半监督的学习受到了最近的关注，因为它减轻了对大量标签数据的需求，这些数据通常很昂贵，需要专家知识并耗时收集。深度半监督分类的最新发展已经达到了前所未有的表现，而受监督和半监督学习之间的差距一直在挑战。这种绩效的改善是基于包含众多技术技巧，强大的增强技术和具有多项损失功能的昂贵优化方案。我们提出了一个新的框架，即laplacenet，以进行深度半监督分类，该分类大大降低了模型的复杂性。我们利用一种混合方法，在该方法中，通过将图表上的laplacian能量最小化来产生伪标记。然后，这些伪标签被用来迭代训练神经网络骨架。在几个基准数据集上，我们的模型优于深度半监督分类的最先进方法。此外，我们在理论上考虑了强大化对神经网络的应用，并证明使用多样采样方法对半监督学习的使用是合理的。我们通过严格的实验证明，多样采样增强方法可以改善概括并降低网络对增强的敏感性。

鉴于获得大量标记数据的潜在困难，许多作品探索了使用深度半监督学习，它使用标记和未标记的数据来培训神经网络架构。绝大多数SSL方法侧重于实现低密度分离假设或一致性假设，决策边界应该位于低密度区域的想法。但是，它们通过对每个数据点的决策边界进行本地更改来实现这一假设，忽略了数据的全局结构。在这项工作中，我们使用群集数据中存在的全局信息来探索替代方法来更新我们的决策边界。我们提出了一种新颖的框架，Cyclecluster，用于深度半监督分类。我们的核心优化由基于新的聚类正则化以及基于图形的伪标签和共享的深网络的基于群集的正规化驱动。展示集群假设的直接实现是基于流行的一致性正规化的可行替代方案。我们通过仔细的数值结果展示了我们技术的预测能力。

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) provides an effective means of leveraging unlabeled data to improve a model's performance. This domain has seen fast progress recently, at the cost of requiring more complex methods. In this paper we propose FixMatch, an algorithm that is a significant simplification of existing SSL methods. FixMatch first generates pseudo-labels using the model's predictions on weaklyaugmented unlabeled images. For a given image, the pseudo-label is only retained if the model produces a high-confidence prediction. The model is then trained to predict the pseudo-label when fed a strongly-augmented version of the same image. Despite its simplicity, we show that FixMatch achieves state-of-the-art performance across a variety of standard semi-supervised learning benchmarks, including 94.93% accuracy on CIFAR-10 with 250 labels and 88.61% accuracy with 40 -just 4 labels per class. We carry out an extensive ablation study to tease apart the experimental factors that are most important to FixMatch's success. The code is available at https://github.com/google-research/fixmatch.

Semi-supervised learning is becoming increasingly important because it can combine data carefully labeled by humans with abundant unlabeled data to train deep neural networks. Classic methods on semi-supervised learning that have focused on transductive learning have not been fully exploited in the inductive framework followed by modern deep learning. The same holds for the manifold assumption-that similar examples should get the same prediction. In this work, we employ a transductive label propagation method that is based on the manifold assumption to make predictions on the entire dataset and use these predictions to generate pseudo-labels for the unlabeled data and train a deep neural network. At the core of the transductive method lies a nearest neighbor graph of the dataset that we create based on the embeddings of the same network. Therefore our learning process iterates between these two steps. We improve performance on several datasets especially in the few labels regime and show that our work is complementary to current state of the art.

一个常见的分类任务情况是，有大量数据可用于培训，但只有一小部分用类标签注释。在这种情况下，半监督培训的目的是通过利用标记数据，而且从大量未标记的数据中提高分类准确性。最近的作品通过探索不同标记和未标记数据的不同增强性数据之间的一致性约束，从而取得了重大改进。遵循这条路径，我们提出了一个新颖的无监督目标，该目标侧重于彼此相似的高置信度未标记的数据之间所研究的关系较少。新提出的对损失最大程度地减少了高置信度伪伪标签之间的统计距离，其相似性高于一定阈值。我们提出的简单算法将对损失与MixMatch家族开发的技术结合在一起，显示出比以前在CIFAR-100和MINI-IMAGENET上的算法的显着性能增长，并且与CIFAR-的最先进方法相当。 10和SVHN。此外，简单还优于传输学习设置中最新方法，其中模型是由在ImainEnet或域内实现的权重初始化的。该代码可在github.com/zijian-hu/simple上获得。

Semi-supervised learning has proven to be a powerful paradigm for leveraging unlabeled data to mitigate the reliance on large labeled datasets. In this work, we unify the current dominant approaches for semi-supervised learning to produce a new algorithm, MixMatch, that guesses low-entropy labels for data-augmented unlabeled examples and mixes labeled and unlabeled data using MixUp. MixMatch obtains state-of-the-art results by a large margin across many datasets and labeled data amounts. For example, on CIFAR-10 with 250 labels, we reduce error rate by a factor of 4 (from 38% to 11%) and by a factor of 2 on STL-10. We also demonstrate how MixMatch can help achieve a dramatically better accuracy-privacy trade-off for differential privacy. Finally, we perform an ablation study to tease apart which components of MixMatch are most important for its success. We release all code used in our experiments. 1

深度学习的最新进展依赖于大型标签的数据集来培训大容量模型。但是，以时间和成本效益的方式收集大型数据集通常会导致标签噪声。我们提出了一种从嘈杂的标签中学习的方法，该方法利用特征空间中的训练示例之间的相似性，鼓励每个示例的预测与其最近的邻居相似。与使用多个模型或不同阶段的训练算法相比，我们的方法采用了简单，附加的正规化项的形式。它可以被解释为经典的，偏置标签传播算法的归纳版本。我们在数据集上彻底评估我们的方法评估合成（CIFAR-10，CIFAR-100）和现实（迷你网络，网络vision，Clotsing1m，Mini-Imagenet-Red）噪声，并实现竞争性或最先进的精度，在所有人之间。

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) provides a powerful framework for leveraging unlabeled data when labels are limited or expensive to obtain. SSL algorithms based on deep neural networks have recently proven successful on standard benchmark tasks. However, we argue that these benchmarks fail to address many issues that SSL algorithms would face in real-world applications. After creating a unified reimplementation of various widely-used SSL techniques, we test them in a suite of experiments designed to address these issues. We find that the performance of simple baselines which do not use unlabeled data is often underreported, SSL methods differ in sensitivity to the amount of labeled and unlabeled data, and performance can degrade substantially when the unlabeled dataset contains out-ofdistribution examples. To help guide SSL research towards real-world applicability, we make our unified reimplemention and evaluation platform publicly available. 2 * Equal contribution 2 https://github.com/brain-research/realistic-ssl-evaluation 32nd Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2018),

完全监督分类的问题是，它需要大量的注释数据，但是，在许多数据集中，很大一部分数据是未标记的。为了缓解此问题，半监督学习（SSL）利用了标记域上的分类器知识，并将其推送到无标记的域，该域具有与注释数据相似的分布。 SSL方法的最新成功至关重要地取决于阈值伪标记，从而对未标记的域的一致性正则化。但是，现有方法并未在训练过程中纳入伪标签或未标记样品的不确定性，这是由于嘈杂的标签或由于强大的增强而导致的分布样品。受SSL最近发展的启发，我们本文的目标是提出一个新颖的无监督不确定性意识的目标，依赖于核心和认识论不确定性量化。通过提出的不确定性感知损失功能，我们的方法优于标准SSL基准，在计算轻量级的同时，与最新的方法相匹配，或与最先进的方法相提并论。我们的结果优于复杂数据集（例如CIFAR-100和MINI-IMAGENET）的最新结果。

In semi-supervised representation learning frameworks, when the number of labelled data is very scarce, the quality and representativeness of these samples become increasingly important. Existing literature on semi-supervised learning randomly sample a limited number of data points for labelling. All these labelled samples are then used along with the unlabelled data throughout the training process. In this work, we ask two important questions in this context: (1) does it matter which samples are selected for labelling? (2) does it matter how the labelled samples are used throughout the training process along with the unlabelled data? To answer the first question, we explore a number of unsupervised methods for selecting specific subsets of data to label (without prior knowledge of their labels), with the goal of maximizing representativeness w.r.t. the unlabelled set. Then, for our second line of inquiry, we define a variety of different label injection strategies in the training process. Extensive experiments on four popular datasets, CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, SVHN, and STL-10, show that unsupervised selection of samples that are more representative of the entire data improves performance by up to ~2% over the existing semi-supervised frameworks such as MixMatch, ReMixMatch, FixMatch and others with random sample labelling. We show that this boost could even increase to 7.5% for very few-labelled scenarios. However, our study shows that gradually injecting the labels throughout the training procedure does not impact the performance considerably versus when all the existing labels are used throughout the entire training.

长期以来，半监督学习（SSL）已被证明是一种有限的标签模型的有效技术。在现有的文献中，基于一致性的基于正则化的方法，这些方法迫使扰动样本具有类似的预测，而原始的样本则引起了极大的关注。但是，我们观察到，当标签变得极为有限时，例如，每个类别的2或3标签时，此类方法的性能会大大降低。我们的实证研究发现，主要问题在于语义信息在数据增强过程中的漂移。当提供足够的监督时，可以缓解问题。但是，如果几乎没有指导，错误的正则化将误导网络并破坏算法的性能。为了解决该问题，我们（1）提出了一种基于插值的方法来构建更可靠的正样品对； （2）设计一种新颖的对比损失，以指导学习网络的嵌入以在样品之间进行线性更改，从而通过扩大保证金决策边界来提高网络的歧视能力。由于未引入破坏性正则化，因此我们提出的算法的性能在很大程度上得到了改善。具体而言，所提出的算法的表现优于第二好算法（COMATT），而当CIFAR-10数据集中的每个类只有两个标签可用时，可以实现88.73％的分类精度，占5.3％。此外，我们通过通过我们提出的策略大大改善现有最新算法的性能，进一步证明了所提出的方法的普遍性。

近年来，已取得了巨大进展，以通过半监督学习（SSL）来纳入未标记的数据来克服效率低下的监督问题。大多数最先进的模型是基于对未标记的数据追求一致的模型预测的想法，该模型被称为输入噪声，这称为一致性正则化。尽管如此，对其成功的原因缺乏理论上的见解。为了弥合理论和实际结果之间的差距，我们在本文中提出了SSL的最坏情况一致性正则化技术。具体而言，我们首先提出了针对SSL的概括，该概括由分别在标记和未标记的训练数据上观察到的经验损失项组成。在这种界限的激励下，我们得出了一个SSL目标，该目标可最大程度地减少原始未标记的样本与其多重增强变体之间最大的不一致性。然后，我们提供了一种简单但有效的算法来解决提出的最小问题，从理论上证明它会收敛到固定点。五个流行基准数据集的实验验证了我们提出的方法的有效性。

一致性正则化是半监督学习（SSL）最广泛使用的技术之一。通常，目的是培训一种模型，该模型是各种数据增强的模型。在本文中，我们重新审视了这个想法，并发现通过减少来自不同增强图像之间的特征之间的距离来实现不变性，导致性能提高。然而，通过增加特征距离来鼓励其令人鼓舞，而是提高性能。为此，我们通过一个简单但有效的技术，专长的技术提出了一种改进的一致性正则化框架，它分别施加了对分类器和特征级别的一致性和增义。实验结果表明，我们的模型定义了各种数据集和设置的新技术，并以最高的余量优于以前的工作，特别是在低数据制度中。进行了广泛的实验以分析该方法，并将发布代码。

The core issue in semi-supervised learning (SSL) lies in how to effectively leverage unlabeled data, whereas most existing methods tend to put a great emphasis on the utilization of high-confidence samples yet seldom fully explore the usage of low-confidence samples. In this paper, we aim to utilize low-confidence samples in a novel way with our proposed mutex-based consistency regularization, namely MutexMatch. Specifically, the high-confidence samples are required to exactly predict "what it is" by conventional True-Positive Classifier, while the low-confidence samples are employed to achieve a simpler goal -- to predict with ease "what it is not" by True-Negative Classifier. In this sense, we not only mitigate the pseudo-labeling errors but also make full use of the low-confidence unlabeled data by consistency of dissimilarity degree. MutexMatch achieves superior performance on multiple benchmark datasets, i.e., CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, SVHN, STL-10, mini-ImageNet and Tiny-ImageNet. More importantly, our method further shows superiority when the amount of labeled data is scarce, e.g., 92.23% accuracy with only 20 labeled data on CIFAR-10. Our code and model weights have been released at https://github.com/NJUyued/MutexMatch4SSL.

Jitendra Malik once said, "Supervision is the opium of the AI researcher". Most deep learning techniques heavily rely on extreme amounts of human labels to work effectively. In today's world, the rate of data creation greatly surpasses the rate of data annotation. Full reliance on human annotations is just a temporary means to solve current closed problems in AI. In reality, only a tiny fraction of data is annotated. Annotation Efficient Learning (AEL) is a study of algorithms to train models effectively with fewer annotations. To thrive in AEL environments, we need deep learning techniques that rely less on manual annotations (e.g., image, bounding-box, and per-pixel labels), but learn useful information from unlabeled data. In this thesis, we explore five different techniques for handling AEL.

深度学习正在推动许多计算机视觉应用中的最新技术。但是，它依赖于大量注释的数据存储库，并且捕获现实世界数据的不受约束性质尚未解决。半监督学习（SSL）用大量未标记的数据来补充带注释的培训数据，以降低注释成本。标准SSL方法假设未标记的数据来自与注释数据相同的分布。最近，Orca [9]引入了一个更现实的SSL问题，称为开放世界SSL，假设未注释的数据可能包含来自未知类别的样本。这项工作提出了一种在开放世界中解决SSL的新方法，我们同时学习对已知和未知类别进行分类。在我们方法的核心方面，我们利用样本不确定性，并将有关类分布的先验知识纳入，以生成可靠的伪标记，以适用于已知和未知类别的未标记数据。我们广泛的实验在几个基准数据集上展示了我们的方法的有效性，在该数据集上，它在其中的七个不同数据集（包括CIFAR-100（17.6％）（17.6％），Imagenet-100（5.7％）（5.7％）和微小成像网（9.9％）。

Semi-supervised learning lately has shown much promise in improving deep learning models when labeled data is scarce. Common among recent approaches is the use of consistency training on a large amount of unlabeled data to constrain model predictions to be invariant to input noise. In this work, we present a new perspective on how to effectively noise unlabeled examples and argue that the quality of noising, specifically those produced by advanced data augmentation methods, plays a crucial role in semi-supervised learning. By substituting simple noising operations with advanced data augmentation methods such as RandAugment and back-translation, our method brings substantial improvements across six language and three vision tasks under the same consistency training framework. On the IMDb text classification dataset, with only 20 labeled examples, our method achieves an error rate of 4.20, outperforming the state-of-the-art model trained on 25,000 labeled examples. On a standard semi-supervised learning benchmark, CIFAR-10, our method outperforms all previous approaches and achieves an error rate of 5.43 with only 250 examples. Our method also combines well with transfer learning, e.g., when finetuning from BERT, and yields improvements in high-data regime, such as ImageNet, whether when there is only 10% labeled data or when a full labeled set with 1.3M extra unlabeled examples is used. 1

在社区中广泛调查了语义分割，其中最先进的技术基于监督模型。这些模型报告了前所未有的性能，以需要大量的高质量细分面具。为了获得这种注释是非常昂贵的并且特别是在需要像素级注释的语义分割中。在这项工作中，我们通过提出作为半监督语义细分的三级自我训练框架的整体解决方案来解决这个问题。我们技术的关键思想是提取伪掩模统计信息，以减少预测概率的不确定性，同时以多任务方式执行分段一致性。我们通过三级解决方案实现这一目标。首先，我们训练分割网络以产生粗糙的伪掩模，预测概率非常不确定。其次，我们使用一个多任务模型来减少伪掩模的不确定性，该模型强制利用数据丰富的数据统计信息。我们将采用现有方法与半监督语义分割的现有方法进行比较，并在广泛的实验中展示其最先进的性能。

半监督学习方法已成为对打击获得大量注释数据的挑战的活跃研究领域。为了提高半监督学习方法表现的目标，我们提出了一种新颖的框架，Hiematch，一种半监督方法，利用分层信息来降低标签成本并表现以及vanilla半监督学习方法。分层信息通常是具有细粒标签的粗标签（例如，啄木鸟）的粗标签（例如，啄木鸟）的现有知识（例如，柔软的啄木鸟或金朝啄木鸟）。但是，尚未探讨使用使用粗类标签来改进半监督技术的监督。在没有细粒度的标签的情况下，Himatch利用标签层次结构，并使用粗级标签作为弱监控信号。此外，Himatch是一种改进任何半熟的学习框架的通用方法，我们使用我们的结果在最近的最先进的技术Mixmatch和Fixmatch上展示了这一点。我们评估了在两个基准数据集，即CiFar-100和Nabirds上的Himatch疗效。与MixMatch相比，HOMACHACT可以在CIFAR-100上减少50％的粒度标签50％的用量，仅在前1个精度的边缘下降0.59％。代码：https://github.com/07agarg/hiermatch.

This work tackles the problem of semi-supervised learning of image classifiers. Our main insight is that the field of semi-supervised learning can benefit from the quickly advancing field of self-supervised visual representation learning. Unifying these two approaches, we propose the framework of self-supervised semi-supervised learning (S 4 L) and use it to derive two novel semi-supervised image classification methods. We demonstrate the effectiveness of these methods in comparison to both carefully tuned baselines, and existing semi-supervised learning methods. We then show that S 4 L and existing semi-supervised methods can be jointly trained, yielding a new state-of-the-art result on semi-supervised ILSVRC-2012 with 10% of labels.