到2021年底，全球电力容量的可再生能源份额达到38.3％，新设施以风能和太阳能为主，分别显示全球增长12.7％和18.5％。但是，风能和光伏能源都是高度挥发性的，使得对网格操作员的计划很难，因此对相应天气变量的准确预测对于可靠的电力预测至关重要。天气预测中最先进的方法是合奏方法，它为概率预测打开了大门。尽管合奏预测通常不足，并且会遭受系统的偏见。因此，它们需要某种形式的统计后处理，其中参数模型提供了手头天气变量的完整预测分布。我们提出了一种基于两步机的一般学习方法，用于校准集合天气预报，在第一步中，生成了改进点的预测，然后将其与各种合奏统计数据一起作为神经网络的输入特征，估计估计的参数。预测分布。在两个案例研究中，基于100m风速和全球水平辐照度预测匈牙利气象服务的操作集合词典系统，将这种新颖方法的预测性能与原始合奏的预测技能进行了比较ART参数方法。两种案例研究都证实，至少高达48H统计后处理可实质上改善了所有被考虑的预测范围的原始合奏的预测性能。所提出的两步方法的研究变体在其竞争对手方面优于技能，建议的新方法非常适用于不同的天气数量和广泛的预测分布。

我们提出了一种利用分布人工神经网络的概率电价预测（EPF）的新方法。EPF的新型网络结构基于包含概率层的正则分布多层感知器（DMLP）。使用TensorFlow概率框架，神经网络的输出被定义为一个分布，是正常或可能偏斜且重尾的Johnson的SU（JSU）。在预测研究中，将该方法与最新基准进行了比较。该研究包括预测，涉及德国市场的日常电价。结果显示了对电价建模时较高时刻的重要性的证据。

后处理整体预测系统可以改善天气预报，尤其是对于极端事件预测。近年来，已经开发出不同的机器学习模型来提高后处理步骤的质量。但是，这些模型在很大程度上依赖数据并生成此类合奏成员需要以高计算成本的数值天气预测模型进行多次运行。本文介绍了ENS-10数据集，由十个合奏成员组成，分布在20年中（1998-2017）。合奏成员是通过扰动数值天气模拟来捕获地球的混乱行为而产生的。为了代表大气的三维状态，ENS-10在11个不同的压力水平以及0.5度分辨率的表面中提供了最相关的大气变量。该数据集以48小时的交货时间针对预测校正任务，这实质上是通过消除合奏成员的偏见来改善预测质量。为此，ENS-10为预测交货时间t = 0、24和48小时（每周两个数据点）提供了天气变量。我们在ENS-10上为此任务提供了一组基线，并比较了它们在纠正不同天气变量预测时的性能。我们还评估了使用数据集预测极端事件的基准。 ENS-10数据集可在创意共享归因4.0国际（CC By 4.0）许可下获得。

生产精确的天气预报和不确定的不确定性的可靠量化是一个开放的科学挑战。到目前为止，集团预测是最成功的方法，以产生相关预测的方法以及估计其不确定性。集合预测的主要局限性是高计算成本，难以捕获和量化不同的不确定性来源，特别是与模型误差相关的源。在这项工作中，进行概念证据模型实验，以检查培训的ANN的性能，以预测系统的校正状态和使用单个确定性预测作为输入的状态不确定性。我们比较不同的培训策略：一个基于使用集合预测的平均值和传播作为目标的直接培训，另一个依赖于使用确定性预测作为目标的决定性预测，其中来自数据隐含地学习不确定性。对于最后一种方法，提出和评估了两个替代损失函数，基于数据观察似然和基于误差的本地估计来评估另一个丢失功能。在不同的交货时间和方案中检查网络的性能，在没有模型错误的情况下。使用Lorenz'96模型的实验表明，ANNS能够模拟集合预测的一些属性，如最不可预测模式的过滤和预测不确定性的状态相关量化。此外，ANNS提供了在模型误差存在下的预测不确定性的可靠估计。

预测组合在预测社区中蓬勃发展，近年来，已经成为预测研究和活动主流的一部分。现在，由单个（目标）系列产生的多个预测组合通过整合来自不同来源收集的信息，从而提高准确性，从而减轻了识别单个“最佳”预测的风险。组合方案已从没有估计的简单组合方法演变为涉及时间变化的权重，非线性组合，组件之间的相关性和交叉学习的复杂方法。它们包括结合点预测和结合概率预测。本文提供了有关预测组合的广泛文献的最新评论，并参考可用的开源软件实施。我们讨论了各种方法的潜在和局限性，并突出了这些思想如何随着时间的推移而发展。还调查了有关预测组合实用性的一些重要问题。最后，我们以当前的研究差距和未来研究的潜在见解得出结论。

PV power forecasting models are predominantly based on machine learning algorithms which do not provide any insight into or explanation about their predictions (black boxes). Therefore, their direct implementation in environments where transparency is required, and the trust associated with their predictions may be questioned. To this end, we propose a two stage probabilistic forecasting framework able to generate highly accurate, reliable, and sharp forecasts yet offering full transparency on both the point forecasts and the prediction intervals (PIs). In the first stage, we exploit natural gradient boosting (NGBoost) for yielding probabilistic forecasts, while in the second stage, we calculate the Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) values in order to fully comprehend why a prediction was made. To highlight the performance and the applicability of the proposed framework, real data from two PV parks located in Southern Germany are employed. Comparative results with two state-of-the-art algorithms, namely Gaussian process and lower upper bound estimation, manifest a significant increase in the point forecast accuracy and in the overall probabilistic performance. Most importantly, a detailed analysis of the model's complex nonlinear relationships and interaction effects between the various features is presented. This allows interpreting the model, identifying some learned physical properties, explaining individual predictions, reducing the computational requirements for the training without jeopardizing the model accuracy, detecting possible bugs, and gaining trust in the model. Finally, we conclude that the model was able to develop complex nonlinear relationships which follow known physical properties as well as human logic and intuition.

尽管有持续的改进，但降水预测仍然没有其他气象变量的准确和可靠。造成这种情况的一个主要因素是，几个影响降水分布和强度的关键过程出现在全球天气模型的解决规模以下。计算机视觉社区已经证明了生成的对抗网络（GAN）在超分辨率问题上取得了成功，即学习为粗图像添加精细的结构。 Leinonen等。 （2020年）先前使用GAN来产生重建的高分辨率大气场的集合，并给定较粗糙的输入数据。在本文中，我们证明了这种方法可以扩展到更具挑战性的问题，即通过使用高分辨率雷达测量值作为“地面真相”来提高天气预报模型中相对低分辨率输入的准确性和分辨率。神经网络必须学会添加分辨率和结构，同时考虑不可忽略的预测错误。我们表明，甘斯和vae-gan可以在创建高分辨率的空间相干降水图的同时，可以匹配最新的后处理方法的统计特性。我们的模型比较比较与像素和合并的CRP分数，功率谱信息和等级直方图（用于评估校准）的最佳现有缩减方法。我们测试了我们的模型，并表明它们在各种场景中的表现，包括大雨。

由于其对人类生命，运输，粮食生产和能源管理的高度影响，因此在科学上研究了预测天气的问题。目前的运营预测模型基于物理学，并使用超级计算机来模拟大气预测，提前预测数小时和日期。更好的基于物理的预测需要改进模型本身，这可能是一个实质性的科学挑战，以及潜在的分辨率的改进，可以计算令人望而却步。基于神经网络的新出现的天气模型代表天气预报的范式转变：模型学习来自数据的所需变换，而不是依赖于手工编码的物理，并计算效率。然而，对于神经模型，每个额外的辐射时间都会构成大量挑战，因为它需要捕获更大的空间环境并增加预测的不确定性。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个神经网络，能够提前十二小时的大规模降水预测，并且从相同的大气状态开始，该模型能够比最先进的基于物理的模型更高的技能HRRR和HREF目前在美国大陆运营。可解释性分析加强了模型学会模拟先进物理原则的观察。这些结果代表了建立与神经网络有效预测的新范式的实质性步骤。

A well-performing prediction model is vital for a recommendation system suggesting actions for energy-efficient consumer behavior. However, reliable and accurate predictions depend on informative features and a suitable model design to perform well and robustly across different households and appliances. Moreover, customers' unjustifiably high expectations of accurate predictions may discourage them from using the system in the long term. In this paper, we design a three-step forecasting framework to assess predictability, engineering features, and deep learning architectures to forecast 24 hourly load values. First, our predictability analysis provides a tool for expectation management to cushion customers' anticipations. Second, we design several new weather-, time- and appliance-related parameters for the modeling procedure and test their contribution to the model's prediction performance. Third, we examine six deep learning techniques and compare them to tree- and support vector regression benchmarks. We develop a robust and accurate model for the appliance-level load prediction based on four datasets from four different regions (US, UK, Austria, and Canada) with an equal set of appliances. The empirical results show that cyclical encoding of time features and weather indicators alongside a long-short term memory (LSTM) model offer the optimal performance.

中期地平线（几个月到一年）功耗预测是能源部门的主要挑战，特别是当考虑概率预测时。我们提出了一种新的建模方法，该方法包含趋势，季节性和天气条件，作为具有自回归特征的浅神经网络中的解析变量。我们在将其应用于新英格兰的日常电力消耗的一年试验集上获得优异的效果预测。一方面已经验证了实现的电力消耗概率预测的质量，将结果与其他标准进行比较密度预测模型，另一方面，考虑在能量扇区中经常使用的措施，作为弹球损失和CI逆退。

We introduce a machine-learning (ML)-based weather simulator--called "GraphCast"--which outperforms the most accurate deterministic operational medium-range weather forecasting system in the world, as well as all previous ML baselines. GraphCast is an autoregressive model, based on graph neural networks and a novel high-resolution multi-scale mesh representation, which we trained on historical weather data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF)'s ERA5 reanalysis archive. It can make 10-day forecasts, at 6-hour time intervals, of five surface variables and six atmospheric variables, each at 37 vertical pressure levels, on a 0.25-degree latitude-longitude grid, which corresponds to roughly 25 x 25 kilometer resolution at the equator. Our results show GraphCast is more accurate than ECMWF's deterministic operational forecasting system, HRES, on 90.0% of the 2760 variable and lead time combinations we evaluated. GraphCast also outperforms the most accurate previous ML-based weather forecasting model on 99.2% of the 252 targets it reported. GraphCast can generate a 10-day forecast (35 gigabytes of data) in under 60 seconds on Cloud TPU v4 hardware. Unlike traditional forecasting methods, ML-based forecasting scales well with data: by training on bigger, higher quality, and more recent data, the skill of the forecasts can improve. Together these results represent a key step forward in complementing and improving weather modeling with ML, open new opportunities for fast, accurate forecasting, and help realize the promise of ML-based simulation in the physical sciences.

我们基于技能评分，对确定性太阳预测进行了首次全面的荟萃分析，筛选了Google Scholar的1,447篇论文，并审查了320篇论文的全文以进行数据提取。用多元自适应回归样条模型，部分依赖图和线性回归构建和分析了4,758点的数据库。值得注意的是，分析说明了数据中最重要的非线性关系和交互项。我们量化了对重要变量的预测准确性的影响，例如预测范围，分辨率，气候条件，区域的年度太阳辐照度水平，电力系统大小和容量，预测模型，火车和测试集以及使用不同的技术和投入。通过控制预测之间的关键差异，包括位置变量，可以在全球应用分析的发现。还提供了该领域科学进步的概述。

我们基准了一个简单学习模型的亚季节预测工具包，该工具包优于操作实践和最先进的机器学习和深度学习方法。这些模型，由Mouatadid等人引入。 （2022），包括（a）气候++，这是气候学的一种适应性替代品，对于降水而言，准确性9％，比美国运营气候预测系统（CFSV2）高9％，熟练250％； （b）CFSV2 ++，一种学习的CFSV2校正，可将温度和降水精度提高7-8％，技能提高50-275％； （c）持久性++是一种增强的持久性模型，将CFSV2预测与滞后测量相结合，以将温度和降水精度提高6-9％，技能提高40-130％。在整个美国，气候++，CFSV2 ++和持久性++工具包始终优于标准气象基准，最先进的机器和深度学习方法，以及欧洲中等范围的天气预报集合中心。

最近有兴趣在计算机视觉任务中使用模型中心（预训练模型的集合）。要使用模型中心，我们首先选择一个源模型，然后调整目标的模型以补偿差异。尽管对计算机视觉任务的模型选择和适应性的研究仍有有限的研究，但对于可再生能源领域而言，这甚至更多。同时，根据数值天气预测的天气特征，为对电力预测的需求不断增长提供预测是一个至关重要的挑战。我们通过进行第一个彻底的实验来弥合这些差距，以进行模型选择和适应性的适应性，以在可再生能力预测中转移学习，从而采用了六个数据集中计算机视觉领域的最新结果。我们根据不同季节的数据采用模型，并限制培训数据的量。作为当前最新状态的扩展，我们利用贝叶斯线性回归来预测基于从神经网络中提取的特征的响应。这种方法的表现仅超过基线，只有7天的培训数据。我们进一步展示了如何通过合奏组合多个模型可以显着改善模型选择和适应方法。实际上，有了超过30天的培训数据，两种提出的模型组合技术都取得了与经过一年的培训数据训练的模型相似的结果。

分布式的小型太阳能光伏（PV）系统正在以快速增加的速度安装。这可能会对分销网络和能源市场产生重大影响。结果，在不同时间分辨率和视野中，非常需要改善对这些系统发电的预测。但是，预测模型的性能取决于分辨率和地平线。在这种情况下，将多个模型的预测结合到单个预测中的预测组合（合奏）可能是鲁棒的。因此，在本文中，我们提供了对五个最先进的预测模型的性能以及在多个分辨率和视野下的现有预测组合的比较和见解。我们提出了一种基于粒子群优化（PSO）的预测组合方法，该方法将通过加权单个模型产生的预测来使预报掌握能够为手头的任务产生准确的预测。此外，我们将提出的组合方法的性能与现有的预测组合方法进行了比较。使用现实世界中的PV电源数据集进行了全面的评估，该数据集在美国三个位置的25个房屋中测得。在四种不同的分辨率和四个不同视野之间的结果表明，基于PSO的预测组合方法的表现优于使用任何单独的预测模型和其他预测组合的使用，而平均平均绝对规模误差降低了3.81％，而最佳性能则最佳性能单个个人模型。我们的方法使太阳预报员能够为其应用产生准确的预测，而不管预测分辨率或视野如何。

Wind power forecasting helps with the planning for the power systems by contributing to having a higher level of certainty in decision-making. Due to the randomness inherent to meteorological events (e.g., wind speeds), making highly accurate long-term predictions for wind power can be extremely difficult. One approach to remedy this challenge is to utilize weather information from multiple points across a geographical grid to obtain a holistic view of the wind patterns, along with temporal information from the previous power outputs of the wind farms. Our proposed CNN-RNN architecture combines convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs) to extract spatial and temporal information from multi-dimensional input data to make day-ahead predictions. In this regard, our method incorporates an ultra-wide learning view, combining data from multiple numerical weather prediction models, wind farms, and geographical locations. Additionally, we experiment with global forecasting approaches to understand the impact of training the same model over the datasets obtained from multiple different wind farms, and we employ a method where spatial information extracted from convolutional layers is passed to a tree ensemble (e.g., Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LGBM)) instead of fully connected layers. The results show that our proposed CNN-RNN architecture outperforms other models such as LGBM, Extra Tree regressor and linear regression when trained globally, but fails to replicate such performance when trained individually on each farm. We also observe that passing the spatial information from CNN to LGBM improves its performance, providing further evidence of CNN's spatial feature extraction capabilities.

Producing high-quality forecasts of key climate variables such as temperature and precipitation on subseasonal time scales has long been a gap in operational forecasting. Recent studies have shown promising results using machine learning (ML) models to advance subseasonal forecasting (SSF), but several open questions remain. First, several past approaches use the average of an ensemble of physics-based forecasts as an input feature of these models. However, ensemble forecasts contain information that can aid prediction beyond only the ensemble mean. Second, past methods have focused on average performance, whereas forecasts of extreme events are far more important for planning and mitigation purposes. Third, climate forecasts correspond to a spatially-varying collection of forecasts, and different methods account for spatial variability in the response differently. Trade-offs between different approaches may be mitigated with model stacking. This paper describes the application of a variety of ML methods used to predict monthly average precipitation and two meter temperature using physics-based predictions (ensemble forecasts) and observational data such as relative humidity, pressure at sea level, or geopotential height, two weeks in advance for the whole continental United States. Regression, quantile regression, and tercile classification tasks using linear models, random forests, convolutional neural networks, and stacked models are considered. The proposed models outperform common baselines such as historical averages (or quantiles) and ensemble averages (or quantiles). This paper further includes an investigation of feature importance, trade-offs between using the full ensemble or only the ensemble average, and different modes of accounting for spatial variability.

Forecasts by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF; EC for short) can provide a basis for the establishment of maritime-disaster warning systems, but they contain some systematic biases.The fifth-generation EC atmospheric reanalysis (ERA5) data have high accuracy, but are delayed by about 5 days. To overcome this issue, a spatiotemporal deep-learning method could be used for nonlinear mapping between EC and ERA5 data, which would improve the quality of EC wind forecast data in real time. In this study, we developed the Multi-Task-Double Encoder Trajectory Gated Recurrent Unit (MT-DETrajGRU) model, which uses an improved double-encoder forecaster architecture to model the spatiotemporal sequence of the U and V components of the wind field; we designed a multi-task learning loss function to correct wind speed and wind direction simultaneously using only one model. The study area was the western North Pacific (WNP), and real-time rolling bias corrections were made for 10-day wind-field forecasts released by the EC between December 2020 and November 2021, divided into four seasons. Compared with the original EC forecasts, after correction using the MT-DETrajGRU model the wind speed and wind direction biases in the four seasons were reduced by 8-11% and 9-14%, respectively. In addition, the proposed method modelled the data uniformly under different weather conditions. The correction performance under normal and typhoon conditions was comparable, indicating that the data-driven mode constructed here is robust and generalizable.

在智能电网和负载平衡的背景下，每日峰值负荷预测已成为能源行业利益相关者的关键活动。对峰值幅度和时序的理解对于实现峰值剃须等智能电网策略至关重要。本文提出的建模方法利用了高分辨率和低分辨率信息来预测每日峰值需求规模和时序。由此产生的多分辨率建模框架可以适应不同的模型类。本文的主要贡献是一般性和正式介绍多分辨率建模方法，b）关于通过广义添加剂模型和神经网络和C）实验结果的不同决议的建模方法的讨论英国电力市场。结果证实，建议的建模方法的预测性能与低分辨率和高分辨率替代品具有竞争力。

分布预测对于各种应用都很重要，包括预测流行病。通常，预测在为未来事件分配不确定性时，预测是错误的，或不可靠。我们提出了一种可重新校准方法，可以应用于给予回顾性预测和观察的黑盒预测，以及使该方法在重新校准流行病预测方面更有效的扩展。保证此方法可在培训和测量的样本中提高校准和日志评分性能。我们还证明了重新脉置预测的预期日志评分的增加等于坑分布的熵。我们将此重新校准方法应用于Flusight网络中的27个流感预报员，并显示重新校准可靠地提高预测精度和校准。这种方法是有效的，坚固且易于用作改善流行病预测的后处理工具。