We consider a problem of considerable practical interest: the recovery of a data matrix from a sampling of its entries. Suppose that we observe m entries selected uniformly at random from a matrix M . Can we complete the matrix and recover the entries that we have not seen?We show that one can perfectly recover most low-rank matrices from what appears to be an incomplete set of entries. We prove that if the number m of sampled entries obeys m ≥ C n 1.2 r log n for some positive numerical constant C, then with very high probability, most n × n matrices of rank r can be perfectly recovered by solving a simple convex optimization program. This program finds the matrix with minimum nuclear norm that fits the data. The condition above assumes that the rank is not too large. However, if one replaces the 1.2 exponent with 1.25, then the result holds for all values of the rank. Similar results hold for arbitrary rectangular matrices as well. Our results are connected with the recent literature on compressed sensing, and show that objects other than signals and images can be perfectly reconstructed from very limited information.

This paper is about a curious phenomenon. Suppose we have a data matrix, which is the superposition of a low-rank component and a sparse component. Can we recover each component individually? We prove that under some suitable assumptions, it is possible to recover both the low-rank and the sparse components exactly by solving a very convenient convex program called Principal Component Pursuit; among all feasible decompositions, simply minimize a weighted combination of the nuclear norm and of the 1 norm. This suggests the possibility of a principled approach to robust principal component analysis since our methodology and results assert that one can recover the principal components of a data matrix even though a positive fraction of its entries are arbitrarily corrupted. This extends to the situation where a fraction of the entries are missing as well. We discuss an algorithm for solving this optimization problem, and present applications in the area of video surveillance, where our methodology allows for the detection of objects in a cluttered background, and in the area of face recognition, where it offers a principled way of removing shadows and specularities in images of faces.

The affine rank minimization problem consists of finding a matrix of minimum rank that satisfies a given system of linear equality constraints. Such problems have appeared in the literature of a diverse set of fields including system identification and control, Euclidean embedding, and collaborative filtering. Although specific instances can often be solved with specialized algorithms, the general affine rank minimization problem is NP-hard, because it contains vector cardinality minimization as a special case.In this paper, we show that if a certain restricted isometry property holds for the linear transformation defining the constraints, the minimum rank solution can be recovered by solving a convex optimization problem, namely the minimization of the nuclear norm over the given affine space. We present several random ensembles of equations where the restricted isometry property holds with overwhelming probability, provided the codimension of the subspace is Ω(r(m + n) log mn), where m, n are the dimensions of the matrix, and r is its rank.The techniques used in our analysis have strong parallels in the compressed sensing framework. We discuss how affine rank minimization generalizes this pre-existing concept and outline a dictionary relating concepts from cardinality minimization to those of rank minimization. We also discuss several algorithmic approaches to solving the norm minimization relaxations, and illustrate our results with numerical examples.

This paper considers the model problem of reconstructing an object from incomplete frequency samples. Consider a discrete-time signal f ∈ C N and a randomly chosen set of frequencies Ω of mean size τ N . Is it possible to reconstruct f from the partial knowledge of its Fourier coefficients on the set Ω?A typical result of this paper is as follows: for each M > 0, suppose that f obeysthen with probability at least 1 − O(N −M ), f can be reconstructed exactly as the solution to the ℓ 1 minimization problem min g N −1 t=0 |g(t)|, s.t. ĝ(ω) = f (ω) for all ω ∈ Ω.In short, exact recovery may be obtained by solving a convex optimization problem.We give numerical values for α which depends on the desired probability of success; except for the logarithmic factor, the condition on the size of the support is sharp.The methodology extends to a variety of other setups and higher dimensions. For example, we show how one can reconstruct a piecewise constant (one or two-dimensional) object from incomplete frequency samples-provided that the number of jumps (discontinuities) obeys the condition above-by minimizing other convex functionals such as the total-variation of f .

随机奇异值分解（RSVD）是用于计算大型数据矩阵截断的SVD的一类计算算法。给定A $ n \ times n $对称矩阵$ \ mathbf {m} $，原型RSVD算法输出通过计算$ \ mathbf {m mathbf {m} $的$ k $引导singular vectors的近似m}^{g} \ mathbf {g} $;这里$ g \ geq 1 $是一个整数，$ \ mathbf {g} \ in \ mathbb {r}^{n \ times k} $是一个随机的高斯素描矩阵。在本文中，我们研究了一般的“信号加上噪声”框架下的RSVD的统计特性，即，观察到的矩阵$ \ hat {\ mathbf {m}} $被认为是某种真实但未知的加法扰动信号矩阵$ \ mathbf {m} $。我们首先得出$ \ ell_2 $（频谱规范）和$ \ ell_ {2 \ to \ infty} $（最大行行列$ \ ell_2 $ norm）$ \ hat {\ hat {\ Mathbf {M}} $和信号矩阵$ \ Mathbf {M} $的真实单数向量。这些上限取决于信噪比（SNR）和功率迭代$ g $的数量。观察到一个相变现象，其中较小的SNR需要较大的$ g $值以保证$ \ ell_2 $和$ \ ell_ {2 \ to \ fo \ infty} $ distances的收敛。我们还表明，每当噪声矩阵满足一定的痕量生长条件时，这些相变发生的$ g $的阈值都会很清晰。最后，我们得出了近似奇异向量的行波和近似矩阵的进入波动的正常近似。我们通过将RSVD的几乎最佳性能保证在应用于三个统计推断问题的情况下，即社区检测，矩阵完成和主要的组件分析，并使用缺失的数据来说明我们的理论结果。

Low-rank matrix approximations, such as the truncated singular value decomposition and the rank-revealing QR decomposition, play a central role in data analysis and scientific computing. This work surveys and extends recent research which demonstrates that randomization offers a powerful tool for performing low-rank matrix approximation. These techniques exploit modern computational architectures more fully than classical methods and open the possibility of dealing with truly massive data sets.This paper presents a modular framework for constructing randomized algorithms that compute partial matrix decompositions. These methods use random sampling to identify a subspace that captures most of the action of a matrix. The input matrix is then compressed-either explicitly or implicitly-to this subspace, and the reduced matrix is manipulated deterministically to obtain the desired low-rank factorization. In many cases, this approach beats its classical competitors in terms of accuracy, speed, and robustness. These claims are supported by extensive numerical experiments and a detailed error analysis.The specific benefits of randomized techniques depend on the computational environment. Consider the model problem of finding the k dominant components of the singular value decomposition of an m × n matrix. (i) For a dense input matrix, randomized algorithms require O(mn log(k)) floating-point operations (flops) in contrast with O(mnk) for classical algorithms. (ii) For a sparse input matrix, the flop count matches classical Krylov subspace methods, but the randomized approach is more robust and can easily be reorganized to exploit multi-processor architectures. (iii) For a matrix that is too large to fit in fast memory, the randomized techniques require only a constant number of passes over the data, as opposed to O(k) passes for classical algorithms. In fact, it is sometimes possible to perform matrix approximation with a single pass over the data.

社区检测是网络科学中的一个基本问题。在本文中，我们考虑了从$ HyperGraph $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $（HSBM）中绘制的HyperGraphs中的社区检测，重点是精确的社区恢复。在整个超图未知的情况下，我们研究了多项式时间算法以进行社区检测的性能。取而代之的是，我们获得了$相似性$ $ $ $ $ $ $ w $，其中$ w_ {ij} $报告包含$ i $和$ j $的超补品的数量。在此信息模型下，Kim，Bandeira和Goemans [KBG18]确定了信息理论阈值，以进行精确恢复，并提出了他们认为是最佳的半决赛编程松弛。在本文中，我们确认了这个猜想。我们还表明，一种简单，高效的光谱算法是最佳的，将光谱算法作为选择方法。我们对光谱算法的分析至关重要地依赖于$ w $的特征向量上的强$ entrywise $界限。我们的边界灵感来自Abbe，Fan，Wang和Zhong [AFWZ20]的工作，他们开发了具有独立条目的对称矩阵的特征向量的进入界。尽管相似性矩阵的依赖性结构复杂，但我们证明了相似的入口保证。

现代神经网络通常以强烈的过度构造状态运行：它们包含许多参数，即使实际标签被纯粹随机的标签代替，它们也可以插入训练集。尽管如此，他们在看不见的数据上达到了良好的预测错误：插值训练集并不会导致巨大的概括错误。此外，过度散色化似乎是有益的，因为它简化了优化景观。在这里，我们在神经切线（NT）制度中的两层神经网络的背景下研究这些现象。我们考虑了一个简单的数据模型，以及各向同性协变量的矢量，$ d $尺寸和$ n $隐藏的神经元。我们假设样本量$ n $和尺寸$ d $都很大，并且它们在多项式上相关。我们的第一个主要结果是对过份术的经验NT内核的特征结构的特征。这种表征意味着必然的表明，经验NT内核的最低特征值在$ ND \ gg n $后立即从零界限，因此网络可以在同一制度中精确插值任意标签。我们的第二个主要结果是对NT Ridge回归的概括误差的表征，包括特殊情况，最小值-ULL_2 $ NORD插值。我们证明，一旦$ nd \ gg n $，测试误差就会被内核岭回归之一相对于无限宽度内核而近似。多项式脊回归的误差依次近似后者，从而通过与激活函数的高度组件相关的“自我诱导的”项增加了正则化参数。多项式程度取决于样本量和尺寸（尤其是$ \ log n/\ log d $）。

We study inductive matrix completion (matrix completion with side information) under an i.i.d. subgaussian noise assumption at a low noise regime, with uniform sampling of the entries. We obtain for the first time generalization bounds with the following three properties: (1) they scale like the standard deviation of the noise and in particular approach zero in the exact recovery case; (2) even in the presence of noise, they converge to zero when the sample size approaches infinity; and (3) for a fixed dimension of the side information, they only have a logarithmic dependence on the size of the matrix. Differently from many works in approximate recovery, we present results both for bounded Lipschitz losses and for the absolute loss, with the latter relying on Talagrand-type inequalities. The proofs create a bridge between two approaches to the theoretical analysis of matrix completion, since they consist in a combination of techniques from both the exact recovery literature and the approximate recovery literature.

In this paper, we study the trace regression when a matrix of parameters B* is estimated via the convex relaxation of a rank-regularized regression or via regularized non-convex optimization. It is known that these estimators satisfy near-optimal error bounds under assumptions on the rank, coherence, and spikiness of B*. We start by introducing a general notion of spikiness for B* that provides a generic recipe to prove the restricted strong convexity of the sampling operator of the trace regression and obtain near-optimal and non-asymptotic error bounds for the estimation error. Similar to the existing literature, these results require the regularization parameter to be above a certain theory-inspired threshold that depends on observation noise that may be unknown in practice. Next, we extend the error bounds to cases where the regularization parameter is chosen via cross-validation. This result is significant in that existing theoretical results on cross-validated estimators (Kale et al., 2011; Kumar et al., 2013; Abou-Moustafa and Szepesvari, 2017) do not apply to our setting since the estimators we study are not known to satisfy their required notion of stability. Finally, using simulations on synthetic and real data, we show that the cross-validated estimator selects a near-optimal penalty parameter and outperforms the theory-inspired approach of selecting the parameter.

在这项工作中，我们估计具有高概率的张量的随机选择元素的数量，保证了黎曼梯度下降的局部收敛性，以便张力列车完成。基于展开奇异值的谐波平均值，我们从正交投影的正交投影推导出一个新的界限，并引入张力列车的核心相干概念。我们还将结果扩展到张力列车完成与侧面信息，并获得相应的本地收敛保证。

我们调查与高斯的混合的数据分享共同但未知，潜在虐待协方差矩阵的数据。我们首先考虑具有两个等级大小的组件的高斯混合，并根据最大似然估计导出最大切割整数程序。当样品的数量在维度下线性增长时，我们证明其解决方案实现了最佳的错误分类率，直到对数因子。但是，解决最大切割问题似乎是在计算上棘手的。为了克服这一点，我们开发了一种高效的频谱算法，该算法达到最佳速率，但需要一种二次样本量。虽然这种样本复杂性比最大切割问题更差，但我们猜测没有多项式方法可以更好地执行。此外，我们收集了支持统计计算差距存在的数值和理论证据。最后，我们将MAX-CUT程序概括为$ k $ -means程序，该程序处理多组分混合物的可能性不平等。它享有相似的最优性保证，用于满足运输成本不平等的分布式的混合物，包括高斯和强烈的对数的分布。

近似消息传递（AMP）是解决高维统计问题的有效迭代范式。但是，当迭代次数超过$ o \ big（\ frac {\ log n} {\ log log \ log \ log n} \时big）$（带有$ n $问题维度）。为了解决这一不足，本文开发了一个非吸附框架，用于理解峰值矩阵估计中的AMP。基于AMP更新的新分解和可控的残差项，我们布置了一个分析配方，以表征在存在独立初始化的情况下AMP的有限样本行为，该过程被进一步概括以进行光谱初始化。作为提出的分析配方的两个具体后果：（i）求解$ \ mathbb {z} _2 $同步时，我们预测了频谱初始化AMP的行为，最高为$ o \ big（\ frac {n} {\ mathrm {\ mathrm { poly} \ log n} \ big）$迭代，表明该算法成功而无需随后的细化阶段（如最近由\ citet {celentano2021local}推测）; （ii）我们表征了稀疏PCA中AMP的非反应性行为（在尖刺的Wigner模型中），以广泛的信噪比。

我们研究了在存在$ \ epsilon $ - 对抗异常值的高维稀疏平均值估计的问题。先前的工作为此任务获得了该任务的样本和计算有效算法，用于辅助性Subgaussian分布。在这项工作中，我们开发了第一个有效的算法，用于强大的稀疏平均值估计，而没有对协方差的先验知识。对于$ \ Mathbb r^d $上的分布，带有“认证有限”的$ t $ tum-矩和足够轻的尾巴，我们的算法达到了$ o（\ epsilon^{1-1/t}）$带有样品复杂性$的错误（\ epsilon^{1-1/t}） m =（k \ log（d））^{o（t）}/\ epsilon^{2-2/t} $。对于高斯分布的特殊情况，我们的算法达到了$ \ tilde o（\ epsilon）$的接近最佳错误，带有样品复杂性$ m = o（k^4 \ mathrm {polylog}（d）（d））/\ epsilon^^ 2 $。我们的算法遵循基于方形的总和，对算法方法的证明。我们通过统计查询和低度多项式测试的下限来补充上限，提供了证据，表明我们算法实现的样本时间 - 错误权衡在质量上是最好的。

We consider the nonlinear inverse problem of learning a transition operator $\mathbf{A}$ from partial observations at different times, in particular from sparse observations of entries of its powers $\mathbf{A},\mathbf{A}^2,\cdots,\mathbf{A}^{T}$. This Spatio-Temporal Transition Operator Recovery problem is motivated by the recent interest in learning time-varying graph signals that are driven by graph operators depending on the underlying graph topology. We address the nonlinearity of the problem by embedding it into a higher-dimensional space of suitable block-Hankel matrices, where it becomes a low-rank matrix completion problem, even if $\mathbf{A}$ is of full rank. For both a uniform and an adaptive random space-time sampling model, we quantify the recoverability of the transition operator via suitable measures of incoherence of these block-Hankel embedding matrices. For graph transition operators these measures of incoherence depend on the interplay between the dynamics and the graph topology. We develop a suitable non-convex iterative reweighted least squares (IRLS) algorithm, establish its quadratic local convergence, and show that, in optimal scenarios, no more than $\mathcal{O}(rn \log(nT))$ space-time samples are sufficient to ensure accurate recovery of a rank-$r$ operator $\mathbf{A}$ of size $n \times n$. This establishes that spatial samples can be substituted by a comparable number of space-time samples. We provide an efficient implementation of the proposed IRLS algorithm with space complexity of order $O(r n T)$ and per-iteration time complexity linear in $n$. Numerical experiments for transition operators based on several graph models confirm that the theoretical findings accurately track empirical phase transitions, and illustrate the applicability and scalability of the proposed algorithm.

本文为信号去噪提供了一般交叉验证框架。然后将一般框架应用于非参数回归方法，例如趋势过滤和二元推车。然后显示所得到的交叉验证版本以获得最佳调谐的类似物所熟知的几乎相同的收敛速度。没有任何先前的趋势过滤或二元推车的理论分析。为了说明框架的一般性，我们还提出并研究了两个基本估算器的交叉验证版本;套索用于高维线性回归和矩阵估计的奇异值阈值阈值。我们的一般框架是由Chatterjee和Jafarov（2015）的想法的启发，并且可能适用于使用调整参数的广泛估算方法。

在本文中，我们提出了一种均匀抖动的一位量化方案，以进行高维统计估计。该方案包含截断，抖动和量化，作为典型步骤。作为规范示例，量化方案应用于三个估计问题：稀疏协方差矩阵估计，稀疏线性回归和矩阵完成。我们研究了高斯和重尾政权，假定重尾数据的基本分布具有有限的第二或第四刻。对于每个模型，我们根据一位量化的数据提出新的估计器。在高斯次级政权中，我们的估计器达到了对数因素的最佳最小速率，这表明我们的量化方案几乎没有额外的成本。在重尾状态下，虽然我们的估计量基本上变慢，但这些结果是在这种单位量化和重型尾部设置中的第一个结果，或者比现有可比结果表现出显着改善。此外，我们为一位压缩传感和一位矩阵完成的问题做出了巨大贡献。具体而言，我们通过凸面编程将一位压缩感传感扩展到次高斯甚至是重尾传感向量。对于一位矩阵完成，我们的方法与标准似然方法基本不同，并且可以处理具有未知分布的预量化随机噪声。提出了有关合成数据的实验结果，以支持我们的理论分析。

在Bora等。 （2017年），在测量矩阵为高斯，信号结构是生成神经网络（GNN）的范围的设置中开发了一个数学框架，用于压缩传感保证。此后，当测量矩阵和/或网络权重遵循Subgaussian分布时，对GNNS进行压缩感测的问题进行了广泛的分析。我们超越了高斯的假设，以通过在单一基质的随机行中均匀地采样（包括作为特殊情况下的亚采样傅立叶测量值）来得出的测量矩阵。具体而言，我们证明了使用亚次采样的二型限制感测的第一个已知的限制等轴测保证，并提供了几乎有序的样品复杂性的恢复边界，解决了Scarlett等人的开放问题。 （2022，第10页）。恢复功效的特征是连贯性，这是一个新参数，该参数测量了网络范围与测量矩阵之间的相互作用。我们的方法依赖于子空间计数论点和思想的核心概率。此外，我们提出了一种正规化策略，以使GNN与测量运算符具有有利的连贯性。我们提供令人信服的数值模拟来支持这种正规训练策略：我们的策略产生低相干网络，需要更少的信号回收测量。这与我们的理论结果一起支持连贯性作为自然量，用于表征与亚次采样的生成压缩感测。

这项调查旨在提供线性模型及其背后的理论的介绍。我们的目标是对读者进行严格的介绍，并事先接触普通最小二乘。在机器学习中，输出通常是输入的非线性函数。深度学习甚至旨在找到需要大量计算的许多层的非线性依赖性。但是，这些算法中的大多数都基于简单的线性模型。然后，我们从不同视图中描述线性模型，并找到模型背后的属性和理论。线性模型是回归问题中的主要技术，其主要工具是最小平方近似，可最大程度地减少平方误差之和。当我们有兴趣找到回归函数时，这是一个自然的选择，该回归函数可以最大程度地减少相应的预期平方误差。这项调查主要是目的的摘要，即线性模型背后的重要理论的重要性，例如分布理论，最小方差估计器。我们首先从三种不同的角度描述了普通的最小二乘，我们会以随机噪声和高斯噪声干扰模型。通过高斯噪声，该模型产生了可能性，因此我们引入了最大似然估计器。它还通过这种高斯干扰发展了一些分布理论。最小二乘的分布理论将帮助我们回答各种问题并引入相关应用。然后，我们证明最小二乘是均值误差的最佳无偏线性模型，最重要的是，它实际上接近了理论上的极限。我们最终以贝叶斯方法及以后的线性模型结束。

矩阵正常模型，高斯矩阵变化分布的系列，其协方差矩阵是两个较低尺寸因子的Kronecker乘积，经常用于模拟矩阵变化数据。张量正常模型将该家庭推广到三个或更多因素的Kronecker产品。我们研究了矩阵和张量模型中协方差矩阵的Kronecker因子的估计。我们向几个自然度量中的最大似然估计器（MLE）实现的误差显示了非因素界限。与现有范围相比，我们的结果不依赖于条件良好或稀疏的因素。对于矩阵正常模型，我们所有的所有界限都是最佳的对数因子最佳，对于张量正常模型，我们对最大因数和整体协方差矩阵的绑定是最佳的，所以提供足够的样品以获得足够的样品以获得足够的样品常量Frobenius错误。在与我们的样本复杂性范围相同的制度中，我们表明迭代程序计算称为触发器算法称为触发器算法的MLE的线性地收敛，具有高概率。我们的主要工具是Fisher信息度量诱导的正面矩阵的几何中的测地强凸性。这种强大的凸起由某些随机量子通道的扩展来决定。我们还提供了数值证据，使得将触发器算法与简单的收缩估计器组合可以提高缺乏采样制度的性能。