Behavior prediction in dynamic, multi-agent systems is an important problem in the context of self-driving cars, due to the complex representations and interactions of road components, including moving agents (e.g. pedestrians and vehicles) and road context information (e.g. lanes, traffic lights). This paper introduces VectorNet, a hierarchical graph neural network that first exploits the spatial locality of individual road components represented by vectors and then models the high-order interactions among all components. In contrast to most recent approaches, which render trajectories of moving agents and road context information as bird-eye images and encode them with convolutional neural networks (ConvNets), our approach operates on a vector representation. By operating on the vectorized high definition (HD) maps and agent trajectories, we avoid lossy rendering and computationally intensive ConvNet encoding steps. To further boost VectorNet's capability in learning context features, we propose a novel auxiliary task to recover the randomly masked out map entities and agent trajectories based on their context. We evaluate VectorNet on our in-house behavior prediction benchmark and the recently released Argoverse forecasting dataset. Our method achieves on par or better performance than the competitive rendering approach on both benchmarks while saving over 70% of the model parameters with an order of magnitude reduction in FLOPs. It also outperforms the state of the art on the Argoverse dataset.
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预测公路参与者的未来运动对于自动驾驶至关重要,但由于令人震惊的运动不确定性,因此极具挑战性。最近,大多数运动预测方法求助于基于目标的策略,即预测运动轨迹的终点,作为回归整个轨迹的条件,以便可以减少解决方案的搜索空间。但是,准确的目标坐标很难预测和评估。此外,目的地的点表示限制了丰富的道路环境的利用,从而导致预测不准确。目标区域,即可能的目的地区域,而不是目标坐标,可以通过涉及更多的容忍度和指导来提供更软的限制,以搜索潜在的轨迹。考虑到这一点,我们提出了一个新的基于目标区域的框架,名为“目标区域网络”(GANET)进行运动预测,该框架对目标区域进行了建模,而不是确切的目标坐标作为轨迹预测的先决条件,更加可靠,更准确地执行。具体而言,我们建议一个goicrop(目标的目标区域)操作员有效地提取目标区域中的语义巷特征,并在目标区域和模型演员的未来互动中提取语义巷,这对未来的轨迹估计很大。 Ganet在所有公共文献(直到论文提交)中排名第一个,将其源代码排在第一位。
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自我监督学习(SSL)是一种新兴技术,已成功地用于培训卷积神经网络(CNNS)和图形神经网络(GNNS),以进行更可转移,可转换,可推广和稳健的代表性学习。然而,很少探索其对自动驾驶的运动预测。在这项研究中,我们报告了将自学纳入运动预测的首次系统探索和评估。我们首先建议研究四项新型的自我监督学习任务,以通过理论原理以及对挑战性的大规模argoverse数据集进行运动预测以及定量和定性比较。其次,我们指出,基于辅助SSL的学习设置不仅胜过预测方法,这些方法在性能准确性方面使用变压器,复杂的融合机制和复杂的在线密集目标候选优化算法,而且具有较低的推理时间和建筑复杂性。最后,我们进行了几项实验,以了解为什么SSL改善运动预测。代码在\ url {https://github.com/autovision-cloud/ssl-lanes}上开源。
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预测场景中代理的未来位置是自动驾驶中的一个重要问题。近年来,在代表现场及其代理商方面取得了重大进展。代理与场景和彼此之间的相互作用通常由图神经网络建模。但是,图形结构主要是静态的,无法表示高度动态场景中的时间变化。在这项工作中,我们提出了一个时间图表示,以更好地捕获流量场景中的动态。我们用两种类型的内存模块补充表示形式。一个专注于感兴趣的代理,另一个专注于整个场景。这使我们能够学习暂时意识的表示,即使对多个未来进行简单回归,也可以取得良好的结果。当与目标条件预测结合使用时,我们会显示出更好的结果,可以在Argoverse基准中达到最先进的性能。
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从社交机器人到自动驾驶汽车,多种代理的运动预测(MP)是任意复杂环境中的至关重要任务。当前方法使用端到端网络解决了此问题,其中输入数据通常是场景的最高视图和所有代理的过去轨迹;利用此信息是获得最佳性能的必不可少的。从这个意义上讲,可靠的自动驾驶(AD)系统必须按时产生合理的预测,但是,尽管其中许多方法使用了简单的Convnets和LSTM,但在使用两个信息源时,模型对于实时应用程序可能不够有效(地图和轨迹历史)。此外,这些模型的性能在很大程度上取决于训练数据的数量,这可能很昂贵(尤其是带注释的HD地图)。在这项工作中,我们探讨了如何使用有效的基于注意力的模型在Argoverse 1.0基准上实现竞争性能,该模型将其作为最小地图信息的过去轨迹和基于地图的功能的输入,以确保有效且可靠的MP。这些功能代表可解释的信息作为可驱动区域和合理的目标点,与基于黑框CNN的地图处理方法相反。
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We propose a motion forecasting model that exploits a novel structured map representation as well as actor-map interactions. Instead of encoding vectorized maps as raster images, we construct a lane graph from raw map data to explicitly preserve the map structure. To capture the complex topology and long range dependencies of the lane graph, we propose LaneGCN which extends graph convolutions with multiple adjacency matrices and along-lane dilation. To capture the complex interactions between actors and maps, we exploit a fusion network consisting of four types of interactions, actor-to-lane, lane-to-lane, laneto-actor and actor-to-actor. Powered by LaneGCN and actor-map interactions, our model is able to predict accurate and realistic multi-modal trajectories. Our approach significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art on the large scale Argoverse motion forecasting benchmark.
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交通参与者的运动预测对于安全和强大的自动化驾驶系统至关重要,特别是在杂乱的城市环境中。然而,由于复杂的道路拓扑以及其他代理的不确定意图,这是强大的挑战。在本文中,我们介绍了一种基于图形的轨迹预测网络,其命名为双级预测器(DSP),其以分层方式编码静态和动态驾驶环境。与基于光栅状地图或稀疏车道图的方法不同,我们将驾驶环境视为具有两层的图形,专注于几何和拓扑功能。图形神经网络(GNNS)应用于提取具有不同粒度级别的特征,随后通过基于关注的层间网络聚合,实现更好的本地全局特征融合。在最近的目标驱动的轨迹预测管道之后,提取了目标代理的高可能性的目标候选者,并在这些目标上产生预测的轨迹。由于提出的双尺度上下文融合网络,我们的DSP能够产生准确和人类的多模态轨迹。我们评估了大规模协会运动预测基准测试的提出方法,实现了有希望的结果,优于最近的最先进的方法。
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Motion prediction systems aim to capture the future behavior of traffic scenarios enabling autonomous vehicles to perform safe and efficient planning. The evolution of these scenarios is highly uncertain and depends on the interactions of agents with static and dynamic objects in the scene. GNN-based approaches have recently gained attention as they are well suited to naturally model these interactions. However, one of the main challenges that remains unexplored is how to address the complexity and opacity of these models in order to deal with the transparency requirements for autonomous driving systems, which includes aspects such as interpretability and explainability. In this work, we aim to improve the explainability of motion prediction systems by using different approaches. First, we propose a new Explainable Heterogeneous Graph-based Policy (XHGP) model based on an heterograph representation of the traffic scene and lane-graph traversals, which learns interaction behaviors using object-level and type-level attention. This learned attention provides information about the most important agents and interactions in the scene. Second, we explore this same idea with the explanations provided by GNNExplainer. Third, we apply counterfactual reasoning to provide explanations of selected individual scenarios by exploring the sensitivity of the trained model to changes made to the input data, i.e., masking some elements of the scene, modifying trajectories, and adding or removing dynamic agents. The explainability analysis provided in this paper is a first step towards more transparent and reliable motion prediction systems, important from the perspective of the user, developers and regulatory agencies. The code to reproduce this work is publicly available at https://github.com/sancarlim/Explainable-MP/tree/v1.1.
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The task of motion forecasting is critical for self-driving vehicles (SDVs) to be able to plan a safe maneuver. Towards this goal, modern approaches reason about the map, the agents' past trajectories and their interactions in order to produce accurate forecasts. The predominant approach has been to encode the map and other agents in the reference frame of each target agent. However, this approach is computationally expensive for multi-agent prediction as inference needs to be run for each agent. To tackle the scaling challenge, the solution thus far has been to encode all agents and the map in a shared coordinate frame (e.g., the SDV frame). However, this is sample inefficient and vulnerable to domain shift (e.g., when the SDV visits uncommon states). In contrast, in this paper, we propose an efficient shared encoding for all agents and the map without sacrificing accuracy or generalization. Towards this goal, we leverage pair-wise relative positional encodings to represent geometric relationships between the agents and the map elements in a heterogeneous spatial graph. This parameterization allows us to be invariant to scene viewpoint, and save online computation by re-using map embeddings computed offline. Our decoder is also viewpoint agnostic, predicting agent goals on the lane graph to enable diverse and context-aware multimodal prediction. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on the urban Argoverse 2 benchmark as well as a novel highway dataset.
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在这项工作中,我们提出了一种新的多模态多代理轨迹预测架构,专注于使用图形表示的地图和交互建模。出于地图建模的目的,我们将丰富的拓扑结构捕获到基于向量的星形图中,使代理能够直接参加用于代表地图的折线上的相关区域。我们表示此架构Starnet,并将其集成在单次代理预测设置中。作为主要结果,我们将此架构扩展到联合场景级预测,同时产生多个代理的预测。联合赛斯网的关键思想在自己的参考框中将一个代理的意识与其他代理人的观点察觉到。我们通过蒙面的自我关注实现这一目标。两个提出的架构都建立在我们以前的工作中介绍的动作空间预测框架之上,这确保了运动学上可行的轨迹预测。我们评估了富含互动的IND和交互数据集的方法,其中STARNET和联合星网实现了最先进的技术。
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在许多不同的领域中,对象之间的相互作用在确定其行为方面起着关键作用。图形神经网络(GNN)已成为建模相互作用的强大工具,尽管通常以增加相当大的复杂性和延迟为代价。在本文中,我们考虑了在预测围绕自动驾驶汽车的行为者运动并研究GNN的替代方案的背景下空间相互作用建模的问题。我们重新审视2D卷积,并表明它们可以在与较低延迟的空间相互作用时表现出与图网络相当的性能,从而在时间策略系统中提供了有效和有效的替代方案。此外,我们提出了一种新型的相互作用损失,以进一步改善所考虑方法的相互作用模型。
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Modern autonomous driving system is characterized as modular tasks in sequential order, i.e., perception, prediction and planning. As sensors and hardware get improved, there is trending popularity to devise a system that can perform a wide diversity of tasks to fulfill higher-level intelligence. Contemporary approaches resort to either deploying standalone models for individual tasks, or designing a multi-task paradigm with separate heads. These might suffer from accumulative error or negative transfer effect. Instead, we argue that a favorable algorithm framework should be devised and optimized in pursuit of the ultimate goal, i.e. planning of the self-driving-car. Oriented at this goal, we revisit the key components within perception and prediction. We analyze each module and prioritize the tasks hierarchically, such that all these tasks contribute to planning (the goal). To this end, we introduce Unified Autonomous Driving (UniAD), the first comprehensive framework up-to-date that incorporates full-stack driving tasks in one network. It is exquisitely devised to leverage advantages of each module, and provide complementary feature abstractions for agent interaction from a global perspective. Tasks are communicated with unified query design to facilitate each other toward planning. We instantiate UniAD on the challenging nuScenes benchmark. With extensive ablations, the effectiveness of using such a philosophy is proven to surpass previous state-of-the-arts by a large margin in all aspects. The full suite of codebase and models would be available to facilitate future research in the community.
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预测道路用户的未来行为是自主驾驶中最具挑战性和最重要的问题之一。应用深度学习对此问题需要以丰富的感知信号和地图信息的形式融合异构世界状态,并在可能的期货上推断出高度多模态分布。在本文中,我们呈现MultiPath ++,这是一个未来的预测模型,实现了在流行的基准上实现最先进的性能。 MultiPath ++通过重新访问许多设计选择来改善多径架构。第一关键设计差异是偏离基于图像的基于输入世界状态的偏离,有利于异构场景元素的稀疏编码:多径++消耗紧凑且有效的折线,直接描述道路特征和原始代理状态信息(例如,位置,速度,加速)。我们提出了一种背景感知这些元素的融合,并开发可重用的多上下文选通融合组件。其次,我们重新考虑了预定义,静态锚点的选择,并开发了一种学习模型端到端的潜在锚嵌入的方法。最后,我们在其他ML域中探索合奏和输出聚合技术 - 常见的常见域 - 并为我们的概率多模式输出表示找到有效的变体。我们对这些设计选择进行了广泛的消融,并表明我们所提出的模型在协会运动预测竞争和Waymo开放数据集运动预测挑战上实现了最先进的性能。
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以前通过一个位置的历史轨迹可能有助于推断该位置当前代理的未来轨迹。尽管在高清图的指导下进行了轨迹预测的大大改善,但只有少数作品探讨了这种当地历史信息。在这项工作中,我们将这些信息重新引入了轨迹预测系统的新类型的输入数据:本地行为数据,我们将其概念化为特定于位置的历史轨迹的集合。局部行为数据有助于系统强调预测区域,并更好地了解静态地图对象对移动代理的影响。我们提出了一个新型的本地行为感知(LBA)预测框架,该框架通过从观察到的轨迹,高清图和局部行为数据中融合信息来提高预测准确性。同样,如果这种历史数据不足或不可用,我们采用了本地行为(LBF)预测框架,该框架采用了基于知识依据的架构来推断缺失数据的影响。广泛的实验表明,通过这两个框架升级现有方法可显着提高其性能。特别是,LBA框架将SOTA方法在Nuscenes数据集上的性能提高了至少14%的K = 1度量。
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轨迹预测是自动驾驶汽车的重要任务之一。机器学习的最新进展使一系列高级轨迹预测算法。最近,许多研究人员证明了使用图形神经网络(GNN)进行轨迹预测的矢量化表示的有效性。但是,这些算法要么很少关注模型在各种情况下的推广性,要么只是假设培训和测试数据遵循类似的统计数据。实际上,当测试场景是看不见的或分布不足(OOD)时,由此产生的火车测试域转移通常会导致预测性能的显着降解,这将影响下游模块并最终导致严重的事故。因此,重要的是要彻底研究预测模型的概括性,这不仅可以帮助识别其弱点,而且还提供了有关如何改善这些模型的见解。本文提出了使用功能归因方法来帮助解释黑框模型的概括分析框架。对于案例研究,我们对利用矢量化表示的基于图形的最先进的轨迹预测指标提供了深入的概括分析。结果表明,由于域的转移而导致的性能降低,功能归因提供了见解,以识别这些问题的潜在原因。最后,我们得出结论的共同预测挑战以及训练过程引起的加权偏见如何恶化准确性。
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Predicting the future motion of road agents is a critical task in an autonomous driving pipeline. In this work, we address the problem of generating a set of scene-level, or joint, future trajectory predictions in multi-agent driving scenarios. To this end, we propose FJMP, a Factorized Joint Motion Prediction framework for multi-agent interactive driving scenarios. FJMP models the future scene interaction dynamics as a sparse directed interaction graph, where edges denote explicit interactions between agents. We then prune the graph into a directed acyclic graph (DAG) and decompose the joint prediction task into a sequence of marginal and conditional predictions according to the partial ordering of the DAG, where joint future trajectories are decoded using a directed acyclic graph neural network (DAGNN). We conduct experiments on the INTERACTION and Argoverse 2 datasets and demonstrate that FJMP produces more accurate and scene-consistent joint trajectory predictions than non-factorized approaches, especially on the most interactive and kinematically interesting agents. FJMP ranks 1st on the multi-agent test leaderboard of the INTERACTION dataset.
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由于人类行为的瞬极性,预测道路代理的未来轨迹是对自动驾驶的挑战。最近,证明基于目标的多轨道预测方法是有效的,在那里他们首先将过度采样的目标候选者进行得分,然后从它们中选择最终集合。然而,这些方法通常涉及基于稀疏预定锚和启发式目标选择算法的目标预测。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种名为Densetnt的无锚和端到端轨迹预测模型,它直接从密集的目标候选者输出一组轨迹。此外,我们介绍了基于离线优化的技术,为我们的最终在线模型提供多重伪标签。实验表明,Densetnt实现了最先进的性能,在协会运动预测基准中排名第一,并成为2021 Waymo开放数据集运动预测挑战的第一名获胜者。
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Predicting the future motion of dynamic agents is of paramount importance to ensure safety or assess risks in motion planning for autonomous robots. In this paper, we propose a two-stage motion prediction method, referred to as R-Pred, that effectively utilizes both the scene and interaction context using a cascade of the initial trajectory proposal network and the trajectory refinement network. The initial trajectory proposal network produces M trajectory proposals corresponding to M modes of a future trajectory distribution. The trajectory refinement network enhances each of M proposals using 1) the tube-query scene attention (TQSA) and 2) the proposal-level interaction attention (PIA). TQSA uses tube-queries to aggregate the local scene context features pooled from proximity around the trajectory proposals of interest. PIA further enhances the trajectory proposals by modeling inter-agent interactions using a group of trajectory proposals selected based on their distances from neighboring agents. Our experiments conducted on the Argoverse and nuScenes datasets demonstrate that the proposed refinement network provides significant performance improvements compared to the single-stage baseline and that R-Pred achieves state-of-the-art performance in some categories of the benchmark.
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变量自动编码器(VAE)已广泛用于建模数据分布,因为它在理论上优雅,易于训练并且具有不错的多种形式表示。但是,当应用于图像重建和合成任务时,VAE显示了生成样品往往模糊的局限性。我们观察到一个类似的问题,其中生成的轨迹位于相邻的车道之间,通常是在基于VAE的轨迹预测模型中出现的。为了减轻此问题,我们将层次潜在结构引入基于VAE的预测模型。基于以下假设,即可以将轨迹分布近似为简单分布(或模式)的混合物,因此使用低级潜在变量来对混合物的每种模式进行建模,并采用了高级潜在变量来表示权重代表权重对于模式。为了准确地对每个模式进行建模,我们使用以新颖方式计算的两个车道级别上下文向量来调节低级潜在变量,一种对应于车道相互作用,另一个对应于车辆车辆的相互作用。上下文向量还用于通过建议的模式选择网络对权重进行建模。为了评估我们的预测模型,我们使用两个大型现实世界数据集。实验结果表明,我们的模型不仅能够生成清晰的多模式轨迹分布,而且还可以优于最新模型(SOTA)模型。我们的代码可在https://github.com/d1024choi/hlstrajforecast上找到。
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了解代理之间的复杂社交互动是轨迹预测的关键挑战。大多数现有方法考虑成对交通代理或在局域之间的相互作用,而相互作用的性质是无限的,涉及同时不确定的代理和非局部区域。此外,它们对不同类别的代理商来说,它们同样对待异质的交通代理,同时忽视人们在IFFerent类别的交通代理中的多种反应模式。为了解决这些问题,我们提出了一个简单但有效的无限邻域交互网络(UNIN),其预测多个类别中异构代理的轨迹。具体地,所提出的无限邻域交互模块同时产生相互作用涉及的所有代理的融合特征,其适用于任何数量的代理和任何范围的交互区域。同时,提出了一个分层图注意模块,以获取类别到类别的交互和代理到代理交互。最后,估计高斯混合模型的参数用于产生未来轨迹。基准数据集的广泛实验结果表明,通过最先进的方法对我们的方法进行了显着改进。
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