的多上下文选通融合组件。其次，我们重新考虑了预定义，静态锚点的选择，并开发了一种学习模型端到端的潜在锚嵌入的方法。最后，我们在其他ML域中探索合奏和输出聚合技术 - 常见的常见域 - 并为我们的概率多模式输出表示找到有效的变体。我们对这些设计选择进行了广泛的消融，并表明我们所提出的模型在协会运动预测竞争和Waymo开放数据集运动预测挑战上实现了最先进的性能。

预测场景中代理的未来位置是自动驾驶中的一个重要问题。近年来，在代表现场及其代理商方面取得了重大进展。代理与场景和彼此之间的相互作用通常由图神经网络建模。但是，图形结构主要是静态的，无法表示高度动态场景中的时间变化。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个时间图表示，以更好地捕获流量场景中的动态。我们用两种类型的内存模块补充表示形式。一个专注于感兴趣的代理，另一个专注于整个场景。这使我们能够学习暂时意识的表示，即使对多个未来进行简单回归，也可以取得良好的结果。当与目标条件预测结合使用时，我们会显示出更好的结果，可以在Argoverse基准中达到最先进的性能。

为了安全和合理地参与密集和异质的交通，自动驾驶汽车需要充分分析周围交通代理的运动模式，并准确预测其未来的轨迹。这是具有挑战性的，因为交通代理的轨迹不仅受交通代理本身的影响，而且还受到彼此的空间互动的影响。以前的方法通常依赖于长期短期存储网络（LSTMS）的顺序逐步处理，并仅提取单型交通代理之间的空间邻居之间的相互作用。我们提出了时空变压器网络（S2TNET），该网络通过时空变压器对时空相互作用进行建模，并通过时间变压器处理颞序序列。我们将其他类别，形状和标题信息输入到我们的网络中，以处理交通代理的异质性。在Apolloscape轨迹数据集上，所提出的方法在平均值和最终位移误差的加权总和上优于Apolloscape轨迹数据集的最先进方法。我们的代码可在https://github.com/chenghuang66/s2tnet上找到。

Behavior prediction in dynamic, multi-agent systems is an important problem in the context of self-driving cars, due to the complex representations and interactions of road components, including moving agents (e.g. pedestrians and vehicles) and road context information (e.g. lanes, traffic lights). This paper introduces VectorNet, a hierarchical graph neural network that first exploits the spatial locality of individual road components represented by vectors and then models the high-order interactions among all components. In contrast to most recent approaches, which render trajectories of moving agents and road context information as bird-eye images and encode them with convolutional neural networks (ConvNets), our approach operates on a vector representation. By operating on the vectorized high definition (HD) maps and agent trajectories, we avoid lossy rendering and computationally intensive ConvNet encoding steps. To further boost VectorNet's capability in learning context features, we propose a novel auxiliary task to recover the randomly masked out map entities and agent trajectories based on their context. We evaluate VectorNet on our in-house behavior prediction benchmark and the recently released Argoverse forecasting dataset. Our method achieves on par or better performance than the competitive rendering approach on both benchmarks while saving over 70% of the model parameters with an order of magnitude reduction in FLOPs. It also outperforms the state of the art on the Argoverse dataset.

交通参与者的运动预测对于安全和强大的自动化驾驶系统至关重要，特别是在杂乱的城市环境中。然而，由于复杂的道路拓扑以及其他代理的不确定意图，这是强大的挑战。在本文中，我们介绍了一种基于图形的轨迹预测网络，其命名为双级预测器（DSP），其以分层方式编码静态和动态驾驶环境。与基于光栅状地图或稀疏车道图的方法不同，我们将驾驶环境视为具有两层的图形，专注于几何和拓扑功能。图形神经网络（GNNS）应用于提取具有不同粒度级别的特征，随后通过基于关注的层间网络聚合，实现更好的本地全局特征融合。在最近的目标驱动的轨迹预测管道之后，提取了目标代理的高可能性的目标候选者，并在这些目标上产生预测的轨迹。由于提出的双尺度上下文融合网络，我们的DSP能够产生准确和人类的多模态轨迹。我们评估了大规模协会运动预测基准测试的提出方法，实现了有希望的结果，优于最近的最先进的方法。

行为预测在集成自主驾驶软件解决方案中起着重要作用。在行为预测研究中，与单一代理行为预测相比，交互行为预测是一个较小的领域。预测互动剂的运动需要启动新的机制来捕获交互式对的关节行为。在这项工作中，我们将端到端的关节预测问题作为边际学习和车辆行为联合学习的顺序学习过程。我们提出了ProspectNet，这是一个采用加权注意分数的联合学习块，以模拟交互式剂对之间的相互影响。联合学习块首先权衡多模式预测的候选轨迹，然后通过交叉注意更新自我代理的嵌入。此外，我们将每个交互式代理的个人未来预测播放到一个智慧评分模块中，以选择顶部的$ K $预测对。我们表明，ProspectNet优于两个边际预测的笛卡尔产品，并在Waymo交互式运动预测基准上实现了可比的性能。

Predicting the future motion of road agents is a critical task in an autonomous driving pipeline. In this work, we address the problem of generating a set of scene-level, or joint, future trajectory predictions in multi-agent driving scenarios. To this end, we propose FJMP, a Factorized Joint Motion Prediction framework for multi-agent interactive driving scenarios. FJMP models the future scene interaction dynamics as a sparse directed interaction graph, where edges denote explicit interactions between agents. We then prune the graph into a directed acyclic graph (DAG) and decompose the joint prediction task into a sequence of marginal and conditional predictions according to the partial ordering of the DAG, where joint future trajectories are decoded using a directed acyclic graph neural network (DAGNN). We conduct experiments on the INTERACTION and Argoverse 2 datasets and demonstrate that FJMP produces more accurate and scene-consistent joint trajectory predictions than non-factorized approaches, especially on the most interactive and kinematically interesting agents. FJMP ranks 1st on the multi-agent test leaderboard of the INTERACTION dataset.

Accurately predicting interactive road agents' future trajectories and planning a socially compliant and human-like trajectory accordingly are important for autonomous vehicles. In this paper, we propose a planning-centric prediction neural network, which takes surrounding agents' historical states and map context information as input, and outputs the joint multi-modal prediction trajectories for surrounding agents, as well as a sequence of control commands for the ego vehicle by imitation learning. An agent-agent interaction module along the time axis is proposed in our network architecture to better comprehend the relationship among all the other intelligent agents on the road. To incorporate the map's topological information, a Dynamic Graph Convolutional Neural Network (DGCNN) is employed to process the road network topology. Besides, the whole architecture can serve as a backbone for the Differentiable Integrated motion Prediction with Planning (DIPP) method by providing accurate prediction results and initial planning commands. Experiments are conducted on real-world datasets to demonstrate the improvements made by our proposed method in both planning and prediction accuracy compared to the previous state-of-the-art methods.

预测公路参与者的未来运动对于自动驾驶至关重要，但由于令人震惊的运动不确定性，因此极具挑战性。最近，大多数运动预测方法求助于基于目标的策略，即预测运动轨迹的终点，作为回归整个轨迹的条件，以便可以减少解决方案的搜索空间。但是，准确的目标坐标很难预测和评估。此外，目的地的点表示限制了丰富的道路环境的利用，从而导致预测不准确。目标区域，即可能的目的地区域，而不是目标坐标，可以通过涉及更多的容忍度和指导来提供更软的限制，以搜索潜在的轨迹。考虑到这一点，我们提出了一个新的基于目标区域的框架，名为“目标区域网络”（GANET）进行运动预测，该框架对目标区域进行了建模，而不是确切的目标坐标作为轨迹预测的先决条件，更加可靠，更准确地执行。具体而言，我们建议一个goicrop（目标的目标区域）操作员有效地提取目标区域中的语义巷特征，并在目标区域和模型演员的未来互动中提取语义巷，这对未来的轨迹估计很大。 Ganet在所有公共文献（直到论文提交）中排名第一个，将其源代码排在第一位。

We propose a motion forecasting model that exploits a novel structured map representation as well as actor-map interactions. Instead of encoding vectorized maps as raster images, we construct a lane graph from raw map data to explicitly preserve the map structure. To capture the complex topology and long range dependencies of the lane graph, we propose LaneGCN which extends graph convolutions with multiple adjacency matrices and along-lane dilation. To capture the complex interactions between actors and maps, we exploit a fusion network consisting of four types of interactions, actor-to-lane, lane-to-lane, laneto-actor and actor-to-actor. Powered by LaneGCN and actor-map interactions, our model is able to predict accurate and realistic multi-modal trajectories. Our approach significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art on the large scale Argoverse motion forecasting benchmark.

相应地预测周围交通参与者的未来状态，并计划安全，平稳且符合社会的轨迹对于自动驾驶汽车至关重要。当前的自主驾驶系统有两个主要问题：预测模块通常与计划模块解耦，并且计划的成本功能很难指定和调整。为了解决这些问题，我们提出了一个端到端的可区分框架，该框架集成了预测和计划模块，并能够从数据中学习成本函数。具体而言，我们采用可区分的非线性优化器作为运动计划者，该运动计划将神经网络给出的周围剂的预测轨迹作为输入，并优化了自动驾驶汽车的轨迹，从而使框架中的所有操作都可以在框架中具有可观的成本，包括成本功能权重。提出的框架经过大规模的现实驾驶数据集进行了训练，以模仿整个驾驶场景中的人类驾驶轨迹，并在开环和闭环界面中进行了验证。开环测试结果表明，所提出的方法的表现优于各种指标的基线方法，并提供以计划为中心的预测结果，从而使计划模块能够输出接近人类的轨迹。在闭环测试中，提出的方法表明能够处理复杂的城市驾驶场景和鲁棒性，以抵抗模仿学习方法所遭受的分配转移。重要的是，我们发现计划和预测模块的联合培训比在开环和闭环测试中使用单独的训练有素的预测模块进行计划要比计划更好。此外，消融研究表明，框架中的可学习组件对于确保计划稳定性和性能至关重要。

预测附近代理商的合理的未来轨迹是自治车辆安全的核心挑战，主要取决于两个外部线索：动态邻居代理和静态场景上下文。最近的方法在分别表征两个线索方面取得了很大进展。然而，它们忽略了两个线索之间的相关性，并且大多数很难实现地图自适应预测。在本文中，我们使用Lane作为场景数据，并提出一个分阶段网络，即共同学习代理和车道信息，用于多模式轨迹预测（JAL-MTP）。 JAL-MTP使用社交到LANE（S2L）模块来共同代表静态道和相邻代理的动态运动作为实例级车道，一种用于利用实例级车道来预测的反复出的车道注意力（RLA）机制来预测Map-Adaptive Future Trajections和两个选择器，可识别典型和合理的轨迹。在公共协议数据集上进行的实验表明JAL-MTP在定量和定性中显着优于现有模型。

自动驾驶的运动预测是一项艰巨的任务，因为复杂的驾驶场景导致静态和动态输入的异质组合。这是一个开放的问题，如何最好地表示和融合有关道路几何，车道连接，时变的交通信号状态以及动态代理的历史及其相互作用的历史。为了模拟这一不同的输入功能集，许多提出的方法旨在设计具有多种模态模块的同样复杂系统。这导致难以按严格的方式进行扩展，扩展或调整的系统以进行质量和效率。在本文中，我们介绍了Wayformer，这是一个基于注意力的运动架构，用于运动预测，简单而均匀。 Wayformer提供了一个紧凑的模型描述，该描述由基于注意力的场景编码器和解码器组成。在场景编码器中，我们研究了输入方式的早期，晚和等级融合的选择。对于每种融合类型，我们通过分解的注意力或潜在的查询关注来探索策略来折衷效率和质量。我们表明，尽管早期融合的结构简单，但不仅是情感不可知论，而且还取得了最先进的结果。

Level 5 Autonomous Driving, a technology that a fully automated vehicle (AV) requires no human intervention, has raised serious concerns on safety and stability before widespread use. The capability of understanding and predicting future motion trajectory of road objects can help AV plan a path that is safe and easy to control. In this paper, we propose a network architecture that parallelizes multiple convolutional neural network backbones and fuses features to make multi-mode trajectory prediction. In the 2020 ICRA Nuscene Prediction challenge, our model ranks 15th on the leaderboard across all teams.

Modern autonomous driving system is characterized as modular tasks in sequential order, i.e., perception, prediction and planning. As sensors and hardware get improved, there is trending popularity to devise a system that can perform a wide diversity of tasks to fulfill higher-level intelligence. Contemporary approaches resort to either deploying standalone models for individual tasks, or designing a multi-task paradigm with separate heads. These might suffer from accumulative error or negative transfer effect. Instead, we argue that a favorable algorithm framework should be devised and optimized in pursuit of the ultimate goal, i.e. planning of the self-driving-car. Oriented at this goal, we revisit the key components within perception and prediction. We analyze each module and prioritize the tasks hierarchically, such that all these tasks contribute to planning (the goal). To this end, we introduce Unified Autonomous Driving (UniAD), the first comprehensive framework up-to-date that incorporates full-stack driving tasks in one network. It is exquisitely devised to leverage advantages of each module, and provide complementary feature abstractions for agent interaction from a global perspective. Tasks are communicated with unified query design to facilitate each other toward planning. We instantiate UniAD on the challenging nuScenes benchmark. With extensive ablations, the effectiveness of using such a philosophy is proven to surpass previous state-of-the-arts by a large margin in all aspects. The full suite of codebase and models would be available to facilitate future research in the community.