通过直接互动环境中的直接交互自主学习行为的能力可以导致能够提高生产力或在非结构化环境中提供护理的通用机器人。这种无限量的设置仅需要使用机器人的壁虎搜索传感器,例如车载相机,联合编码器等,这可能是由于高维度和部分可观察性问题而挑战政策学习。我们提出RRL:RESNET作为强化学习的代表 - 这是一种直接且有效的方法,可以直接从丙虫精神投入学习复杂的行为。 RRL熔断器功能从预先培训的RESET中提取到标准强化学习管道中,并可直接从州的学习提供结果。在模拟的灵巧操纵基准测试中,在最先进方法无法进行重大进展情况下,RRL提供了富裕的行为。 RRL的上诉在于,从代表学习,模仿学习和加强学习领域汇集进步。它在直接从具有性能和采样效率匹配的视觉输入中直接从状态从状态匹配的效力,即使在复杂的高维域中也远未显而易见。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Poor sample efficiency continues to be the primary challenge for deployment of deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms for real-world applications, and in particular for visuo-motor control. Model-based RL has the potential to be highly sample efficient by concurrently learning a world model and using synthetic rollouts for planning and policy improvement. However, in practice, sample-efficient learning with model-based RL is bottlenecked by the exploration challenge. In this work, we find that leveraging just a handful of demonstrations can dramatically improve the sample-efficiency of model-based RL. Simply appending demonstrations to the interaction dataset, however, does not suffice. We identify key ingredients for leveraging demonstrations in model learning -- policy pretraining, targeted exploration, and oversampling of demonstration data -- which forms the three phases of our model-based RL framework. We empirically study three complex visuo-motor control domains and find that our method is 150%-250% more successful in completing sparse reward tasks compared to prior approaches in the low data regime (100K interaction steps, 5 demonstrations). Code and videos are available at: https://nicklashansen.github.io/modemrl
translated by 谷歌翻译
需要大量人类努力和迭代的奖励功能规范仍然是通过深入的强化学习来学习行为的主要障碍。相比之下,提供所需行为的视觉演示通常会提供一种更简单,更自然的教师的方式。我们考虑为代理提供了一个固定的视觉演示数据集,说明了如何执行任务,并且必须学习使用提供的演示和无监督的环境交互来解决任务。此设置提出了许多挑战,包括对视觉观察的表示,由于缺乏固定的奖励或学习信号而导致的,由于高维空间而引起的样本复杂性以及学习不稳定。为了解决这些挑战,我们开发了一种基于变异模型的对抗模仿学习(V-Mail)算法。基于模型的方法为表示学习,实现样本效率并通过实现派利学习来提高对抗性训练的稳定性提供了强烈的信号。通过涉及几种基于视觉的运动和操纵任务的实验,我们发现V-Mail以样本有效的方式学习了成功的视觉运动策略,与先前的工作相比,稳定性更高,并且还可以实现较高的渐近性能。我们进一步发现,通过传输学习模型,V-Mail可以从视觉演示中学习新任务,而无需任何其他环境交互。所有结果在内的所有结果都可以在\ url {https://sites.google.com/view/variational-mail}在线找到。
translated by 谷歌翻译
For an autonomous agent to fulfill a wide range of user-specified goals at test time, it must be able to learn broadly applicable and general-purpose skill repertoires. Furthermore, to provide the requisite level of generality, these skills must handle raw sensory input such as images. In this paper, we propose an algorithm that acquires such general-purpose skills by combining unsupervised representation learning and reinforcement learning of goal-conditioned policies. Since the particular goals that might be required at test-time are not known in advance, the agent performs a self-supervised "practice" phase where it imagines goals and attempts to achieve them. We learn a visual representation with three distinct purposes: sampling goals for self-supervised practice, providing a structured transformation of raw sensory inputs, and computing a reward signal for goal reaching. We also propose a retroactive goal relabeling scheme to further improve the sample-efficiency of our method. Our off-policy algorithm is efficient enough to learn policies that operate on raw image observations and goals for a real-world robotic system, and substantially outperforms prior techniques. * Equal contribution. Order was determined by coin flip.
translated by 谷歌翻译
我们调查视觉跨实施的模仿设置,其中代理商学习来自其他代理的视频(例如人类)的策略,示范相同的任务,但在其实施例中具有缺点差异 - 形状,动作,终效应器动态等。在这项工作中,我们证明可以从对这些差异强大的跨实施例证视频自动发现和学习基于视觉的奖励功能。具体而言,我们介绍了一种用于跨实施的跨实施的自我监督方法(XIRL),它利用时间周期 - 一致性约束来学习深度视觉嵌入,从而从多个专家代理的示范的脱机视频中捕获任务进度,每个都执行相同的任务不同的原因是实施例差异。在我们的工作之前,从自我监督嵌入产生奖励通常需要与参考轨迹对齐,这可能难以根据STARK实施例的差异来获取。我们凭经验显示,如果嵌入式了解任务进度,则只需在学习的嵌入空间中占据当前状态和目标状态之间的负距离是有用的,作为培训与加强学习的培训政策的奖励。我们发现我们的学习奖励功能不仅适用于在训练期间看到的实施例,而且还概括为完全新的实施例。此外,在将现实世界的人类示范转移到模拟机器人时,我们发现XIRL比当前最佳方法更具样本。 https://x-irl.github.io提供定性结果,代码和数据集
translated by 谷歌翻译
模仿学习在有效地学习政策方面对复杂的决策问题有着巨大的希望。当前的最新算法经常使用逆增强学习(IRL),在给定一组专家演示的情况下,代理会替代奖励功能和相关的最佳策略。但是,这种IRL方法通常需要在复杂控制问题上进行实质性的在线互动。在这项工作中,我们提出了正规化的最佳运输(ROT),这是一种新的模仿学习算法,基于最佳基于最佳运输轨迹匹配的最新进展。我们的主要技术见解是,即使只有少量演示,即使只有少量演示,也可以自适应地将轨迹匹配的奖励与行为克隆相结合。我们对横跨DeepMind Control Suite,OpenAI Robotics和Meta-World基准的20个视觉控制任务进行的实验表明,与先前最新的方法相比,平均仿真达到了90%的专家绩效的速度,达到了90%的专家性能。 。在现实世界的机器人操作中,只有一次演示和一个小时的在线培训,ROT在14个任务中的平均成功率为90.1%。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Learning generalizable policies that can adapt to unseen environments remains challenging in visual Reinforcement Learning (RL). Existing approaches try to acquire a robust representation via diversifying the appearances of in-domain observations for better generalization. Limited by the specific observations of the environment, these methods ignore the possibility of exploring diverse real-world image datasets. In this paper, we investigate how a visual RL agent would benefit from the off-the-shelf visual representations. Surprisingly, we find that the early layers in an ImageNet pre-trained ResNet model could provide rather generalizable representations for visual RL. Hence, we propose Pre-trained Image Encoder for Generalizable visual reinforcement learning (PIE-G), a simple yet effective framework that can generalize to the unseen visual scenarios in a zero-shot manner. Extensive experiments are conducted on DMControl Generalization Benchmark, DMControl Manipulation Tasks, Drawer World, and CARLA to verify the effectiveness of PIE-G. Empirical evidence suggests PIE-G improves sample efficiency and significantly outperforms previous state-of-the-art methods in terms of generalization performance. In particular, PIE-G boasts a 55% generalization performance gain on average in the challenging video background setting. Project Page: https://sites.google.com/view/pie-g/home.
translated by 谷歌翻译
无监督的表示学习的最新进展显着提高了模拟环境中培训强化学习政策的样本效率。但是,尚未看到针对实体强化学习的类似收益。在这项工作中,我们专注于从像素中启用数据有效的实体机器人学习。我们提出了有效的机器人学习(编码器)的对比前训练和数据增强,该方法利用数据增强和无监督的学习来从稀疏奖励中实现对实体ARM策略的样本效率培训。虽然对比预训练,数据增强,演示和强化学习不足以进行有效学习,但我们的主要贡献表明,这些不同技术的组合导致了一种简单而数据效率的方法。我们表明,只有10个示范,一个机器人手臂可以从像素中学习稀疏的奖励操纵策略,例如到达,拾取,移动,拉动大物体,翻转开关并在短短30分钟内打开抽屉现实世界训练时间。我们在项目网站上包括视频和代码:https://sites.google.com/view/felfficited-robotic-manipulation/home
translated by 谷歌翻译
离线强化学习在利用大型预采用的数据集进行政策学习方面表现出了巨大的希望,使代理商可以放弃经常廉价的在线数据收集。但是,迄今为止,离线强化学习的探索相对较小,并且缺乏对剩余挑战所在的何处的了解。在本文中,我们试图建立简单的基线以在视觉域中连续控制。我们表明,对两个基于最先进的在线增强学习算法,Dreamerv2和DRQ-V2进行了简单的修改,足以超越事先工作并建立竞争性的基准。我们在现有的离线数据集中对这些算法进行了严格的评估,以及从视觉观察结果中进行离线强化学习的新测试台,更好地代表现实世界中离线增强学习问题中存在的数据分布,并开放我们的代码和数据以促进此方面的进度重要领域。最后,我们介绍并分析了来自视觉观察的离线RL所独有的几个关键Desiderata,包括视觉分散注意力和动态视觉上可识别的变化。
translated by 谷歌翻译
在许多控制问题中,包括视觉,可以从场景中对象的位置推断出最佳控制。可以使用特征点表示该信息,该特征点是输入图像的学习特征映射中的空间位置列表。以前的作品表明,使用无监督的预培训或人类监督学习的功能要点可以为控制任务提供良好的功能。在本文中,我们表明,可以在结束于结束的情况下学习有效的特征点表示,而无需无监督的预训练,解码器或额外损失。我们所提出的架构包括一个可怜的特征点提取器,其将估计的特征点的坐标直接馈送到软演员 - 批评者代理。所提出的算法对深度控制套件任务的最先进的算法产生了竞争力。
translated by 谷歌翻译
加强学习是机器人获得从经验中获得技能的强大框架,但通常需要大量的在线数据收集。结果,很难收集机器人概括所需的足够多样化的经验。另一方面,人类的视频是一种易于获得的广泛和有趣的经历来源。在本文中,我们考虑问题:我们可以直接进行强化学习,以便在人类收集的经验吗?这种问题特别困难,因为这种视频没有用动作注释并相对于机器人的实施例展示了大量的视觉畴偏移。为了解决这些挑战,我们提出了一种与视频(RLV)的强化学习框架。 RLV使用人类收集的经验结合机器人收集的数据来了解策略和价值函数。在我们的实验中,我们发现RLV能够利用此类视频来学习基于视觉的愿景技能,以不到一半的样本作为从头开始学习的RL方法。
translated by 谷歌翻译
本文考虑了从专家演示中学习机器人运动和操纵任务。生成对抗性模仿学习(GAIL)训练一个区分专家与代理转换区分开的歧视者,进而使用歧视器输出定义的奖励来优化代理商的策略生成器。这种生成的对抗训练方法非常强大,但取决于歧视者和发电机培训之间的微妙平衡。在高维问题中,歧视训练可能很容易过度拟合或利用与任务 - 核定功能进行过渡分类的关联。这项工作的一个关键见解是,在合适的潜在任务空间中进行模仿学习使训练过程稳定,即使在挑战高维问题中也是如此。我们使用动作编码器模型来获得低维的潜在动作空间,并使用对抗性模仿学习(Lapal)训练潜在政策。可以从州行动对脱机来训练编码器模型,以获得任务无关的潜在动作表示或与歧视器和发电机培训同时在线获得,以获得任务意识到的潜在行动表示。我们证明了Lapal训练是稳定的,具有近乎单的性能的改进,并在大多数运动和操纵任务中实现了专家性能,而Gail基线收敛速度较慢,并且在高维环境中无法实现专家的表现。
translated by 谷歌翻译
我们通过在野外观看人类来解决学习问题。尽管在现实世界中学习的传统方法和强化学习对于学习是有希望的,但它们要么是效率低下的样本,要么被限制在实验室环境中。同时,处理被动的,非结构化的人类数据已经取得了很大的成功。我们建议通过有效的一声机器人学习算法解决此问题,该算法围绕第三人称的角度学习。我们称我们的方法旋转:野生人类模仿机器人学习。旋转对人类演示者的意图提取先前,并使用它来初始化代理商的策略。我们介绍了一种有效的现实世界政策学习方案,该方案可以使用交互作用进行改进。我们的主要贡献是一种简单的基于抽样的策略优化方法,这是一种对齐人和机器人视频的新型目标功能,以及一种提高样本效率的探索方法。我们在现实世界中展示了单一的概括和成功,其中包括野外的20个不同的操纵任务。视频并在https://human2robot.github.io上进行交谈
translated by 谷歌翻译
我们提出了一种从演示方法(LFD)方法的新颖学习,即示范(DMFD)的可变形操作,以使用状态或图像作为输入(给定的专家演示)来求解可变形的操纵任务。我们的方法以三种不同的方式使用演示,并平衡在线探索环境和使用专家的指导之间进行权衡的权衡,以有效地探索高维空间。我们在一组一维绳索的一组代表性操纵任务上测试DMFD,并从软件套件中的一套二维布和2维布进行测试,每个任务都带有状态和图像观测。对于基于状态的任务,我们的方法超过基线性能高达12.9%,在基于图像的任务上最多超过33.44%,具有可比或更好的随机性。此外,我们创建了两个具有挑战性的环境,用于使用基于图像的观测值折叠2D布,并为其设定性能基准。与仿真相比,我们在现实世界执行过程中归一化性能损失最小的真实机器人(约为6%),我们将DMFD部署为最小。源代码在github.com/uscresl/dmfd上
translated by 谷歌翻译
We present CURL: Contrastive Unsupervised Representations for Reinforcement Learning. CURL extracts high-level features from raw pixels using contrastive learning and performs offpolicy control on top of the extracted features. CURL outperforms prior pixel-based methods, both model-based and model-free, on complex tasks in the DeepMind Control Suite and Atari Games showing 1.9x and 1.2x performance gains at the 100K environment and interaction steps benchmarks respectively. On the DeepMind Control Suite, CURL is the first image-based algorithm to nearly match the sample-efficiency of methods that use state-based features. Our code is open-sourced and available at https://www. github.com/MishaLaskin/curl.
translated by 谷歌翻译
现代无模式加固学习方法最近展示了许多问题的令人印象深刻的结果。然而,由于具有高样本复杂性,这种复杂的畴仍然是挑战。为了解决这一问题,目前的方法采用了国家动作对形式的专家演示,这很难获得真实世界的环境,例如学习视频。在本文中,我们走向更现实的环境和探索唯一的模仿学习。为了解决此设置,我们培训逆动力学模型,并使用它来预测仅用于状态演示的操作。逆动力学模型和策略是联合培训的。我们的方法与状态动作方法相符,并且单独占RL的差异。不依赖于专家行动,我们能够以不同的动态,形态和物体的示威学习。在https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~ilija/soil提供的视频。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Deep reinforcement learning is poised to revolutionise the field of AI and represents a step towards building autonomous systems with a higher level understanding of the visual world. Currently, deep learning is enabling reinforcement learning to scale to problems that were previously intractable, such as learning to play video games directly from pixels. Deep reinforcement learning algorithms are also applied to robotics, allowing control policies for robots to be learned directly from camera inputs in the real world. In this survey, we begin with an introduction to the general field of reinforcement learning, then progress to the main streams of value-based and policybased methods. Our survey will cover central algorithms in deep reinforcement learning, including the deep Q-network, trust region policy optimisation, and asynchronous advantage actor-critic. In parallel, we highlight the unique advantages of deep neural networks, focusing on visual understanding via reinforcement learning. To conclude, we describe several current areas of research within the field.
translated by 谷歌翻译
最近,目睹了利用专家国家在模仿学习(IL)中的各种成功应用。然而,来自视觉输入(ILFVI)的另一个IL设定 - IL,它通过利用在线视觉资源而具有更大的承诺,它具有低数据效率和良好的性能,从政策学习方式和高度产生了差 - 宣称视觉输入。我们提出了由禁止策略学习方式,数据增强和编码器技术组成的OPIFVI(视觉输入的偏离策略模仿),分别分别解决所提到的挑战。更具体地,为了提高数据效率,OPIFVI以脱策方式进行IL,可以多次使用采样数据。此外,我们提高了opifvi与光谱归一化的稳定性,以减轻脱助政策培训的副作用。我们认为代理商的ILFVI表现不佳的核心因素可能不会从视觉输入中提取有意义的功能。因此,Opifvi采用计算机愿望的数据增强,以帮助列车编码器,可以更好地从视觉输入中提取功能。另外,对编码器的梯度背交量的特定结构旨在稳定编码器训练。最后,我们证明OPIFVI能够实现专家级性能和优于现有的基线,无论是通过使用Deepmind控制套件的广泛实验,无论视觉演示还是视觉观测。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Transformer, originally devised for natural language processing, has also attested significant success in computer vision. Thanks to its super expressive power, researchers are investigating ways to deploy transformers to reinforcement learning (RL) and the transformer-based models have manifested their potential in representative RL benchmarks. In this paper, we collect and dissect recent advances on transforming RL by transformer (transformer-based RL or TRL), in order to explore its development trajectory and future trend. We group existing developments in two categories: architecture enhancement and trajectory optimization, and examine the main applications of TRL in robotic manipulation, text-based games, navigation and autonomous driving. For architecture enhancement, these methods consider how to apply the powerful transformer structure to RL problems under the traditional RL framework, which model agents and environments much more precisely than deep RL methods, but they are still limited by the inherent defects of traditional RL algorithms, such as bootstrapping and "deadly triad". For trajectory optimization, these methods treat RL problems as sequence modeling and train a joint state-action model over entire trajectories under the behavior cloning framework, which are able to extract policies from static datasets and fully use the long-sequence modeling capability of the transformer. Given these advancements, extensions and challenges in TRL are reviewed and proposals about future direction are discussed. We hope that this survey can provide a detailed introduction to TRL and motivate future research in this rapidly developing field.
translated by 谷歌翻译
Developing robots that are capable of many skills and generalization to unseen scenarios requires progress on two fronts: efficient collection of large and diverse datasets, and training of high-capacity policies on the collected data. While large datasets have propelled progress in other fields like computer vision and natural language processing, collecting data of comparable scale is particularly challenging for physical systems like robotics. In this work, we propose a framework to bridge this gap and better scale up robot learning, under the lens of multi-task, multi-scene robot manipulation in kitchen environments. Our framework, named CACTI, has four stages that separately handle data collection, data augmentation, visual representation learning, and imitation policy training. In the CACTI framework, we highlight the benefit of adapting state-of-the-art models for image generation as part of the augmentation stage, and the significant improvement of training efficiency by using pretrained out-of-domain visual representations at the compression stage. Experimentally, we demonstrate that 1) on a real robot setup, CACTI enables efficient training of a single policy capable of 10 manipulation tasks involving kitchen objects, and robust to varying layouts of distractor objects; 2) in a simulated kitchen environment, CACTI trains a single policy on 18 semantic tasks across up to 50 layout variations per task. The simulation task benchmark and augmented datasets in both real and simulated environments will be released to facilitate future research.
translated by 谷歌翻译