生理测量涉及观察变量直接或间接地归因于人类系统和子系统的规范功能。测量值可用于检测具有目标的人的情感状态,例如改善人类计算机的相互作用。有几种收集生理数据的方法,但是可穿戴传感器是一种常见的,无创的工具,用于准确读取。但是,很难从原始生理数据中提取有价值的信息,尤其是对于情感状态检测。机器学习技术用于通过标记的生理数据来检测人的情感状态。使用标记数据的一个明显问题是创建准确的标签。需要专家来分析参与者的记录形式,并具有不同状态(例如压力和镇定)的标记部分。虽然昂贵,但此方法提供了一个完整的数据集,其中包含标记的数据,可用于任何数量的监督算法。一个有趣的问题来自昂贵的标签:如何在保持高精度的同时降低成本?半监督学习(SSL)是解决此问题的潜在解决方案。这些算法允许仅使用一小部分标记数据来训练机器学习模型(与无需使用标签的无监督不同)。他们提供了一种避免昂贵标签的方式。本文将充分监督的算法与公共WESAD(可穿戴压力和影响检测)数据集的SSL进行了比较。本文表明,半监督算法是具有准确结果的廉价情感状态检测系统的可行方法。
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我们提出了Parse,这是一种新颖的半监督结构,用于学习强大的脑电图表现以进行情感识别。为了减少大量未标记数据与标记数据有限的潜在分布不匹配,Parse使用成对表示对准。首先,我们的模型执行数据增强,然后标签猜测大量原始和增强的未标记数据。然后将其锐化的标签和标记数据的凸组合锐化。最后,进行表示对准和情感分类。为了严格测试我们的模型,我们将解析与我们实施并适应脑电图学习的几种最先进的半监督方法进行了比较。我们对四个基于公共EEG的情绪识别数据集,种子,种子IV,种子V和Amigos(价和唤醒)进行这些实验。该实验表明,我们提出的框架在种子,种子-IV和Amigos(Valence)中的标记样品有限的情况下,取得了总体最佳效果,同时接近种子V和Amigos中的总体最佳结果(达到第二好) (唤醒)。分析表明,我们的成对表示对齐方式通过减少未标记数据和标记数据之间的分布比对来大大提高性能,尤其是当每类仅1个样本被标记时。
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为了帮助现有的Telemental Mechanical服务,我们提出Deeptmh,这是一种通过提取对应于心理学文献经常使用的情感和认知特征的潜视和认知特征来模拟Telemental Mealth Session视频的新框架。我们的方法利用半监督学习的进步来解决Telemental Healts Sessience视频领域的数据稀缺,包括多模式半监督GaN,以检测Telemental卫生课程中的重要心理健康指标。我们展示了我们框架的有用性和与现有工作中的两项任务对比:参与回归和价值回归,这两者都对心理学家在眼药性健康会议期间对心理学家很重要。我们的框架报告了RMSE在参与回归中的RMSE方法的40%,并在价值唤醒回归中的SOTA方法中的50%改善。为了解决Telemental Health空间中公开的数据集的稀缺性,我们发布了一个新的数据集,Medica,用于心理健康患者参与检测。我们的数据集,Medica由1299个视频组成,每节3秒长。据我们所知,我们的方法是基于心理驱动的情感和认知功能来模拟Telemental Healts会话数据的第一种方法,这也通过利用半监督设置来解决数据稀疏性。
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系外行星的检测为发现新的可居住世界的发现打开了大门,并帮助我们了解行星的形成方式。 NASA的目的是寻找类似地球的宜居行星,推出了开普勒太空望远镜及其后续任务K2。观察能力的进步增加了可用于研究的新鲜数据的范围,并且手动处理它们既耗时又困难。机器学习和深度学习技术可以极大地帮助降低人类以经济和公正的方式处理这些系外行星计划的现代工具所产生的大量数据的努力。但是,应注意精确地检测所有系外行星,同时最大程度地减少对非外界星星的错误分类。在本文中,我们利用了两种生成对抗网络的变体,即半监督的生成对抗网络和辅助分类器生成对抗网络,在K2数据中检测传播系外行星。我们发现,这些模型的用法可能有助于用系外行星的恒星分类。我们的两种技术都能够在测试数据上以召回和精度为1.00的光曲线分类。我们的半监督技术有益于解决创建标签数据集的繁琐任务。
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With the progress of sensor technology in wearables, the collection and analysis of PPG signals are gaining more interest. Using Machine Learning, the cardiac rhythm corresponding to PPG signals can be used to predict different tasks such as activity recognition, sleep stage detection, or more general health status. However, supervised learning is often limited by the amount of available labeled data, which is typically expensive to obtain. To address this problem, we propose a Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) method with a pretext task of signal reconstruction to learn an informative generalized PPG representation. The performance of the proposed SSL framework is compared with two fully supervised baselines. The results show that in a very limited label data setting (10 samples per class or less), using SSL is beneficial, and a simple classifier trained on SSL-learned representations outperforms fully supervised deep neural networks. However, the results reveal that the SSL-learned representations are too focused on encoding the subjects. Unfortunately, there is high inter-subject variability in the SSL-learned representations, which makes working with this data more challenging when labeled data is scarce. The high inter-subject variability suggests that there is still room for improvements in learning representations. In general, the results suggest that SSL may pave the way for the broader use of machine learning models on PPG data in label-scarce regimes.
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自我监督学习(SSL)是一个新的范式,用于学习判别性表示没有标记的数据,并且与受监督的对手相比,已经达到了可比甚至最新的结果。对比度学习(CL)是SSL中最著名的方法之一,试图学习一般性的信息表示数据。 CL方法主要是针对仅使用单个传感器模态的计算机视觉和自然语言处理应用程序开发的。但是,大多数普遍的计算应用程序都从各种不同的传感器模式中利用数据。虽然现有的CL方法仅限于从一个或两个数据源学习,但我们提出了可可(Crockoa)(交叉模态对比度学习),这是一种自我监督的模型,该模型采用新颖的目标函数来通过计算多功能器数据来学习质量表示形式不同的数据方式,并最大程度地减少了无关实例之间的相似性。我们评估可可对八个最近引入最先进的自我监督模型的有效性,以及五个公共数据集中的两个受监督的基线。我们表明,可可与所有其他方法相比,可可的分类表现出色。同样,可可比其他可用标记数据的十分之一的基线(包括完全监督的模型)的标签高得多。
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脑电图(EEG)解码旨在识别基于非侵入性测量的脑活动的神经处理的感知,语义和认知含量。当应用于在静态,受控的实验室环境中获取的数据时,传统的EEG解码方法取得了适度的成功。然而,开放世界的环境是一个更现实的环境,在影响EEG录音的情况下,可以意外地出现,显着削弱了现有方法的鲁棒性。近年来,由于其在特征提取的卓越容量,深入学习(DL)被出现为潜在的解决方案。它克服了使用浅架构提取的“手工制作”功能或功能的限制,但通常需要大量的昂贵,专业标记的数据 - 并不总是可获得的。结合具有域特定知识的DL可能允许开发即使具有小样本数据,也可以开发用于解码大脑活动的鲁棒方法。虽然已经提出了各种DL方法来解决EEG解码中的一些挑战,但目前缺乏系统的教程概述,特别是对于开放世界应用程序。因此,本文为开放世界EEG解码提供了对DL方法的全面调查,并确定了有前途的研究方向,以激发现实世界应用中的脑电图解码的未来研究。
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咳嗽音频信号分类是筛查呼吸道疾病(例如COVID-19)的潜在有用工具。由于从这种传染性疾病的患者那里收集数据是危险的,因此许多研究团队已转向众包来迅速收集咳嗽声数据,因为它是为了生成咳嗽数据集的工作。 Coughvid数据集邀请专家医生诊断有限数量上传的记录中存在的潜在疾病。但是,这种方法遭受了咳嗽的潜在标签,以及专家之间的显着分歧。在这项工作中,我们使用半监督的学习(SSL)方法来提高咳嗽数据集的标签一致性以及COVID-19的鲁棒性与健康的咳嗽声音分类。首先,我们利用现有的SSL专家知识聚合技术来克服数据集中的标签不一致和稀疏性。接下来,我们的SSL方法用于识别可用于训练或增加未来咳嗽分类模型的重新标记咳嗽音频样本的子样本。证明了重新标记的数据的一致性,因为它表现出高度的类可分离性,尽管原始数据集中存在专家标签不一致,但它比用户标记的数据高3倍。此外,在重新标记的数据中放大了用户标记的音频段的频谱差异,从而导致健康和COVID-19咳嗽之间的功率频谱密度显着不同,这既证明了新数据集的一致性及其与新数据的一致性及其与新数据的一致性的提高,其解释性与其与其解释性的一致性相同。声学的观点。最后,我们演示了如何使用重新标记的数据集来训练咳嗽分类器。这种SSL方法可用于结合几位专家的医学知识,以提高任何诊断分类任务的数据库一致性。
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时间序列无处不在,因此本质上很难分析,最终以标记或群集。随着物联网(IoT)及其智能设备的兴起,数据将大量收集。收集到的数据丰富的信息,因为人们可以实时检测事故(例如汽车),或者在给定的时间段内评估伤害/疾病(例如,健康设备)。由于其混乱的性质和大量数据点,时间剧本很难手动标记。此外,数据中的新类可能会随着时间的流逝而出现(与手写数字相反),这将需要重新标记数据。在本文中,我们提出了SUSL4TS,这是一种用于半无调学习的深层生成高斯混合模型,以对时间序列数据进行分类。通过我们的方法,我们可以减轻手动标记步骤,因为我们可以检测到稀疏标记的类(半监督)并识别隐藏在数据中的新兴类(无监督)。我们通过来自不同领域的既定时间序列分类数据集证明了方法的功效。
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在机器学习模型道德偏见已经成为软件工程界关注的一个问题。大多数现有软件工程的作品集中在模型寻找道德偏见,而不是修复它。发现偏差后,下一步就是缓解。在此之前研究人员主要是试图利用监督的方法来实现公平。与值得信赖的地面实况然而,在现实世界中,获得的数据是具有挑战性的,也基本事实可以包含人为偏差。半监督学习是一种机器学习技术,其中,递增地,标记的数据被用于生成伪标签中的数据的剩余部分(然后全部数据被用于模型训练)。在这项工作中,我们采用四种常用的半监督技术作为伪贴标创造公平分类模型。我们的框架,公平SSL,需要标记的数据的一个非常小的量(10%)作为输入,并为未标记的数据生成伪标签。然后,我们综合生成新的数据点,以平衡基础类,并提议Chakraborty等人的保护属性的训练数据。在2021年FSE最后,分类模型被训练在平衡伪标记的数据和测试数据进行了验证。实验十项数据集和三个学生后,我们发现,公平SSL实现了性能先进设备,最先进的三个偏置抑制算法类似。这就是说,公平SSL的明显优势在于,它仅需要10%的标记的训练数据。据我们所知,这是在半监督技术被用来针对SE型号ML道德偏见争第一SE工作。
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Semi-supervised learning (SSL) has made significant strides in the field of remote sensing. Finding a large number of labeled datasets for SSL methods is uncommon, and manually labeling datasets is expensive and time-consuming. Furthermore, accurately identifying remote sensing satellite images is more complicated than it is for conventional images. Class-imbalanced datasets are another prevalent phenomenon, and models trained on these become biased towards the majority classes. This becomes a critical issue with an SSL model's subpar performance. We aim to address the issue of labeling unlabeled data and also solve the model bias problem due to imbalanced datasets while achieving better accuracy. To accomplish this, we create "artificial" labels and train a model to have reasonable accuracy. We iteratively redistribute the classes through resampling using a distribution alignment technique. We use a variety of class imbalanced satellite image datasets: EuroSAT, UCM, and WHU-RS19. On UCM balanced dataset, our method outperforms previous methods MSMatch and FixMatch by 1.21% and 0.6%, respectively. For imbalanced EuroSAT, our method outperforms MSMatch and FixMatch by 1.08% and 1%, respectively. Our approach significantly lessens the requirement for labeled data, consistently outperforms alternative approaches, and resolves the issue of model bias caused by class imbalance in datasets.
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As social media grows faster, harassment becomes more prevalent which leads to considered fake detection a fascinating field among researchers. The graph nature of data with the large number of nodes caused different obstacles including a considerable amount of unrelated features in matrices as high dispersion and imbalance classes in the dataset. To deal with these issues Auto-encoders and a combination of semi-supervised learning and the GAN algorithm which is called SGAN were used. This paper is deploying a smaller number of labels and applying SGAN as a classifier. The result of this test showed that the accuracy had reached 91\% in detecting fake accounts using only 100 labeled samples.
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人类行动识别是计算机视觉中的重要应用领域。它的主要目的是准确地描述人类的行为及其相互作用,从传感器获得的先前看不见的数据序列中。识别,理解和预测复杂人类行动的能力能够构建许多重要的应用,例如智能监视系统,人力计算机界面,医疗保健,安全和军事应用。近年来,计算机视觉社区特别关注深度学习。本文使用深度学习技术的视频分析概述了当前的动作识别最新识别。我们提出了识别人类行为的最重要的深度学习模型,并分析它们,以提供用于解决人类行动识别问题的深度学习算法的当前进展,以突出其优势和缺点。基于文献中报道的识别精度的定量分析,我们的研究确定了动作识别中最新的深层体系结构,然后为该领域的未来工作提供当前的趋势和开放问题。
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Labeling a module defective or non-defective is an expensive task. Hence, there are often limits on how much-labeled data is available for training. Semi-supervised classifiers use far fewer labels for training models, but there are numerous semi-supervised methods, including self-labeling, co-training, maximal-margin, and graph-based methods, to name a few. Only a handful of these methods have been tested in SE for (e.g.) predicting defects and even that, those tests have been on just a handful of projects. This paper takes a wide range of 55 semi-supervised learners and applies these to over 714 projects. We find that semi-supervised "co-training methods" work significantly better than other approaches. However, co-training needs to be used with caution since the specific choice of co-training methods needs to be carefully selected based on a user's specific goals. Also, we warn that a commonly-used co-training method ("multi-view"-- where different learners get different sets of columns) does not improve predictions (while adding too much to the run time costs 11 hours vs. 1.8 hours). Those cautions stated, we find using these "co-trainers," we can label just 2.5% of data, then make predictions that are competitive to those using 100% of the data. It is an open question worthy of future work to test if these reductions can be seen in other areas of software analytics. All the codes used and datasets analyzed during the current study are available in the https://GitHub.com/Suvodeep90/Semi_Supervised_Methods.
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Wearable sensor-based human activity recognition (HAR) has emerged as a principal research area and is utilized in a variety of applications. Recently, deep learning-based methods have achieved significant improvement in the HAR field with the development of human-computer interaction applications. However, they are limited to operating in a local neighborhood in the process of a standard convolution neural network, and correlations between different sensors on body positions are ignored. In addition, they still face significant challenging problems with performance degradation due to large gaps in the distribution of training and test data, and behavioral differences between subjects. In this work, we propose a novel Transformer-based Adversarial learning framework for human activity recognition using wearable sensors via Self-KnowledgE Distillation (TASKED), that accounts for individual sensor orientations and spatial and temporal features. The proposed method is capable of learning cross-domain embedding feature representations from multiple subjects datasets using adversarial learning and the maximum mean discrepancy (MMD) regularization to align the data distribution over multiple domains. In the proposed method, we adopt the teacher-free self-knowledge distillation to improve the stability of the training procedure and the performance of human activity recognition. Experimental results show that TASKED not only outperforms state-of-the-art methods on the four real-world public HAR datasets (alone or combined) but also improves the subject generalization effectively.
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我们提出了跨模式的细心连接,这是一种从可穿戴数据中学习的新型动态和有效技术。我们的解决方案可以集成到管道的任何阶段,即在任何卷积层或块之后,以在负责处理每种模式的单个流之间创建中间连接。此外,我们的方法受益于两个属性。首先,它可以单向共享信息(从一种方式到另一种方式)或双向分别。其次,可以同时将其集成到多个阶段中,以进一步允许以几个接触点交换网络梯度。我们对三个公共多模式可穿戴数据集(Wesad,Swell-KW和案例)进行了广泛的实验,并证明我们的方法可以有效地调节不同模式之间的信息,以学习更好的表示。我们的实验进一步表明,一旦整合到基于CNN的多模式溶液(2、3或4模态)中,我们的方法就会导致卓越或竞争性的性能,而不是最先进的表现,并且表现优于各种基线模式和经典的多模式方法。
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近年来,基于脑电图的情绪识别的进步已受到人机相互作用和认知科学领域的广泛关注。但是,如何用有限的标签识别情绪已成为一种新的研究和应用瓶颈。为了解决这个问题,本文提出了一个基于人类中刺激一致的脑电图信号的自我监督组减数分裂对比学习框架(SGMC)。在SGMC中,开发了一种新型遗传学启发的数据增强方法,称为减数分裂。它利用了组中脑电图样品之间的刺激对齐,通过配对,交换和分离来生成增强组。该模型采用组投影仪,从相同的情感视频刺激触发的脑电图样本中提取组级特征表示。然后,使用对比度学习来最大程度地提高具有相同刺激的增强群体的组级表示的相似性。 SGMC在公开可用的DEAP数据集上实现了最先进的情感识别结果,其价值为94.72%和95.68%的价和唤醒维度,并且在公共种子数据集上的竞争性能也具有94.04的竞争性能。 %。值得注意的是,即使使用有限的标签,SGMC也会显示出明显的性能。此外,功能可视化的结果表明,该模型可能已经学习了与情感相关的特征表示,以改善情绪识别。在超级参数分析中进一步评估了组大小的影响。最后,进行了对照实验和消融研究以检查建筑的合理性。该代码是在线公开提供的。
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Time series anomaly detection has applications in a wide range of research fields and applications, including manufacturing and healthcare. The presence of anomalies can indicate novel or unexpected events, such as production faults, system defects, or heart fluttering, and is therefore of particular interest. The large size and complex patterns of time series have led researchers to develop specialised deep learning models for detecting anomalous patterns. This survey focuses on providing structured and comprehensive state-of-the-art time series anomaly detection models through the use of deep learning. It providing a taxonomy based on the factors that divide anomaly detection models into different categories. Aside from describing the basic anomaly detection technique for each category, the advantages and limitations are also discussed. Furthermore, this study includes examples of deep anomaly detection in time series across various application domains in recent years. It finally summarises open issues in research and challenges faced while adopting deep anomaly detection models.
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2019年12月,一个名为Covid-19的新型病毒导致了迄今为止的巨大因果关系。与新的冠状病毒的战斗在西班牙语流感后令人振奋和恐怖。虽然前线医生和医学研究人员在控制高度典型病毒的传播方面取得了重大进展,但技术也证明了在战斗中的重要性。此外,许多医疗应用中已采用人工智能,以诊断许多疾病,甚至陷入困境的经验丰富的医生。因此,本调查纸探讨了提议的方法,可以提前援助医生和研究人员,廉价的疾病诊断方法。大多数发展中国家难以使用传统方式进行测试,但机器和深度学习可以采用显着的方式。另一方面,对不同类型的医学图像的访问已经激励了研究人员。结果,提出了一种庞大的技术数量。本文首先详细调了人工智能域中传统方法的背景知识。在此之后,我们会收集常用的数据集及其用例日期。此外,我们还显示了采用深入学习的机器学习的研究人员的百分比。因此,我们对这种情况进行了彻底的分析。最后,在研究挑战中,我们详细阐述了Covid-19研究中面临的问题,我们解决了我们的理解,以建立一个明亮健康的环境。
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Semi-supervised learning (SSL) provides a powerful framework for leveraging unlabeled data when labels are limited or expensive to obtain. SSL algorithms based on deep neural networks have recently proven successful on standard benchmark tasks. However, we argue that these benchmarks fail to address many issues that SSL algorithms would face in real-world applications. After creating a unified reimplementation of various widely-used SSL techniques, we test them in a suite of experiments designed to address these issues. We find that the performance of simple baselines which do not use unlabeled data is often underreported, SSL methods differ in sensitivity to the amount of labeled and unlabeled data, and performance can degrade substantially when the unlabeled dataset contains out-ofdistribution examples. To help guide SSL research towards real-world applicability, we make our unified reimplemention and evaluation platform publicly available. 2 * Equal contribution 2 https://github.com/brain-research/realistic-ssl-evaluation 32nd Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2018),
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