在过去的几十年中,风产能的增长表明,风能可以促进世界许多地区的能源过渡。对于模型的高度可变和复杂,对风能的时空变化和相关的不确定性的定量与能源计划者高度相关。机器学习已成为执行风速和功率预测的流行工具。但是,现有方法有几个局限性。其中包括(i)在风速数据中不足以考虑时空相关性,(ii)缺乏量化风速预测不确定性及其对风能估算的不确定性的现有方法,以及(iii)焦点在少于小时的频率上。为了克服这些局限性,我们引入了一个框架,以从不规则分布的风速测量值中的常规网格上重建时空场。将数据分解为时间引用的基础函数及其相应的空间分布系数后,后者是使用极端学习机对空间建模的。然后,对模型和预测不确定性的估计及其在风速转化为风能后的传播的估计值,然后将提供对数据分布模式的任何假设。该方法适用于研究瑞士100米轮毂高度的250 x 250平方米的小时风能潜力,为该国提供了其类型的第一个数据集。潜在的风力发电与风力涡轮机安装的可用区域相结合,以估算瑞士风力发电的技术潜力。此处介绍的风力估算代表了计划人员的重要意见,以支持风力发电增加的未来能源系统的设计。
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以知情方式监测和管理地球林是解决生物多样性损失和气候变化等挑战的重要要求。虽然森林评估的传统或空中运动提供了在区域一级分析的准确数据,但将其扩展到整个国家,以外的高度分辨率几乎不可能。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种贝叶斯深度学习方法,以10米的分辨率为全国范围的森林结构变量,使用自由可用的卫星图像作为输入。我们的方法将Sentinel-2光学图像和Sentinel-1合成孔径雷达图像共同变换为五种不同的森林结构变量的地图:95th高度百分位,平均高度,密度,基尼系数和分数盖。我们从挪威的41个机载激光扫描任务中培训和测试我们的模型,并证明它能够概括取消测试区域,从而达到11%和15%之间的归一化平均值误差,具体取决于变量。我们的工作也是第一个提出贝叶斯深度学习方法的工作,以预测具有良好校准的不确定性估计的森林结构变量。这些提高了模型的可信度及其适用于需要可靠的信心估计的下游任务,例如知情决策。我们提出了一组广泛的实验,以验证预测地图的准确性以及预测的不确定性的质量。为了展示可扩展性,我们为五个森林结构变量提供挪威地图。
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映射近场污染物的浓度对于跟踪城市地区意外有毒羽状分散体至关重要。通过求解大部分湍流谱,大型模拟(LES)具有准确表示污染物浓度空间变异性的潜力。找到一种合成大量信息的方法,以提高低保真操作模型的准确性(例如,提供更好的湍流封闭条款)特别有吸引力。这是一个挑战,在多质量环境中,LES的部署成本高昂,以了解羽流和示踪剂分散如何随着各种大气和源参数的变化。为了克服这个问题,我们提出了一个合并正交分解(POD)和高斯过程回归(GPR)的非侵入性降低阶模型,以预测与示踪剂浓度相关的LES现场统计。通过最大的后验(MAP)过程,GPR HyperParameter是通过POD告知的最大后验(MAP)过程来优化组件的。我们在二维案例研究上提供了详细的分析,该案例研究对应于表面安装的障碍物上的湍流大气边界层流。我们表明,障碍物上游的近源浓度异质性需要大量的POD模式才能得到充分捕获。我们还表明,逐组分的优化允许捕获POD模式中的空间尺度范围,尤其是高阶模式中较短的浓度模式。如果学习数据库由至少五十至100个LES快照制成,则可以首先估算所需的预算,以朝着更逼真的大气分散应用程序迈进,因此减少订单模型的预测仍然可以接受。
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在许多环境环境中的风险管理需要了解驱动极端事件的机制。量化这种风险的有用指标是响应变量的极端分位数,该变量是基于描述气候,生物圈和环境状态的预测变量的。通常,这些分位数位于可观察数据的范围之内,因此,为了估算,需要在回归框架内规范参数极值模型。在这种情况下,经典方法利用预测变量和响应变量之间的线性或加性关系,并在其预测能力或计算效率中受苦;此外,它们的简单性不太可能捕获导致极端野火创造的真正复杂结构。在本文中,我们提出了一个新的方法学框架,用于使用人工中性网络执行极端分位回归,该网络能够捕获复杂的非线性关系并很好地扩展到高维数据。神经网络的“黑匣子”性质意味着它们缺乏从业者通常会喜欢的可解释性的理想特征。因此,我们将线性和加法模型的各个方面与深度学习相结合,以创建可解释的神经网络,这些神经网络可用于统计推断,但保留了高预测准确性。为了补充这种方法,我们进一步提出了一个新颖的点过程模型,以克服与广义极值分布类别相关的有限的下端问题。我们的统一框架的功效在具有高维预测器集的美国野火数据上说明了,我们说明了基于线性和基于样条的回归技术的预测性能的大幅改进。
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我们根据功能性隐藏动态地理模型(F-HDGM)的惩罚最大似然估计器(PMLE)提出了一种新型的模型选择算法。这些模型采用经典的混合效应回归结构,该结构具有嵌入式时空动力学,以模拟在功能域中观察到的地理参考数据。因此,感兴趣的参数是该域之间的函数。该算法同时选择了相关的样条基函数和回归变量,这些函数和回归变量用于对响应变量与协变量之间的固定效应关系进行建模。这样,它会自动收缩到功能系数的零部分或无关回归器的全部效果。该算法基于迭代优化,并使用自适应的绝对收缩和选择器操作员(LASSO)惩罚函数,其中未含量的F-HDGM最大likikelihood估计器获得了其中的权重。最大化的计算负担大大减少了可能性的局部二次近似。通过蒙特卡洛模拟研究,我们分析了在不同情况下算法的性能,包括回归器之间的强相关性。我们表明,在我们考虑的所有情况下,受罚的估计器的表现都优于未确定的估计器。我们将该算法应用于一个真实案例研究,其中将意大利伦巴第地区的小时二氧化氮浓度记录记录为具有多种天气和土地覆盖协变量的功能过程。
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In intensively managed forests in Europe, where forests are divided into stands of small size and may show heterogeneity within stands, a high spatial resolution (10 - 20 meters) is arguably needed to capture the differences in canopy height. In this work, we developed a deep learning model based on multi-stream remote sensing measurements to create a high-resolution canopy height map over the "Landes de Gascogne" forest in France, a large maritime pine plantation of 13,000 km$^2$ with flat terrain and intensive management. This area is characterized by even-aged and mono-specific stands, of a typical length of a few hundred meters, harvested every 35 to 50 years. Our deep learning U-Net model uses multi-band images from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 with composite time averages as input to predict tree height derived from GEDI waveforms. The evaluation is performed with external validation data from forest inventory plots and a stereo 3D reconstruction model based on Skysat imagery available at specific locations. We trained seven different U-net models based on a combination of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 bands to evaluate the importance of each instrument in the dominant height retrieval. The model outputs allow us to generate a 10 m resolution canopy height map of the whole "Landes de Gascogne" forest area for 2020 with a mean absolute error of 2.02 m on the Test dataset. The best predictions were obtained using all available satellite layers from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 but using only one satellite source also provided good predictions. For all validation datasets in coniferous forests, our model showed better metrics than previous canopy height models available in the same region.
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Ongoing risks from climate change have impacted the livelihood of global nomadic communities, and are likely to lead to increased migratory movements in coming years. As a result, mobility considerations are becoming increasingly important in energy systems planning, particularly to achieve energy access in developing countries. Advanced Plug and Play control strategies have been recently developed with such a decentralized framework in mind, more easily allowing for the interconnection of nomadic communities, both to each other and to the main grid. In light of the above, the design and planning strategy of a mobile multi-energy supply system for a nomadic community is investigated in this work. Motivated by the scale and dimensionality of the associated uncertainties, impacting all major design and decision variables over the 30-year planning horizon, Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is implemented for the design and planning problem tackled. DRL based solutions are benchmarked against several rigid baseline design options to compare expected performance under uncertainty. The results on a case study for ger communities in Mongolia suggest that mobile nomadic energy systems can be both technically and economically feasible, particularly when considering flexibility, although the degree of spatial dispersion among households is an important limiting factor. Key economic, sustainability and resilience indicators such as Cost, Equivalent Emissions and Total Unmet Load are measured, suggesting potential improvements compared to available baselines of up to 25%, 67% and 76%, respectively. Finally, the decomposition of values of flexibility and plug and play operation is presented using a variation of real options theory, with important implications for both nomadic communities and policymakers focused on enabling their energy access.
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评估能源转型和能源市场自由化对资源充足性的影响是一种越来越重要和苛刻的任务。能量系统的上升复杂性需要足够的能量系统建模方法,从而提高计算要求。此外,随着复杂性,同样调用概率评估和场景分析同样增加不确定性。为了充分和高效地解决这些各种要求,需要来自数据科学领域的新方法来加速当前方法。通过我们的系统文献综述,我们希望缩小三个学科之间的差距(1)电力供应安全性评估,(2)人工智能和(3)实验设计。为此,我们对所选应用领域进行大规模的定量审查,并制作彼此不同学科的合成。在其他发现之外,我们使用基于AI的方法和应用程序的AI方法和应用来确定电力供应模型的复杂安全性的元素,并作为未充分涵盖的应用领域的储存调度和(非)可用性。我们结束了推出了一种新的方法管道,以便在评估电力供应安全评估时充分有效地解决当前和即将到来的挑战。
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土壤侵蚀是对世界各地环境和长期土地管理的重大威胁。人类活动加速的土壤侵蚀会造成陆地和水生生态系统的极端变化,这在现场阶段(30-m)的当前和可能的未来没有得到充分的调查/预测。在这里,我们使用三种替代方案(2.6、4.5和8.5)估计/预测通过水侵蚀(薄板和RILL侵蚀)的土壤侵蚀速率,共享社会经济途径和代表性浓度途径(SSP-RCP)情景。田间尺度的土壤侵蚀模型(FSSLM)估计依赖于由卫星和基于图像的土地使用和土地覆盖的估计(LULC)集成的高分辨率(30-m)G2侵蚀模型,对长期降水量的规范观察,以及耦合模型比较项目阶段6(CMIP6)的方案。基线模型(2020年)估计土壤侵蚀速率为2.32 mg HA 1年1年,具有当前的农业保护实践(CPS)。当前CPS的未来情况表明,在气候和LULC变化的SSP-RCP方案的不同组合下,增加了8%至21%。 2050年的土壤侵蚀预测表明,所有气候和LULC场景都表明极端事件的增加或极端空间位置的变化很大程度上从南部到美国东部和东北地区。
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作为行业4.0时代的一项新兴技术,数字双胞胎因其承诺进一步优化流程设计,质量控制,健康监测,决策和政策制定等,通过全面对物理世界进行建模,以进一步优化流程设计,质量控制,健康监测,决策和政策,因此获得了前所未有的关注。互连的数字模型。在一系列两部分的论文中,我们研究了不同建模技术,孪生启用技术以及数字双胞胎常用的不确定性量化和优化方法的基本作用。第二篇论文介绍了数字双胞胎的关键启示技术的文献综述,重点是不确定性量化,优化方法,开源数据集和工具,主要发现,挑战和未来方向。讨论的重点是当前的不确定性量化和优化方法,以及如何在数字双胞胎的不同维度中应用它们。此外,本文介绍了一个案例研究,其中构建和测试了电池数字双胞胎,以说明在这两部分评论中回顾的一些建模和孪生方法。 GITHUB上可以找到用于生成案例研究中所有结果和数字的代码和预处理数据。
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美国宇航局的全球生态系统动力学调查(GEDI)是一个关键的气候使命,其目标是推进我们对森林在全球碳循环中的作用的理解。虽然GEDI是第一个基于空间的激光器,明确优化,以测量地上生物质的垂直森林结构预测,这对广泛的观测和环境条件的大量波形数据的准确解释是具有挑战性的。在这里,我们提出了一种新颖的监督机器学习方法来解释GEDI波形和全球标注冠层顶部高度。我们提出了一种基于深度卷积神经网络(CNN)集合的概率深度学习方法,以避免未知效果的显式建模,例如大气噪声。该模型学会提取概括地理区域的强大特征,此外,产生可靠的预测性不确定性估计。最终,我们模型产生的全球顶棚顶部高度估计估计的预期RMSE为2.7米,低偏差。
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Network-based analyses of dynamical systems have become increasingly popular in climate science. Here we address network construction from a statistical perspective and highlight the often ignored fact that the calculated correlation values are only empirical estimates. To measure spurious behaviour as deviation from a ground truth network, we simulate time-dependent isotropic random fields on the sphere and apply common network construction techniques. We find several ways in which the uncertainty stemming from the estimation procedure has major impact on network characteristics. When the data has locally coherent correlation structure, spurious link bundle teleconnections and spurious high-degree clusters have to be expected. Anisotropic estimation variance can also induce severe biases into empirical networks. We validate our findings with ERA5 reanalysis data. Moreover we explain why commonly applied resampling procedures are inappropriate for significance evaluation and propose a statistically more meaningful ensemble construction framework. By communicating which difficulties arise in estimation from scarce data and by presenting which design decisions increase robustness, we hope to contribute to more reliable climate network construction in the future.
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陆地温度(LST)是监控土地面过程时的关键参数。然而,云污染和空间和时间分辨率之间的权衡大大妨碍了对高质量的热红外(TIR)遥感数据的访问。尽管采取了巨大的努力来解决这些困境,但仍然难以通过并发空间完整性和高时空分辨率产生LST估计。陆地表面模型(LSM)可用于模拟高度的时间分辨率的Genpless LST,但这通常具有低空间分辨率。在本文中,我们向卫星观察和LSM模拟LST数据提供了一个集成的温度融合框架,以通过60米的空间分辨率和半小时时间分辨率映射Gapless LST。全局线性模型(GLOLM)模型和昼夜陆地表面温度周期(DTC)模型分别作为预处理步骤进行传感器和不同LST数据之间的时间归一化。然后使用基于滤波器的时空集成融合模型融合Landsat LST,适度分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)LST和社区土地模型5.0(CLM 5.0)-SIMUTION LST。在一个城市主导地区(中国武汉市)和自然主导地区(中国海河流域)实施了评估,在准确性,空间可变性和日颞动力学方面。结果表明,熔融LST与实际LANDSAT LST数据(原位LST测量)高于Pearson相关系数,在0.94(0.97-0.99)方面,平均绝对误差为0.71-0.98k(0.82-3.17 k )和根平均误差为0.97-1.26 k(1.09-3.97 k)。
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Machine learning models are frequently employed to perform either purely physics-free or hybrid downscaling of climate data. However, the majority of these implementations operate over relatively small downscaling factors of about 4--6x. This study examines the ability of convolutional neural networks (CNN) to downscale surface wind speed data from three different coarse resolutions (25km, 48km, and 100km side-length grid cells) to 3km and additionally focuses on the ability to recover subgrid-scale variability. Within each downscaling factor, namely 8x, 16x, and 32x, we consider models that produce fine-scale wind speed predictions as functions of different input features: coarse wind fields only; coarse wind and fine-scale topography; and coarse wind, topography, and temporal information in the form of a timestamp. Furthermore, we train one model at 25km to 3km resolution whose fine-scale outputs are probability density function parameters through which sample wind speeds can be generated. All CNN predictions performed on one out-of-sample data outperform classical interpolation. Models with coarse wind and fine topography are shown to exhibit the best performance compared to other models operating across the same downscaling factor. Our timestamp encoding results in lower out-of-sample generalizability compared to other input configurations. Overall, the downscaling factor plays the largest role in model performance.
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Different machine learning (ML) models are trained on SCADA and meteorological data collected at an onshore wind farm and then assessed in terms of fidelity and accuracy for predictions of wind speed, turbulence intensity, and power capture at the turbine and wind farm levels for different wind and atmospheric conditions. ML methods for data quality control and pre-processing are applied to the data set under investigation and found to outperform standard statistical methods. A hybrid model, comprised of a linear interpolation model, Gaussian process, deep neural network (DNN), and support vector machine, paired with a DNN filter, is found to achieve high accuracy for modeling wind turbine power capture. Modifications of the incoming freestream wind speed and turbulence intensity, $TI$, due to the evolution of the wind field over the wind farm and effects associated with operating turbines are also captured using DNN models. Thus, turbine-level modeling is achieved using models for predicting power capture while farm-level modeling is achieved by combining models predicting wind speed and $TI$ at each turbine location from freestream conditions with models predicting power capture. Combining these models provides results consistent with expected power capture performance and holds promise for future endeavors in wind farm modeling and diagnostics. Though training ML models is computationally expensive, using the trained models to simulate the entire wind farm takes only a few seconds on a typical modern laptop computer, and the total computational cost is still lower than other available mid-fidelity simulation approaches.
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Accurate modeling of ship performance is crucial for the shipping industry to optimize fuel consumption and subsequently reduce emissions. However, predicting the speed-power relation in real-world conditions remains a challenge. In this study, we used in-service monitoring data from multiple vessels with different hull shapes to compare the accuracy of data-driven machine learning (ML) algorithms to traditional methods for assessing ship performance. Our analysis consists of two main parts: (1) a comparison of sea trial curves with calm-water curves fitted on operational data, and (2) a benchmark of multiple added wave resistance theories with an ML-based approach. Our results showed that a simple neural network outperformed established semi-empirical formulas following first principles. The neural network only required operational data as input, while the traditional methods required extensive ship particulars that are often unavailable. These findings suggest that data-driven algorithms may be more effective for predicting ship performance in practical applications.
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深度学习模式和地球观察的协同组合承诺支持可持续发展目标(SDGS)。新的发展和夸张的申请已经在改变人类将面临生活星球挑战的方式。本文审查了当前对地球观测数据的最深入学习方法,以及其在地球观测中深度学习的快速发展受到影响和实现最严重的SDG的应用。我们系统地审查案例研究至1)实现零饥饿,2)可持续城市,3)提供保管安全,4)减轻和适应气候变化,5)保留生物多样性。关注重要的社会,经济和环境影响。提前令人兴奋的时期即将到来,算法和地球数据可以帮助我们努力解决气候危机并支持更可持续发展的地方。
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为了提高风能生产的安全性和可靠性,短期预测已成为最重要的。这项研究的重点是挪威大陆架的多步时时空风速预测。图形神经网络(GNN)体系结构用于提取空间依赖性,具有不同的更新功能以学习时间相关性。这些更新功能是使用不同的神经网络体系结构实现的。近年来,一种这样的架构,即变压器,在序列建模中变得越来越流行。已经提出了对原始体系结构的各种改动,以更好地促进时间序列预测,本研究的重点是告密者Logsparse Transformer和AutoFormer。这是第一次将logsparse变压器和自动形态应用于风预测,并且第一次以任何一种或告密者的形式在时空设置以进行风向预测。通过比较时空长的短期记忆(LSTM)和多层感知器(MLP)模型,该研究表明,使用改变的变压器体系结构作为GNN中更新功能的模型能够超越这些功能。此外,我们提出了快速的傅立叶变压器(FFTRANSFORMER),该变压器是基于信号分解的新型变压器体系结构,由两个单独的流组成,分别分析趋势和周期性成分。发现FFTRANSFORMER和自动成型器可在10分钟和1小时的预测中取得优异的结果,而FFTRANSFORMER显着优于所有其他模型的4小时预测。最后,通过改变图表表示的连通性程度,该研究明确说明了所有模型如何利用空间依赖性来改善局部短期风速预测。
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到2021年底,全球电力容量的可再生能源份额达到38.3%,新设施以风能和太阳能为主,分别显示全球增长12.7%和18.5%。但是,风能和光伏能源都是高度挥发性的,使得对网格操作员的计划很难,因此对相应天气变量的准确预测对于可靠的电力预测至关重要。天气预测中最先进的方法是合奏方法,它为概率预测打开了大门。尽管合奏预测通常不足,并且会遭受系统的偏见。因此,它们需要某种形式的统计后处理,其中参数模型提供了手头天气变量的完整预测分布。我们提出了一种基于两步机的一般学习方法,用于校准集合天气预报,在第一步中,生成了改进点的预测,然后将其与各种合奏统计数据一起作为神经网络的输入特征,估计估计的参数。预测分布。在两个案例研究中,基于100m风速和全球水平辐照度预测匈牙利气象服务的操作集合词典系统,将这种新颖方法的预测性能与原始合奏的预测技能进行了比较ART参数方法。两种案例研究都证实,至少高达48H统计后处理可实质上改善了所有被考虑的预测范围的原始合奏的预测性能。所提出的两步方法的研究变体在其竞争对手方面优于技能,建议的新方法非常适用于不同的天气数量和广泛的预测分布。
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The hydrodynamic performance of a sea-going ship varies over its lifespan due to factors like marine fouling and the condition of the anti-fouling paint system. In order to accurately estimate the power demand and fuel consumption for a planned voyage, it is important to assess the hydrodynamic performance of the ship. The current work uses machine-learning (ML) methods to estimate the hydrodynamic performance of a ship using the onboard recorded in-service data. Three ML methods, NL-PCR, NL-PLSR and probabilistic ANN, are calibrated using the data from two sister ships. The calibrated models are used to extract the varying trend in ship's hydrodynamic performance over time and predict the change in performance through several propeller and hull cleaning events. The predicted change in performance is compared with the corresponding values estimated using the fouling friction coefficient ($\Delta C_F$). The ML methods are found to be performing well while modelling the hydrodynamic state variables of the ships with probabilistic ANN model performing the best, but the results from NL-PCR and NL-PLSR are not far behind, indicating that it may be possible to use simple methods to solve such problems with the help of domain knowledge.
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