康复练习对于确保迅速恢复卒中患者至关重要。设计自动化系统，以反复有助于患者进行康复运动。本报告中提供了设计过程。

上肢控制和功能的丧失是中风后患者的不懈症状。这将使他们的日常生活活动施加艰辛。引入了超级机器人四肢（SRL）作为解决方案，以通过引入独立的新肢体来恢复损失的自由度（DOF）。 SRL中的致动系统可以分为刚性和软致动器。通过固有的安全性，成本和能源效率，软执行器已证明对刚性的刚性有利。但是，它们的刚度低，这危害了其准确性。可变的刚度执行器（VSA）是新开发的技术，已被证明可确保准确性和安全性。在本文中，我们介绍了基于可变刚度执行器的新型超级机器人肢。根据我们的知识，提议的概念验证SRL是第一个利用可变刚度执行器的人。开发的SRL将帮助中风后患者完成双重任务，例如用叉子和刀进食。说明了系统的建模，设计和实现。评估并通过预定义轨迹对其准确性进行了评估和验证。通过利用动量观察者进行碰撞检测来验证安全性，并通过软组织损伤测试评估了几种冲突后反应策略。通过标准的用户满意度问卷对援助过程进行定性验证。

我们提出了一个基于串联弹性执行器（SEA）的平行按摩机器人，提供统一的力量控制方法。首先，建立了运动和静态力模型，以获得相应的控制变量。然后，提出了一种新型的力位控制策略，以在不需要机器人动力学模型的情况下分别控制沿表面正常方向的力位和另一个两方向位移。为了评估其性能，我们实施了一系列机器人按摩实验。结果表明，所提出的按摩操纵器可以成功实现按摩任务的所需力和运动模式，从而达到高得分用户体验。

This paper introduces a structure-deformable land-air robot which possesses both excellent ground driving and flying ability, with smooth switching mechanism between two modes. The elaborate coupled dynamics model of the proposed robot is established, including rotors, chassis, especially the deformable structures. Furthermore, taking fusion locomotion and complex near-ground situations into consideration, a model based controller is designed for landing and mode switching under various harsh conditions, in which we realise the cooperation between fused two motion modes. The entire system is implemented in ADAMS/Simulink simulation and in practical. We conduct experiments under various complex scenarios. The results show our robot can accomplish land-air switching swiftly and smoothly, and the designed controller can effectively improve the landing flexibility and reliability.

释放机将现成的组件与3DPrinting结合在一起，是一种对称的反应轮独轮车，可以从任何初始位置从任何初始位置跳到其车轮上。船轮凭借非独立和散发不足的动力学以及两个耦合的不稳定自由度，为非线性和数据驱动的控制研究提供了一个具有挑战性的平台。本文介绍了车轮的机械和电气设计，其估计和控制算法以及实验在平衡时表明自我的和干扰的拒绝。

为了在医疗和工业环境中广泛采用可穿戴机器人外骨骼，至关重要的是，它们可以适应性地支持大量运动。我们提出了一种新的人机界面，以同时在一系列“看不见的”步行条件和未用于建立控制界面的“看不见”步行条件和过渡期间同时驱动双侧踝部外骨骼。提出的方法使用人特异性的神经力学模型从测量的肌电图（EMG）和关节角度实时估算生物踝关节扭矩。基于干扰观察者的低级控制器将生物扭矩估计转换为外骨骼命令。我们称此“基于神经力学模型的控制”（NMBC）。 NMBC使六个人能够自愿控制六个步行条件下的双边踝部外骨骼，包括所有中间过渡，即两个步行速度，每个步行速度在三个地面高程中进行，不需要预先定义的扭矩轮廓，也不需要先验选择的神经肌肉肌肉反射规则，或国家机器在文献中很常见。在涉及月球漫步的灵活的运动任务上进行了一个单一的主题案例研究。 NMBC始终启用能够减少生物踝扭矩，以及与非辅助条件相比，在步行条件（24％扭矩； 14％EMG）之间以及步行条件（24％扭矩； 14％EMG）之间的八个踝部肌肉EMG。新型步行条件下的扭矩和EMG减少表明，外骨骼在操作员的神经肌肉系统控制的外观上进行了共生。这为系统地采用可穿戴机器人作为现场医疗和职业环境的一部分开辟了新的途径。

这项工作的目的是设计具有在3D环境中的移动性的机电二维机器人。设计的机器人共有六个驱动的自由度（DOF），每条腿都有两条DOF，位于臀部：一个用于绑架/内收，另一个用于大腿屈曲/延伸，以及膝盖的第三个用于胫骨屈曲的第三个DOF /延期。该机器人设计有点脚，以实现动态的欠压行走。机器人中的每个致动器包括DC齿轮电动机，用于定位测量的编码器，柔性接头以形成串联柔性致动器，以及反馈控制器，以确保轨迹跟踪。为了降低机器人的总质量，胫骨使用拓扑优化设计。由3D印刷部件制造所产生的设计，允许获得机器人的原型来验证致动器的选择。初步实验证实了机器人能够维持站立位置，让我们在动态控制和轨迹生成中绘制未来的工作，以进行周期性稳定行走。

飞行脊椎动物表现出复杂的Wingbeat运动学。他们的专门的前肢允许机翼变形动作在他们的水平飞行过程中与拍打动作加上，以前的可传单仿生平台已经成功地应用了生物启发的翼形变形，但不能被变形耦合的翼展图案推动。由此促进了这一点，我们开发了一个生物启发型扑翼空中车辆（FWAV），题为Robofalcon，配备了一种新颖的机制来推动蝙蝠式的变形翅膀，表现出变形耦合的翼型模式，并整体管理吸引力航班。 Robofalcon的新机制允许在需要在需要操纵时耦合变形和拍打，并在需要操纵时去耦，产生双侧不对称下划作，提供高轧制敏捷性。蝙蝠式的变形翼设计在腕关节的半径周围的倾斜安装角，以模仿飞行脊椎动物的手腕浸湿效果。通过几种轧制机动飞行测试评估了Robofalcon的敏捷性，与飞行生物和当前拍打翼平台相比，我们展示了其性能良好的敏捷性能力。风洞测试表明，不对称下午的辊矩与拍打频率相关，腕部安装角可用于调谐静止飞行状态的攻击角度和提升 - 推力配置。我们认为，这项工作产生了一个良好的仿生平台，为变形耦合扑拍飞行提供了新的驱动策略。

This paper expounds the design and control of a new Variable Stiffness Series Elastic Actuator (VSSEA). It is established by employing a modular mechanical design approach that allows us to effectively optimise the stiffness modulation characteristics and power density of the actuator. The proposed VSSEA possesses the following features: i) no limitation in the work-range of output link, ii) a wide range of stiffness modulation (~20Nm/rad to ~1KNm/rad), iii) low-energy-cost stiffness modulation at equilibrium and non-equilibrium positions, iv) compact design and high torque density (~36Nm/kg), and v) high-speed stiffness modulation (~3000Nm/rad/s). Such features can help boost the safety and performance of many advanced robotic systems, e.g., a cobot that physically interacts with unstructured environments and an exoskeleton that provides physical assistance to human users. These features can also enable us to utilise variable stiffness property to attain various regulation and trajectory tracking control tasks only by employing conventional controllers, eliminating the need for synthesising complex motion control systems in compliant actuation. To this end, it is experimentally demonstrated that the proposed VSSEA is capable of precisely tracking desired position and force control references through the use of conventional Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers.

本作品通过基于事件触发机制，通过模型预测控制（MPC）方法为四轮腿独立电动机机械系统进行协调的运动控制和障碍问题。组织了带有动态支撑多边形的轮腿机器人控制系统的建模。系统动态模型是3点自由（DOF）忽略音高，滚动和垂直运动。考虑到电动机驱动的特性和布克哈特非线性轮胎模型的特性分析了单轮动力学。结果，提出了一种通过电动机扭矩作为输入和系统状态作为输出的过致动的预测模型。由于支持多边形仅在某些条件下调整，因此设计了一种基于事件的触发机制来节省硬件资源和能量。 MPC控制器在虚拟原型以及物理原型上进行评估。仿真结果指导物理原型中控制器实现的参数调整。这两个原型的实验结果验证了所提出的方法的效率。

倒置摆是一种非线性不平衡系统，需要使用电动机控制以实现稳定性和平衡。倒置摆用乐高构建，并使用乐高思维NXT，这是一种可编程机器人，能够完成许多不同的功能。在本文中，提出了倒置摆的初始设计，研究了与乐高思维NXT兼容的不同传感器的性能。此外，还研究了计算机视觉实现维持系统所需的稳定性的能力。倒置摆是一种传统推车，可以使用模糊逻辑控制器来控制，该模糊逻辑控制器为推车产生自调谐PID控制以继续前进。模糊逻辑和PID在Matlab和Simulink中模拟，并且在LabVIEW软件中开发了机器人的程序。

外骨骼和矫形器是可穿戴移动系统，为用户提供机械益处。尽管在过去几十年中有重大改进，但该技术不会完全成熟，以便采用剧烈和非编程任务。为了适应这种功能不全，需要分析和改进该技术的不同方面。许多研究一直在努力解决外骨骼的某些方面，例如，机构设计，意向预测和控制方案。但是，大多数作品都专注于设计或应用的特定元素，而无需提供全面的审查框架。本研究旨在分析和调查为改进和广泛采用这项技术的贡献方面。为了解决此问题，在引入辅助设备和外骨骼后，将从物理人员 - 机器人接口（HRI）的角度来研究主要的设计标准。通过概述不同类别的已知辅助设备的几个例子，将进一步开发该研究。为了建立智能HRI策略并为用户提供直观的控制，将研究认知HRI。将审查这种策略的各种方法，并提出了意图预测的模型。该模型用于从单个电拍摄（EMG）通道输入的栅极相位。建模结果显示出低功耗辅助设备中单通道输入的潜在使用。此外，所提出的模型可以在具有复杂控制策略的设备中提供冗余。

Our earlier research built a virtual shake robot in simulation to study the dynamics of precariously balanced rocks (PBR), which are negative indicators of earthquakes in nature. The simulation studies need validation through physical experiments. For this purpose, we developed Shakebot, a low-cost (under $2,000), open-source shake table to validate simulations of PBR dynamics and facilitate other ground motion experiments. The Shakebot is a custom one-dimensional prismatic robotic system with perception and motion software developed using the Robot Operating System (ROS). We adapted affordable and high-accuracy components from 3D printers, particularly a closed-loop stepper motor for actuation and a toothed belt for transmission. The stepper motor enables the bed to reach a maximum horizontal acceleration of 11.8 m/s^2 (1.2 g), and velocity of 0.5 m/s, when loaded with a 2 kg scale-model PBR. The perception system of the Shakebot consists of an accelerometer and a high frame-rate camera. By fusing camera-based displacements with acceleration measurements, the Shakebot is able to carry out accurate bed velocity estimation. The ROS-based perception and motion software simplifies the transition of code from our previous virtual shake robot to the physical Shakebot. The reuse of the control programs ensures that the implemented ground motions are consistent for both the simulation and physical experiments, which is critical to validate our simulation experiments.

Animals run robustly in diverse terrain. This locomotion robustness is puzzling because axon conduction velocity is limited to a few ten meters per second. If reflex loops deliver sensory information with significant delays, one would expect a destabilizing effect on sensorimotor control. Hence, an alternative explanation describes a hierarchical structure of low-level adaptive mechanics and high-level sensorimotor control to help mitigate the effects of transmission delays. Motivated by the concept of an adaptive mechanism triggering an immediate response, we developed a tunable physical damper system. Our mechanism combines a tendon with adjustable slackness connected to a physical damper. The slack damper allows adjustment of damping force, onset timing, effective stroke, and energy dissipation. We characterize the slack damper mechanism mounted to a legged robot controlled in open-loop mode. The robot hops vertically and planar over varying terrains and perturbations. During forward hopping, slack-based damping improves faster perturbation recovery (up to 170%) at higher energetic cost (27%). The tunable slack mechanism auto-engages the damper during perturbations, leading to a perturbation-trigger damping, improving robustness at minimum energetic cost. With the results from the slack damper mechanism, we propose a new functional interpretation of animals' redundant muscle tendons as tunable dampers.

在人类机器人的相互作用中，眼球运动在非语言交流中起着重要作用。但是，控制机器人眼的动作表现出与人眼动物系统相似的性能仍然是一个重大挑战。在本文中，我们研究了如何使用电缆驱动的驱动系统来控制人眼的现实模型，该系统模仿了六个眼外肌肉的自由度。仿生设计引入了解决新的挑战，最值得注意的是，需要控制每种肌肉的支撑，以防止运动过程中的紧张感损失，这将导致电缆松弛和缺乏控制。我们构建了一个机器人原型，并开发了一个非线性模拟器和两个控制器。在第一种方法中，我们使用局部衍生技术线性化了非线性模型，并设计了线性 - 季度最佳控制器，以优化计算准确性，能量消耗和运动持续时间的成本函数。第二种方法使用复发性神经网络，该神经网络从系统的样本轨迹中学习非线性系统动力学，以及一个非线性轨迹优化求解器，可最大程度地减少相似的成本函数。我们专注于具有完全不受限制的运动学的快速saccadic眼球运动，以及六根电缆的控制信号的生成，这些电缆同时满足了几个动态优化标准。该模型忠实地模仿了人类扫视观察到的三维旋转运动学和动力学。我们的实验结果表明，尽管两种方法都产生了相似的结果，但非线性方法对于未来改进该模型的方法更加灵活，该模型的计算是线性化模型的位置依赖性偏向和局部衍生物的计算变得特别乏味。

In unstructured environments, robots run the risk of unexpected collisions. How well they react to these events is determined by how transparent they are to collisions. Transparency is affected by structural properties as well as sensing and control architectures. In this paper, we propose the collision reflex metric as a way to formally quantify transparency. It is defined as the total impulse transferred in collision, which determines the collision mitigation capabilities of a closed-loop robotic system taking into account structure, sensing, and control. We analyze the effect of motor scaling, stiffness, and configuration on the collision reflex of a system using an analytical model. Physical experiments using the move-until-touch behavior are conducted to compare the collision reflex of direct-drive and quasi-direct-drive actuators and robotic hands (Schunk WSG-50 and Dexterous DDHand.) For transparent systems, we see a counter-intuitive trend: the impulse may be lower at higher pre-impact velocities.

This book provides a solution to the control and motion planning design for an octocopter system. It includes a particular choice of control and motion planning algorithms which is based on the authors' previous research work, so it can be used as a reference design guidance for students, researchers as well as autonomous vehicles hobbyists. The control is constructed based on a fault tolerant approach aiming to increase the chances of the system to detect and isolate a potential failure in order to produce feasible control signals to the remaining active motors. The used motion planning algorithm is risk-aware by means that it takes into account the constraints related to the fault-dependant and mission-related maneuverability analysis of the octocopter system during the planning stage. Such a planner generates only those reference trajectories along which the octocopter system would be safe and capable of good tracking in case of a single motor fault and of majority of double motor fault scenarios. The control and motion planning algorithms presented in the book aim to increase the overall reliability of the system for completing the mission.

Energy based control methods are at the core of modern robotic control algorithms. In this paper we present a general approach to virtual model/mechanism control, which is a powerful design tool to create energy based controllers. We present two novel virtual-mechanisms designed for robotic minimally invasive surgery, which control the position of a surgical instrument while passing through an incision. To these virtual mechanisms we apply the parameter tuning method of Larby and Forni 2022, which optimizes for local performance while ensuring global stability.

The Modboat is a low-cost, underactuated, modular robot capable of surface swimming, docking to other modules, and undocking from them using only a single motor and two passive flippers. Undocking is achieved by causing intentional self-collision between the tails of neighboring modules in certain configurations; this becomes a challenge, however, when collective swimming as one connected component is desirable. Prior work has developed controllers that turn arbitrary configurations of docked Modboats into steerable vehicles, but they cannot counteract lateral forces and disturbances. In this work we present a centralized control strategy to create holonomic vehicles out of arbitrary configurations of docked Modboats using an iterative potential-field based search. We experimentally demonstrate that our controller performs well and can control surge and sway velocities and yaw angle simultaneously.

本文介绍了与平面腿机器人一起使用的支持和恢复系统的设计和控制。系统以三种模式运行。首先，它可以以完全透明的模式操作，其中没有力被应用于机器人。在这种模式下，系统遵循机器人，以便在需要时能够快速捕获机器人。其次，它可以提供垂直支撑力以在操作期间提供机器人。第三，它可以抓住机器人并在未能避免跌倒和相关损害后将其从地面拉开。在此模式下，系统在允许运行多个连续试验的试验后自动重置机器人，无需手动干预。通过致动电缆和滑轮系统将支撑力应用于机器人，该电缆和滑轮系统使用串联弹簧串联弹性致动，以实现真正透明的操作。该系统的非线性性质需要仔细设计控制器，以确保可预测的安全行为。在本文中，我们介绍了恢复系统的机电调整设计，开发合适的控制器，并评估了BipeDal Robot Ramone上的系统性能。