The Modboat is a low-cost, underactuated, modular robot capable of surface swimming, docking to other modules, and undocking from them using only a single motor and two passive flippers. Undocking is achieved by causing intentional self-collision between the tails of neighboring modules in certain configurations; this becomes a challenge, however, when collective swimming as one connected component is desirable. Prior work has developed controllers that turn arbitrary configurations of docked Modboats into steerable vehicles, but they cannot counteract lateral forces and disturbances. In this work we present a centralized control strategy to create holonomic vehicles out of arbitrary configurations of docked Modboats using an iterative potential-field based search. We experimentally demonstrate that our controller performs well and can control surge and sway velocities and yaw angle simultaneously.
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MODBOAT是一种低成本,不足的模块化机器人,能够进行表面游泳,停靠到其他模块,并仅使用一个电动机和两个被动式拖鞋从中脱落。通过在某些配置中引起相邻模块的尾巴之间的故意自我碰撞来实现撤消;但是,当集体游泳作为一个连接的组件是理想的时,这将成为一个挑战。在这项工作中,我们制定了一种集中式控制策略,以允许\ textit {任意}配置Modboats作为单个可通道的车辆游泳,并保证不会意外撤离。我们还提出了一个简化的模型,用于在实时控制的配置中以船只之间的流体动力相互作用。我们在实验上证明,我们的控制器的性能很好,对于各种尺寸和形状的配置都是一致的,并且可以同时控制潮流速度和偏航角。游泳时保持可控性,但是纯偏航控制会导致侧向运动,而横向运动不能被提出的框架抵消。
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Modboat是一种低成本,不足的模块化机器人,能够表面游泳。它能够单独游泳,停靠其他Modboats,并仅使用单个电动机和两个被动拖鞋从它们中取消锁定。通过在相邻模块的尾巴之间引起故意自我碰撞,可以实现无额外动理的撤消;当团队游泳是一个连接的组件时,这将成为一个挑战。在这项工作中,我们制定了一种控制策略,以使平行的Modboats的平行格子作为一个单元游泳,该单元通常需要自动模块。我们表明,保证控制策略可以避免无意中的脱节,并最大程度地减少晶格内的内力。实验验证表明,控制器的性能很好,并且对于各种尺寸的晶格是一致的。游泳时保持可控性,但是纯偏航控制会导致侧向运动,而横向运动不能被提出的框架抵消。
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本文提出了一项新颖的控制法,以使用尾随机翼无人驾驶飞机(UAV)进行准确跟踪敏捷轨迹,该轨道在垂直起飞和降落(VTOL)和向前飞行之间过渡。全球控制配方可以在整个飞行信封中进行操作,包括与Sideslip的不协调的飞行。显示了具有简化空气动力学模型的非线性尾尾动力学的差异平坦度。使用扁平度变换,提出的控制器结合了位置参考的跟踪及其导数速度,加速度和混蛋以及偏航参考和偏航速率。通过角速度进纸术语包含混蛋和偏航率参考,可以改善随着快速变化的加速度跟踪轨迹。控制器不取决于广泛的空气动力学建模,而是使用增量非线性动态反演(INDI)仅基于局部输入输出关系来计算控制更新,从而导致对简化空气动力学方程中差异的稳健性。非线性输入输出关系的精确反转是通过派生的平坦变换实现的。在飞行测试中对所得的控制算法进行了广泛的评估,在该测试中,它展示了准确的轨迹跟踪和挑战性敏捷操作,例如侧向飞行和转弯时的侵略性过渡。
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提出了一种能够改变形状中空飞行的新型Quadcopter,允许在四种配置中进行操作,其中包含持续的悬停在三个配置中。这是实现的,而不需要超出Quadcopter典型的四个电动机的执行器。通过自由旋转铰链来实现变形,使车臂通过减少或逆转推力向下折叠。放置在车辆的控制输入上的约束防止臂意外折叠或展开。这允许使用现有的四转器控制器和轨迹生成算法,只有最小的增加的复杂性。对于我们在悬停的实验载体中,我们发现这些约束导致车辆可以产生的最大偏航扭矩的36%减少,但不会导致最大推力或卷和螺距扭矩的减少。实验结果表明,对于典型的操纵,增加的限制对轨迹跟踪性能的影响忽略不计。最后,示出了改变配置的能力,使车辆能够在悬挂导线上移动小通道,并且执行有限的抓取任务。
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A reduced order model of a generic submarine is presented. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results are used to create and validate a model that includes depth dependence and the effect of waves on the craft. The model and the procedure to obtain its coefficients are discussed, and examples of the data used to obtain the model coefficients are presented. An example of operation following a complex path is presented and results from the reduced order model are compared to those from an equivalent CFD calculation. The controller implemented to complete these maneuvers is also presented.
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在粗糙的地形上的动态运动需要准确的脚部放置,避免碰撞以及系统的动态不足的计划。在存在不完美且常常不完整的感知信息的情况下,可靠地优化此类动作和互动是具有挑战性的。我们提出了一个完整的感知,计划和控制管道,可以实时优化机器人所有自由度的动作。为了减轻地形所带来的数值挑战,凸出不平等约束的顺序被提取为立足性可行性的局部近似值,并嵌入到在线模型预测控制器中。每个高程映射预先计算了步骤性分类,平面分割和签名的距离场,以最大程度地减少优化过程中的计算工作。多次射击,实时迭代和基于滤波器的线路搜索的组合用于可靠地以高速率解决该法式问题。我们在模拟中的间隙,斜率和踏上石头的情况下验证了所提出的方法,并在Anymal四倍的平台上进行实验,从而实现了最新的动态攀登。
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This book provides a solution to the control and motion planning design for an octocopter system. It includes a particular choice of control and motion planning algorithms which is based on the authors' previous research work, so it can be used as a reference design guidance for students, researchers as well as autonomous vehicles hobbyists. The control is constructed based on a fault tolerant approach aiming to increase the chances of the system to detect and isolate a potential failure in order to produce feasible control signals to the remaining active motors. The used motion planning algorithm is risk-aware by means that it takes into account the constraints related to the fault-dependant and mission-related maneuverability analysis of the octocopter system during the planning stage. Such a planner generates only those reference trajectories along which the octocopter system would be safe and capable of good tracking in case of a single motor fault and of majority of double motor fault scenarios. The control and motion planning algorithms presented in the book aim to increase the overall reliability of the system for completing the mission.
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We present a dynamic path planning algorithm to navigate an amphibious rotor craft through a concave time-invariant obstacle field while attempting to minimize energy usage. We create a nonlinear quaternion state model that represents the rotor craft dynamics above and below the water. The 6 degree of freedom dynamics used within a layered architecture to generate motion paths for the vehicle to follow and the required control inputs. The rotor craft has a 3 dimensional map of its surroundings that is updated via limited range onboard sensor readings within the current medium (air or water). Path planning is done via PRM and D* Lite.
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Autonomous Micro Aerial Vehicles are deployed for a variety tasks including surveillance and monitoring. Perching and staring allow the vehicle to monitor targets without flying, saving battery power and increasing the overall mission time without the need to frequently replace batteries. This paper addresses the Active Visual Perching (AVP) control problem to autonomously perch on inclined surfaces up to $90^\circ$. Our approach generates dynamically feasible trajectories to navigate and perch on a desired target location, while taking into account actuator and Field of View (FoV) constraints. By replanning in mid-flight, we take advantage of more accurate target localization increasing the perching maneuver's robustness to target localization or control errors. We leverage the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions to identify the compatibility between planning objectives and the visual sensing constraint during the planned maneuver. Furthermore, we experimentally identify the corresponding boundary conditions that maximizes the spatio-temporal target visibility during the perching maneuver. The proposed approach works on-board in real-time with significant computational constraints relying exclusively on cameras and an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). Experimental results validate the proposed approach and shows the higher success rate as well as increased target interception precision and accuracy with respect to a one-shot planning approach, while still retaining aggressive capabilities with flight envelopes that include large excursions from the hover position on inclined surfaces up to 90$^\circ$, angular speeds up to 750~deg/s, and accelerations up to 10~m/s$^2$.
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目前使用的无线胶囊内窥镜检查(WCE)是在检查时间和柔韧性方面有限的,因为胶囊被蠕动被动地移动,并且不能精确定位。已经提出了基于同时磁力驱动和定位技术的WCE的有效运动来促进不同的方法。在这项工作中,我们研究了在管状环境中旋转磁性致动下的机器人胶囊问题的轨迹,以实现使用无线胶囊内窥镜在给定点对肠道的安全,高效准确地检查肠道。具体而言,基于PD控制器,自适应控制器,模型预测控制器和鲁棒的多级模型预测控制器,开发了四种轨迹之后的策略。此外,我们的方法通过在控制器设计期间模拟肠蠕动和摩擦来考虑肠环境中的不确定性。我们验证了我们在仿真中的方法以及在各种管状环境中的实际实验中,包括具有不同形状和前体内猪结肠的塑料幽灵。结果表明,我们的方法可以有效地致动往复旋转的胶囊,以遵循复杂的管状环境中的所需轨迹,从而具有能够对高质量诊断进行准确和可重复检查的肠道。
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本文提出了一种用于特技飞行轨迹生成的新型算法,用于垂直起飞和降落(VTOL)TAILSITTER飞行飞机。该算法与固定翼轨迹生成的现有方法不同,因为它考虑了现实的六度自由度(6DOF)飞行动力学模型,包括空气动力学方程。使用全球动力学模型,能够生成特技轨迹,从而利用整个飞行信封,从而使敏捷的操纵通过摊位策略,侧向飞行,倒置飞行等。是在这项工作中得出的。通过在差异平坦的输出空间中执行快速最小化,可以获得适合在线运动计划的计算高效算法。该算法在包括六架特技飞行器的大型飞行实验中证明了这一算法,一个时间优势的无人机赛车轨迹以及三架尾灯飞机的飞机样有机赛序列。
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We address the theoretical and practical problems related to the trajectory generation and tracking control of tail-sitter UAVs. Theoretically, we focus on the differential flatness property with full exploitation of actual UAV aerodynamic models, which lays a foundation for generating dynamically feasible trajectory and achieving high-performance tracking control. We have found that a tail-sitter is differentially flat with accurate aerodynamic models within the entire flight envelope, by specifying coordinate flight condition and choosing the vehicle position as the flat output. This fundamental property allows us to fully exploit the high-fidelity aerodynamic models in the trajectory planning and tracking control to achieve accurate tail-sitter flights. Particularly, an optimization-based trajectory planner for tail-sitters is proposed to design high-quality, smooth trajectories with consideration of kinodynamic constraints, singularity-free constraints and actuator saturation. The planned trajectory of flat output is transformed to state trajectory in real-time with consideration of wind in environments. To track the state trajectory, a global, singularity-free, and minimally-parameterized on-manifold MPC is developed, which fully leverages the accurate aerodynamic model to achieve high-accuracy trajectory tracking within the whole flight envelope. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is demonstrated through extensive real-world experiments in both indoor and outdoor field tests, including agile SE(3) flight through consecutive narrow windows requiring specific attitude and with speed up to 10m/s, typical tail-sitter maneuvers (transition, level flight and loiter) with speed up to 20m/s, and extremely aggressive aerobatic maneuvers (Wingover, Loop, Vertical Eight and Cuban Eight) with acceleration up to 2.5g.
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在许多无人机应用中,为空中机器人计划的时间轨迹至关重要,例如救援任务和包装交付,这些应用程序近年来已经广泛研究。但是,它仍然涉及一些挑战,尤其是在将特殊任务要求纳入计划以及空中机器人的动态方面。在这项工作中,我们研究了一种案例,使空中操纵器应以时间优势的方式从移动的移动机器人中移交一个包裹。我们没有手动设置方法轨迹,这使得很难确定在动态范围内完成所需任务的最佳总行进时间,而是提出了一个优化框架,该框架将离散的力学和互补性约束(DMCC)结合在一起。在提出的框架中,系统动力学受到离散的拉格朗日力学的约束,该机械也根据我们的实验提供了可靠的估计结果。移交机会是根据所需的互补限制自动确定和安排的。最后,通过使用我们的自设计的空中操纵器进行数值模拟和硬件实验来验证所提出的框架的性能。
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Quadcopter trajectory tracking control has been extensively investigated and implemented in the past. Available controls mostly use the Euler angle standards to describe the quadcopters rotational kinematics and dynamics. As a result, the same rotation can be translated into different roll, pitch, and yaw angles because there are multiple Euler angle standards for characterization of rotation in a 3-dimensional motion space. Additionally, it is computationally expensive to convert a quadcopters orientation to the associated roll, pitch, and yaw angles, which may make it difficult to track quick and aggressive trajectories. To address these issues, this paper will develop a flatness-based trajectory tracking control without using Euler angles. We assess and test the proposed controls performance in the Gazebo simulation environment and contrast its functionality with the existing Mellinger controller, which has been widely adopted by the robotics and unmanned aerial system (UAS) communities.
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我们提出了一种基于流动的控制策略,该策略使资源受限的海洋机器人能够在给定范围内周期性的轨道轨迹上巡逻类似Gyre的流动环境。控制器不需要流场的详细模型,而仅依赖于机器人的位置相对于GYRE的中心。该机器人不是精确地跟踪预定义的轨迹,而是任务保留在两个具有已知周期性的边界轨迹之间。此外,提出的策略利用周围的流场最大程度地减少控制努力。我们证明,提出的策略使机器人能够在满足所需周期性要求的流量中循环。我们的方法在模拟和实验中使用低成本,不足的表面游泳机器人(即Modboat)进行了测试和验证。
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我们提出并通过实验证明了双层机器人的反应性规划系统,在未开发,具有挑战性的地形上。该系统由低频规划线(5Hz)组成,用于找到渐近最佳路径和高频无功螺纹(300Hz)以适应机器人偏差。规划线程包括:多层本地地图,以计算地形上机器人的拖拉性;任何时间的全向控制Lyapunov函数(CLF),用于快速探索随机树星(RRT *),它会生成一个矢量字段,用于指定节点之间的运动;当最终目标位于当前地图之外时,子目标查找器;和一个有限状态的机器来处理高级任务决策。该系统还包括反应线,以避免在执行路径后用传统的RRT *算法出现的非平滑运动。具有机器人偏差的反应线应对,同时通过矢量字段(由闭环反馈策略定义)消除非平滑运动,其为机器人的步态控制器提供实时控制命令作为瞬时机器人姿势的函数。该系统在Cassie Blue的模拟和实验中进行了各种具有挑战性的户外地形和杂乱的室内场景,这是一个具有20个自由度的双模型机器人。所有实现在C ++中编码了机器人操作系统(ROS),可在https://github.com/umich-bipedlab/clf_reactive_planning_system中获得。
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在腿部机器人技术中,计划和执行敏捷的机动演习一直是一个长期的挑战。它需要实时得出运动计划和本地反馈政策,以处理动力学动量的非物质。为此,我们提出了一个混合预测控制器,该控制器考虑了机器人的致动界限和全身动力学。它将反馈政策与触觉信息相结合,以在本地预测未来的行动。由于采用可行性驱动的方法,它在几毫秒内收敛。我们的预测控制器使Anymal机器人能够在现实的场景中生成敏捷操作。关键要素是跟踪本地反馈策略,因为与全身控制相反,它们达到了所需的角动量。据我们所知,我们的预测控制器是第一个处理驱动限制,生成敏捷的机动操作以及执行低级扭矩控制的最佳反馈策略,而无需使用单独的全身控制器。
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本文介绍了用于自动赛车的多层运动计划和控制架构,能够避免静态障碍,进行主动超越并达到75 $ m/s $以上的速度。使用的脱机全局轨迹生成和在线模型预测控制器高度基于车辆的优化和动态模型,在该模型中,在基本的Pacejka Magic公式的扩展版本中,轮胎和弯曲效果表示。使用多体汽车运动库鉴定并验证了所提出的单轨模型,这些模型允许正确模拟车辆动力学,在丢失实际实验数据时尤其有用。调整了控制器的基本正规化项和约束,以降低输入的变化速率,同时确保可接受的速度和路径跟踪。运动计划策略由一个基于Fren \'ET框架的计划者组成,该计划者考虑了Kalman过滤器产生的对手的预测。策划者选择了无碰撞路径和速度轮廓要在3秒钟的视野中跟踪,以实现不同的目标,例如跟随和超车。该提议的解决方案已应用于达拉拉AV-21赛车,并在椭圆形赛道上进行了测试,可实现高达25 $ m/s^{2} $的横向加速度。
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这项工作将控制屏障功能(CBF)与全身控制器结合在一起,以使MIT类人动物自我避免。现有的反应性控制器进行自我避免,不能保证无碰撞的轨迹,因为它们不利用机器人的完整动态,从而损害了运动学的可行性。相比之下,拟议的CBF-WBC控制器可以实时理解机器人的动力学不足,以确保无碰撞运动。该方法的有效性在模拟中得到了验证。首先,一个简单的手段实验表明,CBF-WBC使机器人的手能够偏离不可行的参考轨迹,以避免自我收集。其次,CBF-WBC与设计用于动态运动的线性模型预测控制器(LMPC)结合使用,并使用CBF-WBC来跟踪LMPC预测。质心动量任务还用于产生有助于人形运动和干扰恢复的手臂运动。步行实验表明,CBF允许质心动量任务产生可行的手臂运动,并在高级规划师提供的脚步位置或摇摆轨迹时避免腿部自我收获,对于真正的机器人来说是不可行的。
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