Semi-supervised learning (SSL) provides a powerful framework for leveraging unlabeled data when labels are limited or expensive to obtain. SSL algorithms based on deep neural networks have recently proven successful on standard benchmark tasks. However, we argue that these benchmarks fail to address many issues that SSL algorithms would face in real-world applications. After creating a unified reimplementation of various widely-used SSL techniques, we test them in a suite of experiments designed to address these issues. We find that the performance of simple baselines which do not use unlabeled data is often underreported, SSL methods differ in sensitivity to the amount of labeled and unlabeled data, and performance can degrade substantially when the unlabeled dataset contains out-ofdistribution examples. To help guide SSL research towards real-world applicability, we make our unified reimplemention and evaluation platform publicly available. 2 * Equal contribution 2 https://github.com/brain-research/realistic-ssl-evaluation 32nd Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2018),
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Semi-supervised learning has proven to be a powerful paradigm for leveraging unlabeled data to mitigate the reliance on large labeled datasets. In this work, we unify the current dominant approaches for semi-supervised learning to produce a new algorithm, MixMatch, that guesses low-entropy labels for data-augmented unlabeled examples and mixes labeled and unlabeled data using MixUp. MixMatch obtains state-of-the-art results by a large margin across many datasets and labeled data amounts. For example, on CIFAR-10 with 250 labels, we reduce error rate by a factor of 4 (from 38% to 11%) and by a factor of 2 on STL-10. We also demonstrate how MixMatch can help achieve a dramatically better accuracy-privacy trade-off for differential privacy. Finally, we perform an ablation study to tease apart which components of MixMatch are most important for its success. We release all code used in our experiments. 1
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Semi-supervised learning (SSL) provides an effective means of leveraging unlabeled data to improve a model's performance. This domain has seen fast progress recently, at the cost of requiring more complex methods. In this paper we propose FixMatch, an algorithm that is a significant simplification of existing SSL methods. FixMatch first generates pseudo-labels using the model's predictions on weaklyaugmented unlabeled images. For a given image, the pseudo-label is only retained if the model produces a high-confidence prediction. The model is then trained to predict the pseudo-label when fed a strongly-augmented version of the same image. Despite its simplicity, we show that FixMatch achieves state-of-the-art performance across a variety of standard semi-supervised learning benchmarks, including 94.93% accuracy on CIFAR-10 with 250 labels and 88.61% accuracy with 40 -just 4 labels per class. We carry out an extensive ablation study to tease apart the experimental factors that are most important to FixMatch's success. The code is available at https://github.com/google-research/fixmatch.
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This work tackles the problem of semi-supervised learning of image classifiers. Our main insight is that the field of semi-supervised learning can benefit from the quickly advancing field of self-supervised visual representation learning. Unifying these two approaches, we propose the framework of self-supervised semi-supervised learning (S 4 L) and use it to derive two novel semi-supervised image classification methods. We demonstrate the effectiveness of these methods in comparison to both carefully tuned baselines, and existing semi-supervised learning methods. We then show that S 4 L and existing semi-supervised methods can be jointly trained, yielding a new state-of-the-art result on semi-supervised ILSVRC-2012 with 10% of labels.
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我们理论上和经验地证明,对抗性鲁棒性可以显着受益于半体验学习。从理论上讲,我们重新审视了Schmidt等人的简单高斯模型。这显示了标准和稳健分类之间的示例复杂性差距。我们证明了未标记的数据桥接这种差距:简单的半体验学习程序(自我训练)使用相同数量的达到高标准精度所需的标签实现高的强大精度。经验上,我们增强了CiFar-10,使用50万微小的图像,使用了8000万微小的图像,并使用强大的自我训练来优于最先进的鲁棒精度(i)$ \ ell_ infty $鲁棒性通过对抗培训和(ii)认证$ \ ell_2 $和$ \ ell_ \ infty $鲁棒性通过随机平滑的几个强大的攻击。在SVHN上,添加DataSet自己的额外训练集,删除的标签提供了4到10个点的增益,在使用额外标签的1点之内。
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一个常见的分类任务情况是,有大量数据可用于培训,但只有一小部分用类标签注释。在这种情况下,半监督培训的目的是通过利用标记数据,而且从大量未标记的数据中提高分类准确性。最近的作品通过探索不同标记和未标记数据的不同增强性数据之间的一致性约束,从而取得了重大改进。遵循这条路径,我们提出了一个新颖的无监督目标,该目标侧重于彼此相似的高置信度未标记的数据之间所研究的关系较少。新提出的对损失最大程度地减少了高置信度伪伪标签之间的统计距离,其相似性高于一定阈值。我们提出的简单算法将对损失与MixMatch家族开发的技术结合在一起,显示出比以前在CIFAR-100和MINI-IMAGENET上的算法的显着性能增长,并且与CIFAR-的最先进方法相当。 10和SVHN。此外,简单还优于传输学习设置中最新方法,其中模型是由在ImainEnet或域内实现的权重初始化的。该代码可在github.com/zijian-hu/simple上获得。
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Semi-supervised learning lately has shown much promise in improving deep learning models when labeled data is scarce. Common among recent approaches is the use of consistency training on a large amount of unlabeled data to constrain model predictions to be invariant to input noise. In this work, we present a new perspective on how to effectively noise unlabeled examples and argue that the quality of noising, specifically those produced by advanced data augmentation methods, plays a crucial role in semi-supervised learning. By substituting simple noising operations with advanced data augmentation methods such as RandAugment and back-translation, our method brings substantial improvements across six language and three vision tasks under the same consistency training framework. On the IMDb text classification dataset, with only 20 labeled examples, our method achieves an error rate of 4.20, outperforming the state-of-the-art model trained on 25,000 labeled examples. On a standard semi-supervised learning benchmark, CIFAR-10, our method outperforms all previous approaches and achieves an error rate of 5.43 with only 250 examples. Our method also combines well with transfer learning, e.g., when finetuning from BERT, and yields improvements in high-data regime, such as ImageNet, whether when there is only 10% labeled data or when a full labeled set with 1.3M extra unlabeled examples is used. 1
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半监督学习(SSL)是规避建立高性能模型的昂贵标签成本的最有前途的范例之一。大多数现有的SSL方法常规假定标记和未标记的数据是从相同(类)分布中绘制的。但是,在实践中,未标记的数据可能包括课外样本;那些不能从标签数据中的封闭类中的单热编码标签,即未标记的数据是开放设置。在本文中,我们介绍了Opencos,这是一种基于最新的自我监督视觉表示学习框架来处理这种现实的半监督学习方案。具体而言,我们首先观察到,可以通过自我监督的对比度学习有效地识别开放式未标记数据集中的类外样本。然后,Opencos利用此信息来克服现有的最新半监督方法中的故障模式,通过利用一式旋转伪标签和软标签来为已识别的识别和外部未标记的标签数据分别。我们广泛的实验结果表明了Opencos的有效性,可以修复最新的半监督方法,适合涉及开放式无标记数据的各种情况。
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The recently proposed Temporal Ensembling has achieved state-of-the-art results in several semi-supervised learning benchmarks. It maintains an exponential moving average of label predictions on each training example, and penalizes predictions that are inconsistent with this target. However, because the targets change only once per epoch, Temporal Ensembling becomes unwieldy when learning large datasets. To overcome this problem, we propose Mean Teacher, a method that averages model weights instead of label predictions. As an additional benefit, Mean Teacher improves test accuracy and enables training with fewer labels than Temporal Ensembling. Without changing the network architecture, Mean Teacher achieves an error rate of 4.35% on SVHN with 250 labels, outperforming Temporal Ensembling trained with 1000 labels. We also show that a good network architecture is crucial to performance. Combining Mean Teacher and Residual Networks, we improve the state of the art on CIFAR-10 with 4000 labels from 10.55% to 6.28%, and on ImageNet 2012 with 10% of the labels from 35.24% to 9.11%.
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半监督学习(SSL)的最新最新方法将一致性正则化与基于置信的伪标记结合在一起。为了获得高质量的伪标签,通常采用高置信度阈值。但是,已经表明,对于远离训练数据的样本,深网的基于软磁性的置信度得分可能很高,因此,即使是高信心不明的样品,伪标签也可能仍然不可靠。在这项工作中,我们提出了伪标记的新观点:而不是依靠模型信心,而是衡量未标记的样本是否可能是“分布”;即,接近当前的培训数据。为了对未标记的样本进行分类是“分布”还是“分发”,我们采用了分布外检测文献中的能量评分。随着培训的进行进展,更不标记的样品成为分配并有助于培训,标记和伪标记的数据可以更好地近似于真正的分布以改善模型。实验表明,我们的基于能量的伪标记方法,尽管从概念上讲简单,但在不平衡的SSL基准测试方面显着优于基于置信的方法,并在类平衡的数据上实现了竞争性能。例如,当不平衡比率高于50时,它会在CIFAR10-LT上产生4-6%的绝对准确性提高。当与最新的长尾SSL方法结合使用时,可以实现进一步的改进。
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半监督的学习受到了最近的关注,因为它减轻了对大量标签数据的需求,这些数据通常很昂贵,需要专家知识并耗时收集。深度半监督分类的最新发展已经达到了前所未有的表现,而受监督和半监督学习之间的差距一直在挑战。这种绩效的改善是基于包含众多技术技巧,强大的增强技术和具有多项损失功能的昂贵优化方案。我们提出了一个新的框架,即laplacenet,以进行深度半监督分类,该分类大大降低了模型的复杂性。我们利用一种混合方法,在该方法中,通过将图表上的laplacian能量最小化来产生伪标记。然后,这些伪标签被用来迭代训练神经网络骨架。在几个基准数据集上,我们的模型优于深度半监督分类的最先进方法。此外,我们在理论上考虑了强大化对神经网络的应用,并证明使用多样采样方法对半监督学习的使用是合理的。我们通过严格的实验证明,多样采样增强方法可以改善概括并降低网络对增强的敏感性。
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The core issue in semi-supervised learning (SSL) lies in how to effectively leverage unlabeled data, whereas most existing methods tend to put a great emphasis on the utilization of high-confidence samples yet seldom fully explore the usage of low-confidence samples. In this paper, we aim to utilize low-confidence samples in a novel way with our proposed mutex-based consistency regularization, namely MutexMatch. Specifically, the high-confidence samples are required to exactly predict "what it is" by conventional True-Positive Classifier, while the low-confidence samples are employed to achieve a simpler goal -- to predict with ease "what it is not" by True-Negative Classifier. In this sense, we not only mitigate the pseudo-labeling errors but also make full use of the low-confidence unlabeled data by consistency of dissimilarity degree. MutexMatch achieves superior performance on multiple benchmark datasets, i.e., CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, SVHN, STL-10, mini-ImageNet and Tiny-ImageNet. More importantly, our method further shows superiority when the amount of labeled data is scarce, e.g., 92.23% accuracy with only 20 labeled data on CIFAR-10. Our code and model weights have been released at https://github.com/NJUyued/MutexMatch4SSL.
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在构建培训迷你批次时,最半监督的学习方法在样本标记的数据上。本文研究了这种常见做法是否改善了学习和方法。我们将其与替代设置进行比较,其中每个迷你批次从所有训练数据均匀地采样,标有或不统计,这大大减少了典型的低标签制度中真正标签的直接监督。然而,这种更简单的设置也可以看作更通用,甚至是必要的,在多任务问题中,标记数据的过采样将变得棘手。我们对半监控的CiFar-10图像分类的实验,使用FixMatch显示使用均匀采样方法时的性能下降,当标记数据的量或训练时间增加时,在均匀采样方法增加时。此外,我们分析培训动态,了解标记数据的过采样如何比较均匀采样。我们的主要发现是,在训练中特别有益,但在更多伪标签变得正确时,在后期的阶段中不太重要。尽管如此,我们还发现,保持一些真正的标签仍然很重要,以避免从错误的伪标签中积累确认错误。
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半监督学习方法已成为对打击获得大量注释数据的挑战的活跃研究领域。为了提高半监督学习方法表现的目标,我们提出了一种新颖的框架,Hiematch,一种半监督方法,利用分层信息来降低标签成本并表现以及vanilla半监督学习方法。分层信息通常是具有细粒标签的粗标签(例如,啄木鸟)的粗标签(例如,啄木鸟)的现有知识(例如,柔软的啄木鸟或金朝啄木鸟)。但是,尚未探讨使用使用粗类标签来改进半监督技术的监督。在没有细粒度的标签的情况下,Himatch利用标签层次结构,并使用粗级标签作为弱监控信号。此外,Himatch是一种改进任何半熟的学习框架的通用方法,我们使用我们的结果在最近的最先进的技术Mixmatch和Fixmatch上展示了这一点。我们评估了在两个基准数据集,即CiFar-100和Nabirds上的Himatch疗效。与MixMatch相比,HOMACHACT可以在CIFAR-100上减少50%的粒度标签50%的用量,仅在前1个精度的边缘下降0.59%。代码:https://github.com/07agarg/hiermatch.
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半监督学习(SSL)在稀缺标记的数据时取得了长足的进步,但未标记的数据丰富。至关重要的是,最近的工作假设这种未标记的数据是从与标记数据相同的分布中汲取的。在这项工作中,我们表明,在存在未标记的辅助数据的情况下,最先进的SSL算法在性能下遭受了降解,这些数据不一定具有与标签集相同的类别分布。我们将此问题称为辅助-SSL,并提出了AuxMix,这是一种利用自我监督的学习任务来学习通用功能,以掩盖与标记的集合在语义上相似的辅助数据。我们还建议通过最大化不同辅助样品的预测熵来正规化学习。当在CIFAR10数据集中培训带有4K标记的样品时,我们在Resnet-50型号上显示了5%的改善,并且从Tiny-ImageNet数据集中绘制所有未标记的数据。我们报告了几个数据集的竞争结果,并进行消融研究。
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半监督学习(SSL)有望通过对许多未标记图像进行培训,与小标签数据集中的培训分类器相比,准确性的提高。在诸如医学成像之类的现实应用中,将收集未标记的集合,以提高权宜之计,因此未贴上:可能与代表类或类频率中的标记集合不同。不幸的是,现代的深SSL通常会使未经保证的未标记的集合变得更糟。最近的补救措施表明,过滤方法可以检测出分布未标记的示例,然后将其丢弃或减轻重量。相反,我们认为所有未标记的示例可能会有所帮助。我们介绍了一个称为Fix-A-Step的程序,该程序尽管缺乏策划,但仍可以提高常见的深SSL方法的持有准确性。关键的创新是受所有未标记数据启发的标签集的增强,并修改了梯度下降更新,以防止遵循多任务SSL损失损害标签集的精度。尽管我们的方法比替代方案更简单,但我们在所有测试的人工污染水平上显示了无标记集的所有测试水平的CIFAR-10和CIFAR-100基准的准确性提高。我们进一步建议SSL的真实医疗基准:识别心脏超声图像的视图类型。我们的方法可以从353,500个真正未经贴标记的图像中学习,以提供跨医院的概括的收益。
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近年来,已取得了巨大进展,以通过半监督学习(SSL)来纳入未标记的数据来克服效率低下的监督问题。大多数最先进的模型是基于对未标记的数据追求一致的模型预测的想法,该模型被称为输入噪声,这称为一致性正则化。尽管如此,对其成功的原因缺乏理论上的见解。为了弥合理论和实际结果之间的差距,我们在本文中提出了SSL的最坏情况一致性正则化技术。具体而言,我们首先提出了针对SSL的概括,该概括由分别在标记和未标记的训练数据上观察到的经验损失项组成。在这种界限的激励下,我们得出了一个SSL目标,该目标可最大程度地减少原始未标记的样本与其多重增强变体之间最大的不一致性。然后,我们提供了一种简单但有效的算法来解决提出的最小问题,从理论上证明它会收敛到固定点。五个流行基准数据集的实验验证了我们提出的方法的有效性。
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We propose a new regularization method based on virtual adversarial loss: a new measure of local smoothness of the conditional label distribution given input. Virtual adversarial loss is defined as the robustness of the conditional label distribution around each input data point against local perturbation. Unlike adversarial training, our method defines the adversarial direction without label information and is hence applicable to semi-supervised learning. Because the directions in which we smooth the model are only "virtually" adversarial, we call our method virtual adversarial training (VAT). The computational cost of VAT is relatively low. For neural networks, the approximated gradient of virtual adversarial loss can be computed with no more than two pairs of forward-and back-propagations. In our experiments, we applied VAT to supervised and semi-supervised learning tasks on multiple benchmark datasets. With a simple enhancement of the algorithm based on the entropy minimization principle, our VAT achieves state-of-the-art performance for semi-supervised learning tasks on SVHN and CIFAR-10.
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我们提出了Parse,这是一种新颖的半监督结构,用于学习强大的脑电图表现以进行情感识别。为了减少大量未标记数据与标记数据有限的潜在分布不匹配,Parse使用成对表示对准。首先,我们的模型执行数据增强,然后标签猜测大量原始和增强的未标记数据。然后将其锐化的标签和标记数据的凸组合锐化。最后,进行表示对准和情感分类。为了严格测试我们的模型,我们将解析与我们实施并适应脑电图学习的几种最先进的半监督方法进行了比较。我们对四个基于公共EEG的情绪识别数据集,种子,种子IV,种子V和Amigos(价和唤醒)进行这些实验。该实验表明,我们提出的框架在种子,种子-IV和Amigos(Valence)中的标记样品有限的情况下,取得了总体最佳效果,同时接近种子V和Amigos中的总体最佳结果(达到第二好) (唤醒)。分析表明,我们的成对表示对齐方式通过减少未标记数据和标记数据之间的分布比对来大大提高性能,尤其是当每类仅1个样本被标记时。
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完全监督分类的问题是,它需要大量的注释数据,但是,在许多数据集中,很大一部分数据是未标记的。为了缓解此问题,半监督学习(SSL)利用了标记域上的分类器知识,并将其推送到无标记的域,该域具有与注释数据相似的分布。 SSL方法的最新成功至关重要地取决于阈值伪标记,从而对未标记的域的一致性正则化。但是,现有方法并未在训练过程中纳入伪标签或未标记样品的不确定性,这是由于嘈杂的标签或由于强大的增强而导致的分布样品。受SSL最近发展的启发,我们本文的目标是提出一个新颖的无监督不确定性意识的目标,依赖于核心和认识论不确定性量化。通过提出的不确定性感知损失功能,我们的方法优于标准SSL基准,在计算轻量级的同时,与最新的方法相匹配,或与最先进的方法相提并论。我们的结果优于复杂数据集(例如CIFAR-100和MINI-IMAGENET)的最新结果。
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