This paper is about a curious phenomenon. Suppose we have a data matrix, which is the superposition of a low-rank component and a sparse component. Can we recover each component individually? We prove that under some suitable assumptions, it is possible to recover both the low-rank and the sparse components exactly by solving a very convenient convex program called Principal Component Pursuit; among all feasible decompositions, simply minimize a weighted combination of the nuclear norm and of the 1 norm. This suggests the possibility of a principled approach to robust principal component analysis since our methodology and results assert that one can recover the principal components of a data matrix even though a positive fraction of its entries are arbitrarily corrupted. This extends to the situation where a fraction of the entries are missing as well. We discuss an algorithm for solving this optimization problem, and present applications in the area of video surveillance, where our methodology allows for the detection of objects in a cluttered background, and in the area of face recognition, where it offers a principled way of removing shadows and specularities in images of faces.

We consider a problem of considerable practical interest: the recovery of a data matrix from a sampling of its entries. Suppose that we observe m entries selected uniformly at random from a matrix M . Can we complete the matrix and recover the entries that we have not seen?We show that one can perfectly recover most low-rank matrices from what appears to be an incomplete set of entries. We prove that if the number m of sampled entries obeys m ≥ C n 1.2 r log n for some positive numerical constant C, then with very high probability, most n × n matrices of rank r can be perfectly recovered by solving a simple convex optimization program. This program finds the matrix with minimum nuclear norm that fits the data. The condition above assumes that the rank is not too large. However, if one replaces the 1.2 exponent with 1.25, then the result holds for all values of the rank. Similar results hold for arbitrary rectangular matrices as well. Our results are connected with the recent literature on compressed sensing, and show that objects other than signals and images can be perfectly reconstructed from very limited information.

The affine rank minimization problem consists of finding a matrix of minimum rank that satisfies a given system of linear equality constraints. Such problems have appeared in the literature of a diverse set of fields including system identification and control, Euclidean embedding, and collaborative filtering. Although specific instances can often be solved with specialized algorithms, the general affine rank minimization problem is NP-hard, because it contains vector cardinality minimization as a special case.In this paper, we show that if a certain restricted isometry property holds for the linear transformation defining the constraints, the minimum rank solution can be recovered by solving a convex optimization problem, namely the minimization of the nuclear norm over the given affine space. We present several random ensembles of equations where the restricted isometry property holds with overwhelming probability, provided the codimension of the subspace is Ω(r(m + n) log mn), where m, n are the dimensions of the matrix, and r is its rank.The techniques used in our analysis have strong parallels in the compressed sensing framework. We discuss how affine rank minimization generalizes this pre-existing concept and outline a dictionary relating concepts from cardinality minimization to those of rank minimization. We also discuss several algorithmic approaches to solving the norm minimization relaxations, and illustrate our results with numerical examples.

This paper considers the model problem of reconstructing an object from incomplete frequency samples. Consider a discrete-time signal f ∈ C N and a randomly chosen set of frequencies Ω of mean size τ N . Is it possible to reconstruct f from the partial knowledge of its Fourier coefficients on the set Ω?A typical result of this paper is as follows: for each M > 0, suppose that f obeysthen with probability at least 1 − O(N −M ), f can be reconstructed exactly as the solution to the ℓ 1 minimization problem min g N −1 t=0 |g(t)|, s.t. ĝ(ω) = f (ω) for all ω ∈ Ω.In short, exact recovery may be obtained by solving a convex optimization problem.We give numerical values for α which depends on the desired probability of success; except for the logarithmic factor, the condition on the size of the support is sharp.The methodology extends to a variety of other setups and higher dimensions. For example, we show how one can reconstruct a piecewise constant (one or two-dimensional) object from incomplete frequency samples-provided that the number of jumps (discontinuities) obeys the condition above-by minimizing other convex functionals such as the total-variation of f .

Low-rank matrix approximations, such as the truncated singular value decomposition and the rank-revealing QR decomposition, play a central role in data analysis and scientific computing. This work surveys and extends recent research which demonstrates that randomization offers a powerful tool for performing low-rank matrix approximation. These techniques exploit modern computational architectures more fully than classical methods and open the possibility of dealing with truly massive data sets.This paper presents a modular framework for constructing randomized algorithms that compute partial matrix decompositions. These methods use random sampling to identify a subspace that captures most of the action of a matrix. The input matrix is then compressed-either explicitly or implicitly-to this subspace, and the reduced matrix is manipulated deterministically to obtain the desired low-rank factorization. In many cases, this approach beats its classical competitors in terms of accuracy, speed, and robustness. These claims are supported by extensive numerical experiments and a detailed error analysis.The specific benefits of randomized techniques depend on the computational environment. Consider the model problem of finding the k dominant components of the singular value decomposition of an m × n matrix. (i) For a dense input matrix, randomized algorithms require O(mn log(k)) floating-point operations (flops) in contrast with O(mnk) for classical algorithms. (ii) For a sparse input matrix, the flop count matches classical Krylov subspace methods, but the randomized approach is more robust and can easily be reorganized to exploit multi-processor architectures. (iii) For a matrix that is too large to fit in fast memory, the randomized techniques require only a constant number of passes over the data, as opposed to O(k) passes for classical algorithms. In fact, it is sometimes possible to perform matrix approximation with a single pass over the data.

Tensor完成是矩阵完成的自然高阶泛化，其中目标是从其条目的稀疏观察中恢复低级张量。现有算法在没有可证明的担保的情况下是启发式，基于解决运行不切实际的大型半纤维程序，或者需要强大的假设，例如需要因素几乎正交。在本文中，我们介绍了交替最小化的新变型，其又通过了解如何对矩阵设置中的交替最小化的收敛性的进展措施来调整到张量设置的启发。我们展示了强大的可证明的保证，包括表明我们的算法即使当因素高度相关时，我们的算法也会在真正的张量线上会聚，并且可以在几乎线性的时间内实现。此外，我们的算法也非常实用，我们表明我们可以完成具有千维尺寸的三阶张量，从观察其条目的微小一部分。相比之下，有些令人惊讶的是，我们表明，如果没有我们的新扭曲，则表明交替最小化的标准版本可以在实践中以急剧速度收敛。

随机奇异值分解（RSVD）是用于计算大型数据矩阵截断的SVD的一类计算算法。给定A $ n \ times n $对称矩阵$ \ mathbf {m} $，原型RSVD算法输出通过计算$ \ mathbf {m mathbf {m} $的$ k $引导singular vectors的近似m}^{g} \ mathbf {g} $;这里$ g \ geq 1 $是一个整数，$ \ mathbf {g} \ in \ mathbb {r}^{n \ times k} $是一个随机的高斯素描矩阵。在本文中，我们研究了一般的“信号加上噪声”框架下的RSVD的统计特性，即，观察到的矩阵$ \ hat {\ mathbf {m}} $被认为是某种真实但未知的加法扰动信号矩阵$ \ mathbf {m} $。我们首先得出$ \ ell_2 $（频谱规范）和$ \ ell_ {2 \ to \ infty} $（最大行行列$ \ ell_2 $ norm）$ \ hat {\ hat {\ Mathbf {M}} $和信号矩阵$ \ Mathbf {M} $的真实单数向量。这些上限取决于信噪比（SNR）和功率迭代$ g $的数量。观察到一个相变现象，其中较小的SNR需要较大的$ g $值以保证$ \ ell_2 $和$ \ ell_ {2 \ to \ fo \ infty} $ distances的收敛。我们还表明，每当噪声矩阵满足一定的痕量生长条件时，这些相变发生的$ g $的阈值都会很清晰。最后，我们得出了近似奇异向量的行波和近似矩阵的进入波动的正常近似。我们通过将RSVD的几乎最佳性能保证在应用于三个统计推断问题的情况下，即社区检测，矩阵完成和主要的组件分析，并使用缺失的数据来说明我们的理论结果。

近似消息传递（AMP）是解决高维统计问题的有效迭代范式。但是，当迭代次数超过$ o \ big（\ frac {\ log n} {\ log log \ log \ log n} \时big）$（带有$ n $问题维度）。为了解决这一不足，本文开发了一个非吸附框架，用于理解峰值矩阵估计中的AMP。基于AMP更新的新分解和可控的残差项，我们布置了一个分析配方，以表征在存在独立初始化的情况下AMP的有限样本行为，该过程被进一步概括以进行光谱初始化。作为提出的分析配方的两个具体后果：（i）求解$ \ mathbb {z} _2 $同步时，我们预测了频谱初始化AMP的行为，最高为$ o \ big（\ frac {n} {\ mathrm {\ mathrm { poly} \ log n} \ big）$迭代，表明该算法成功而无需随后的细化阶段（如最近由\ citet {celentano2021local}推测）; （ii）我们表征了稀疏PCA中AMP的非反应性行为（在尖刺的Wigner模型中），以广泛的信噪比。

我们开发机器以设计有效的可计算和一致的估计，随着观察人数而达到零的估计误差，因为观察的次数增长，当面对可能损坏的答复，除了样本的所有品，除了每种量之外的ALL。作为具体示例，我们调查了两个问题：稀疏回归和主成分分析（PCA）。对于稀疏回归，我们实现了最佳样本大小的一致性$ n \ gtrsim（k \ log d）/ \ alpha ^ $和最佳错误率$ o（\ sqrt {（k \ log d）/（n \ cdot \ alpha ^ 2））$ N $是观察人数，$ D $是尺寸的数量，$ k $是参数矢量的稀疏性，允许在数量的数量中为逆多项式进行逆多项式样品。在此工作之前，已知估计是一致的，当Inliers $ \ Alpha $ IS $ O（1 / \ log \ log n）$，即使是（非球面）高斯设计矩阵时也是一致的。结果在弱设计假设下持有，并且在这种一般噪声存在下仅被D'Orsi等人最近以密集的设置（即一般线性回归）显示。 [DNS21]。在PCA的上下文中，我们在参数矩阵上的广泛尖端假设下获得最佳错误保证（通常用于矩阵完成）。以前的作品可以仅在假设下获得非琐碎的保证，即与最基于的测量噪声以$ n $（例如，具有方差1 / n ^ 2 $的高斯高斯）。为了设计我们的估算，我们用非平滑的普通方（如$ \ ell_1 $ norm或核规范）装备Huber丢失，并以一种新的方法来分析损失的新方法[DNS21]的方法[DNS21]。功能。我们的机器似乎很容易适用于各种估计问题。

We consider the nonlinear inverse problem of learning a transition operator $\mathbf{A}$ from partial observations at different times, in particular from sparse observations of entries of its powers $\mathbf{A},\mathbf{A}^2,\cdots,\mathbf{A}^{T}$. This Spatio-Temporal Transition Operator Recovery problem is motivated by the recent interest in learning time-varying graph signals that are driven by graph operators depending on the underlying graph topology. We address the nonlinearity of the problem by embedding it into a higher-dimensional space of suitable block-Hankel matrices, where it becomes a low-rank matrix completion problem, even if $\mathbf{A}$ is of full rank. For both a uniform and an adaptive random space-time sampling model, we quantify the recoverability of the transition operator via suitable measures of incoherence of these block-Hankel embedding matrices. For graph transition operators these measures of incoherence depend on the interplay between the dynamics and the graph topology. We develop a suitable non-convex iterative reweighted least squares (IRLS) algorithm, establish its quadratic local convergence, and show that, in optimal scenarios, no more than $\mathcal{O}(rn \log(nT))$ space-time samples are sufficient to ensure accurate recovery of a rank-$r$ operator $\mathbf{A}$ of size $n \times n$. This establishes that spatial samples can be substituted by a comparable number of space-time samples. We provide an efficient implementation of the proposed IRLS algorithm with space complexity of order $O(r n T)$ and per-iteration time complexity linear in $n$. Numerical experiments for transition operators based on several graph models confirm that the theoretical findings accurately track empirical phase transitions, and illustrate the applicability and scalability of the proposed algorithm.

库存记录不正确，经常发生，某些措施的年销售额约为4％。手动检测库存不准确性的成本较高，现有算法解决方案几乎完全依赖于从纵向数据中学习，这在现代零售操作引起的动态环境中不足。取而代之的是，我们提出了基于商店和SKU上的横截面数据的解决方案，观察到检测库存不准确性可以被视为识别（低级别）泊松矩阵中异常的问题。在低级别矩阵中检测到的最先进的方法显然不足。具体而言，从理论的角度来看，这些方法的恢复保证要求需要观察到无反对的条目，而噪音消失了（在我们的问题中，在许多应用中都不是这种情况）。如此有动力，我们提出了一种在概念上简单的入门方法，以在低级别的泊松矩阵中进行异常检测。我们的方法适合一类概率异常模型。我们表明，我们的算法所产生的成本以最低最佳最佳速率接近最佳算法。使用来自消费品零售商的合成数据和真实数据，我们表明我们的方法可提供超过现有检测方法的10倍成本降低。在此过程中，我们建立了最新的工作，该工作寻求矩阵完成的入门错误保证，并为次指定矩阵确定此类保证，这是独立利益的结果。

It is known that the decomposition in low-rank and sparse matrices (\textbf{L+S} for short) can be achieved by several Robust PCA techniques. Besides the low rankness, the local smoothness (\textbf{LSS}) is a vitally essential prior for many real-world matrix data such as hyperspectral images and surveillance videos, which makes such matrices have low-rankness and local smoothness properties at the same time. This poses an interesting question: Can we make a matrix decomposition in terms of \textbf{L\&LSS +S } form exactly? To address this issue, we propose in this paper a new RPCA model based on three-dimensional correlated total variation regularization (3DCTV-RPCA for short) by fully exploiting and encoding the prior expression underlying such joint low-rank and local smoothness matrices. Specifically, using a modification of Golfing scheme, we prove that under some mild assumptions, the proposed 3DCTV-RPCA model can decompose both components exactly, which should be the first theoretical guarantee among all such related methods combining low rankness and local smoothness. In addition, by utilizing Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), we propose an efficient ADMM algorithm with a solid convergence guarantee for solving the resulting optimization problem. Finally, a series of experiments on both simulations and real applications are carried out to demonstrate the general validity of the proposed 3DCTV-RPCA model.

由于机器学习，统计和科学的应用，多边缘最佳运输（MOT）引起了极大的兴趣。但是，在大多数应用中，MOT的成功受到缺乏有效算法的严重限制。实际上，MOT一般需要在边际K及其支撑大小n的数量中指数时间n。本文开发了一个关于“结构”在poly（n，k）时间中可溶解的一般理论。我们开发了一个统一的算法框架，用于通过表征不同算法所需的“结构”来解决poly（n，k）时间中的MOT，这是根据双重可行性甲骨文的简单变体所需的。该框架有几个好处。首先，它使我们能够证明当前是最流行的MOT算法的Sinkhorn算法比其他算法要在poly（n，k）时间中求解MOT所需的结构更严格。其次，我们的框架使得为给定的MOT问题开发poly（n，k）时间算法变得更加简单。特别是（大约）解决双重可行性Oracle是必要和足够的 - 这更适合标准算法技术。我们通过为三个通用类成本结构类别的poly（n，k）时间算法开发poly（n，k）时间算法来说明这种易用性：（1）图形结构； （2）设定优化结构； （3）低阶和稀疏结构。对于结构（1），我们恢复了Sindhorn具有poly（n，k）运行时的已知结果；此外，我们为计算精确且稀疏的解决方案提供了第一个poly（n，k）时间算法。对于结构（2） - （3），我们给出了第一个poly（n，k）时间算法，甚至用于近似计算。这三个结构一起涵盖了许多MOT的当前应用。

我们在具有固定设计的高维错误设置中分析主组件回归（PCR）。在适当的条件下，我们表明PCR始终以最小$ \ ell_2 $ -norm识别唯一模型，并且是最小的最佳模型。这些结果使我们能够建立非质子化的样本外预测，以确保提高最著名的速率。在我们的分析中，我们在样本外协变量之间引入了天然的线性代数条件，这使我们能够避免分布假设。我们的模拟说明了即使在协变量转移的情况下，这种条件对于概括的重要性。作为副产品，我们的结果还导致了合成控制文献的新结果，这是政策评估的主要方法。特别是，我们的minimax结果表明，在众多变体中，基于PCR的方法具有吸引力。据我们所知，我们对固定设计设置的预测保证在高维错误和合成控制文献中都是难以捉摸的。

We investigate the problem of recovering a partially observed high-rank matrix whose columns obey a nonlinear structure such as a union of subspaces, an algebraic variety or grouped in clusters. The recovery problem is formulated as the rank minimization of a nonlinear feature map applied to the original matrix, which is then further approximated by a constrained non-convex optimization problem involving the Grassmann manifold. We propose two sets of algorithms, one arising from Riemannian optimization and the other as an alternating minimization scheme, both of which include first- and second-order variants. Both sets of algorithms have theoretical guarantees. In particular, for the alternating minimization, we establish global convergence and worst-case complexity bounds. Additionally, using the Kurdyka-Lojasiewicz property, we show that the alternating minimization converges to a unique limit point. We provide extensive numerical results for the recovery of union of subspaces and clustering under entry sampling and dense Gaussian sampling. Our methods are competitive with existing approaches and, in particular, high accuracy is achieved in the recovery using Riemannian second-order methods.

本文研究了聚类基质值观测值的计算和统计限制。我们提出了一个低级别的混合模型（LRMM），该模型适用于经典的高斯混合模型（GMM）来处理基质值观测值，该观测值假设人口中心矩阵的低级别。通过集成Lloyd算法和低级近似值设计了一种计算有效的聚类方法。一旦定位良好，该算法将快速收敛并达到最小值最佳的指数型聚类错误率。同时，我们表明一种基于张量的光谱方法可提供良好的初始聚类。与GMM相当，最小值最佳聚类错误率是由分离强度（即种群中心矩阵之间的最小距离）决定的。通过利用低级度，提出的算法对分离强度的要求较弱。但是，与GMM不同，LRMM的统计难度和计算难度的特征是信号强度，即最小的人口中心矩阵的非零奇异值。提供了证据表明，即使信号强度不够强，即使分离强度很强，也没有多项式时间算法是一致的。在高斯以下噪声下进一步证明了我们低级劳埃德算法的性能。讨论了LRMM下估计和聚类之间的有趣差异。通过全面的仿真实验证实了低级劳埃德算法的优点。最后，我们的方法在现实世界数据集的文献中优于其他方法。

在本文中，我们提出了一种均匀抖动的一位量化方案，以进行高维统计估计。该方案包含截断，抖动和量化，作为典型步骤。作为规范示例，量化方案应用于三个估计问题：稀疏协方差矩阵估计，稀疏线性回归和矩阵完成。我们研究了高斯和重尾政权，假定重尾数据的基本分布具有有限的第二或第四刻。对于每个模型，我们根据一位量化的数据提出新的估计器。在高斯次级政权中，我们的估计器达到了对数因素的最佳最小速率，这表明我们的量化方案几乎没有额外的成本。在重尾状态下，虽然我们的估计量基本上变慢，但这些结果是在这种单位量化和重型尾部设置中的第一个结果，或者比现有可比结果表现出显着改善。此外，我们为一位压缩传感和一位矩阵完成的问题做出了巨大贡献。具体而言，我们通过凸面编程将一位压缩感传感扩展到次高斯甚至是重尾传感向量。对于一位矩阵完成，我们的方法与标准似然方法基本不同，并且可以处理具有未知分布的预量化随机噪声。提出了有关合成数据的实验结果，以支持我们的理论分析。

低秩矩阵恢复的现有结果在很大程度上专注于二次损失，这享有有利的性质，例如限制强的强凸/平滑度（RSC / RSM）以及在所有低等级矩阵上的良好调节。然而，许多有趣的问题涉及更一般，非二次损失，这不满足这些属性。对于这些问题，标准的非耦合方法，例如秩约为秩约为预定的梯度下降（A.K.A.迭代硬阈值）和毛刺蒙特罗分解可能具有差的经验性能，并且没有令人满意的理论保证了这些算法的全球和快速收敛。在本文中，我们表明，具有非二次损失的可证实低级恢复中的关键组成部分是规律性投影oracle。该Oracle限制在适当的界限集中迭代到低级矩阵，损耗功能在其上表现良好并且满足一组近似RSC / RSM条件。因此，我们分析配备有这样的甲骨文的（平均）投影的梯度方法，并证明它在全球和线性地收敛。我们的结果适用于广泛的非二次低级估计问题，包括一个比特矩阵感测/完成，个性化排名聚集，以及具有等级约束的更广泛的广义线性模型。

本文提出了弗兰克 - 沃尔夫（FW）的新变种​​，称为$ k $ fw。标准FW遭受缓慢的收敛性：迭代通常是Zig-zag作为更新方向振荡约束集的极端点。新变种，$ k $ fw，通过在每次迭代中使用两个更强的子问题oracelles克服了这个问题。第一个是$ k $线性优化Oracle（$ k $ loo），计算$ k $最新的更新方向（而不是一个）。第二个是$ k $方向搜索（$ k $ ds），最大限度地减少由$ k $最新更新方向和之前迭代表示的约束组的目标。当问题解决方案承认稀疏表示时，奥克斯都易于计算，而且$ k $ FW会迅速收敛，以便平滑凸起目标和几个有趣的约束集：$ k $ fw实现有限$ \ frac {4l_f ^ 3d ^} { \ Gamma \ Delta ^ 2} $融合在多台和集团规范球上，以及光谱和核规范球上的线性收敛。数值实验验证了$ k $ fw的有效性，并展示了现有方法的数量级加速。

网络数据通常在各种应用程序中收集，代表感兴趣的功能之间直接测量或统计上推断的连接。在越来越多的域中，这些网络会随着时间的流逝而收集，例如不同日子或多个主题之间的社交媒体平台用户之间的交互，例如在大脑连接性的多主体研究中。在分析多个大型网络时，降低降低技术通常用于将网络嵌入更易于处理的低维空间中。为此，我们通过专门的张量分解来开发用于网络集合的主组件分析（PCA）的框架，我们将半对称性张量PCA或SS-TPCA术语。我们得出计算有效的算法来计算我们提出的SS-TPCA分解，并在标准的低级别信号加噪声模型下建立方法的统计效率。值得注意的是，我们表明SS-TPCA具有与经典矩阵PCA相同的估计精度，并且与网络中顶点数的平方根成正比，而不是预期的边缘数。我们的框架继承了古典PCA的许多优势，适用于广泛的无监督学习任务，包括识别主要网络，隔离有意义的更改点或外出观察，以及表征最不同边缘的“可变性网络”。最后，我们证明了我们的提案对模拟数据的有效性以及经验法律研究的示例。用于建立我们主要一致性结果的技术令人惊讶地简单明了，可能会在其他各种网络分析问题中找到使用。