最近的几种少数学习算法中的大多数都是基于转移学习，其中模型是使用大量源数据进行预训练的，并且随后使用少量目标数据更新了预训练的模型。在基于转移的几次学习中，已经广泛研究了复杂的预训练方法，以进行通用和改进的表示。但是，几乎没有关于更新预训练模型以进行几次学习的研究。在本文中，我们比较了两种流行的更新方法，即微调（即更新整个网络）和线性探测（即仅更新线性分类器），考虑了源数据和目标数据之间的分布变化。我们发现，随着样品数量的增加，无论分布变化如何，微型调整都比线性探测更好。接下来，我们研究了对预训练模型进行微调时，数据增强的有效性和无效性。我们的基本分析表明，需要仔细考虑有关更新预训练模型的详细信息，才能获得更好的射击性能。

跨域很少的学习（CD-FSL）最近几乎没有目标样本在源和目标域之间存在极端差异，最近引起了极大的关注。对于CD-FSL，最近的研究通常开发了基于转移学习的方法，该方法预先培训了受欢迎的标记源域数据集的神经网络，然后将其传输到目标域数据。尽管标记的数据集可以为目标数据提供合适的初始参数，但源和目标之间的域差异可能会阻碍目标域上的微调。本文提出了一种简单而功能强大的方法，该方法在适应目标数据之前将源域上拟合的参数重新传递。重新运行重置源预训练模型的特定于源特异性参数，从而促进了目标域上的微调，从而改善了几乎没有射击性能。

Given sufficient training data on the source domain, cross-domain few-shot learning (CD-FSL) aims at recognizing new classes with a small number of labeled examples on the target domain. The key to addressing CD-FSL is to narrow the domain gap and transferring knowledge of a network trained on the source domain to the target domain. To help knowledge transfer, this paper introduces an intermediate domain generated by mixing images in the source and the target domain. Specifically, to generate the optimal intermediate domain for different target data, we propose a novel target guided dynamic mixup (TGDM) framework that leverages the target data to guide the generation of mixed images via dynamic mixup. The proposed TGDM framework contains a Mixup-3T network for learning classifiers and a dynamic ratio generation network (DRGN) for learning the optimal mix ratio. To better transfer the knowledge, the proposed Mixup-3T network contains three branches with shared parameters for classifying classes in the source domain, target domain, and intermediate domain. To generate the optimal intermediate domain, the DRGN learns to generate an optimal mix ratio according to the performance on auxiliary target data. Then, the whole TGDM framework is trained via bi-level meta-learning so that TGDM can rectify itself to achieve optimal performance on target data. Extensive experimental results on several benchmark datasets verify the effectiveness of our method.

Does the dominant approach to learn representations (as a side effect of optimizing an expected cost for a single training distribution) remain a good approach when we are dealing with multiple distributions. Our thesis is that such scenarios are better served by representations that are "richer" than those obtained with a single optimization episode. This is supported by a collection of empirical results obtained with an apparently na\"ive ensembling technique: concatenating the representations obtained with multiple training episodes using the same data, model, algorithm, and hyper-parameters, but different random seeds. These independently trained networks perform similarly. Yet, in a number of scenarios involving new distributions, the concatenated representation performs substantially better than an equivalently sized network trained from scratch. This proves that the representations constructed by multiple training episodes are in fact different. Although their concatenation carries little additional information about the training task under the training distribution, it becomes substantially more informative when tasks or distributions change. Meanwhile, a single training episode is unlikely to yield such a redundant representation because the optimization process has no reason to accumulate features that do not incrementally improve the training performance.

本文研究了几种皮肤疾病分类问题。基于至关重要的观察，即皮肤病图像通常存在于一类中的多个子群体（即，一类疾病中图像的外观变化并形成多个不同的子组），我们设计了一种新型的亚群集感知网络，即扫描，以提高准确性以稀有皮肤疾病诊断。由于几次学习的性能很大程度上取决于学习特征编码器的质量，因此指导扫描设计的主要原理是每个类的内在子簇表示学习，以便更好地描述特征分布。具体而言，扫描遵循双分支框架，第一个分支是学习范围的特征以区分不同的皮肤疾病，第二个分支是学习可以有效地将每个班级划分为几个组的特征，以保留子 - 每个类中的聚集结构。为了实现第二个分支的目标，我们提出了一个集群损失，可以通过无监督的聚类学习图像相似性。为了确保每个子集群中的样品来自同一类，我们进一步设计了纯度损失，以完善无监督的聚类结果。我们在两个公共数据集上评估了拟议方法，以进行几次皮肤疾病分类。实验结果验证了我们的框架在SD-198和DERM7PT数据集​​上优于其他最先进方法约为2％至4％。

大多数现有的工作在几次学习中，依赖于Meta-Learning网络在大型基础数据集上，该网络通常是与目标数据集相同的域。我们解决了跨域几秒钟的问题，其中基础和目标域之间存在大移位。与未标记的目标数据的跨域几秒识别问题在很大程度上在文献中毫无根据。启动是使用自我训练解决此问题的第一个方法。但是，它使用固定的老师在标记的基础数据集上返回，以为未标记的目标样本创建软标签。由于基本数据集和未标记的数据集来自不同的域，因此将基本数据集的类域中的目标图像投影，具有固定的预制模型可能是子最优的。我们提出了一种简单的动态蒸馏基方法，以方便来自新颖/基础数据集的未标记图像。我们通过从教师网络中的未标记图像的未标记版本的预测计算并将其与来自学生网络相同的相同图像的强大版本匹配来施加一致性正常化。教师网络的参数被更新为学生网络参数的指数移动平均值。我们表明所提出的网络了解可以轻松适应目标域的表示，即使它尚未在预先预测阶段的目标专用类别训练。我们的车型优于当前最先进的方法，在BSCD-FSL基准中的5次分类，3.6％的3.6％，并在传统的域名几枪学习任务中显示出竞争性能。

基于元学习的现有方法通过从（源域）基础类别的培训任务中学到的元知识来预测（目标域）测试任务的新颖类标签。但是，由于范围内可能存在较大的域差异，大多数现有作品可能无法推广到新颖的类别。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一种新颖的对抗特征增强（AFA）方法，以弥合域间隙，以几乎没有学习。该特征增强旨在通过最大化域差异来模拟分布变化。在对抗训练期间，通过将增强特征（看不见的域）与原始域（可见域）区分开来学习域歧视器，而将域差异最小化以获得最佳特征编码器。所提出的方法是一个插件模块，可以轻松地基于元学习的方式将其集成到现有的几种学习方法中。在九个数据集上进行的广泛实验证明了我们方法对跨域几乎没有射击分类的优越性，与最新技术相比。代码可从https://github.com/youthhoo/afa_for_few_shot_learning获得

Few-shot classification aims to learn a classifier to recognize unseen classes during training with limited labeled examples. While significant progress has been made, the growing complexity of network designs, meta-learning algorithms, and differences in implementation details make a fair comparison difficult. In this paper, we present 1) a consistent comparative analysis of several representative few-shot classification algorithms, with results showing that deeper backbones significantly reduce the performance differences among methods on datasets with limited domain differences, 2) a modified baseline method that surprisingly achieves competitive performance when compared with the state-of-the-art on both the mini-ImageNet and the CUB datasets, and 3) a new experimental setting for evaluating the cross-domain generalization ability for few-shot classification algorithms. Our results reveal that reducing intra-class variation is an important factor when the feature backbone is shallow, but not as critical when using deeper backbones. In a realistic cross-domain evaluation setting, we show that a baseline method with a standard fine-tuning practice compares favorably against other state-of-the-art few-shot learning algorithms.

很少有射击学习（FSL）旨在通过利用基本数据集的先验知识来识别只有几个支持样本的新奇查询。在本文中，我们考虑了FSL中的域移位问题，并旨在解决支持集和查询集之间的域间隙。不同于以前考虑基础和新颖类之间的域移位的跨域FSL工作（CD-FSL），新问题称为跨域跨集FSL（CDSC-FSL），不仅需要很少的学习者适应新的领域，但也要在每个新颖类中的不同领域之间保持一致。为此，我们提出了一种新颖的方法，即Stabpa，学习原型紧凑和跨域对准表示，以便可以同时解决域的转移和很少的学习学习。我们对分别从域和办公室数据集构建的两个新的CDCS-FSL基准进行评估。值得注意的是，我们的方法的表现优于多个详细的基线，例如，在域内，将5-shot精度提高了6.0点。代码可从https://github.com/wentaochen0813/cdcs-fsl获得

少量学习，特别是几秒钟的图像分类，近年来受到了越来越多的关注，并目睹了重大进展。最近的一些研究暗示表明，许多通用技术或“诀窍”，如数据增强，预训练，知识蒸馏和自我监督，可能大大提高了几次学习方法的性能。此外，不同的作品可以采用不同的软件平台，不同的训练计划，不同的骨干架构以及甚至不同的输入图像大小，使得公平的比较困难，从业者与再现性斗争。为了解决这些情况，通过在Pytorch中的同一单个代码库中重新实施17个最新的框架，提出了几次射门学习（Libfewshot）的全面图书馆。此外，基于libfewshot，我们提供多个基准数据集的全面评估，其中包含多个骨干架构，以评估不同培训技巧的常见缺陷和效果。此外，鉴于近期对必要性或未培训机制的必要性怀疑，我们的评估结果表明，特别是当与预训练相结合时，仍然需要这种机制。我们希望我们的工作不仅可以降低初学者的障碍，可以在几次学习上工作，而且还消除了非动力技巧的影响，促进了几枪学习的内在研究。源代码可从https://github.com/rl-vig/libfewshot获取。

元学习已成为几乎没有图像分类的实用方法，在该方法中，“学习分类器的策略”是在标记的基础类别上进行元学习的，并且可以应用于具有新颖类的任务。我们删除了基类标签的要求，并通过无监督的元学习（UML）学习可通用的嵌入。具体而言，任务发作是在元训练过程中使用未标记的基本类别的数据增强构建的，并且我们将基于嵌入式的分类器应用于新的任务，并在元测试期间使用标记的少量示例。我们观察到两个元素在UML中扮演着重要角色，即进行样本任务和衡量实例之间的相似性的方法。因此，我们获得了具有两个简单修改的​​强基线 - 一个足够的采样策略，每情节有效地构建多个任务以及半分解的相似性。然后，我们利用来自两个方向的任务特征以获得进一步的改进。首先，合成的混淆实例被合并以帮助提取更多的判别嵌入。其次，我们利用额外的特定任务嵌入转换作为元训练期间的辅助组件，以促进预先适应的嵌入式的概括能力。几乎没有学习基准的实验证明，我们的方法比以前的UML方法优于先前的UML方法，并且比其监督变体获得了可比甚至更好的性能。

Few-shot learning aims to fast adapt a deep model from a few examples. While pre-training and meta-training can create deep models powerful for few-shot generalization, we find that pre-training and meta-training focuses respectively on cross-domain transferability and cross-task transferability, which restricts their data efficiency in the entangled settings of domain shift and task shift. We thus propose the Omni-Training framework to seamlessly bridge pre-training and meta-training for data-efficient few-shot learning. Our first contribution is a tri-flow Omni-Net architecture. Besides the joint representation flow, Omni-Net introduces two parallel flows for pre-training and meta-training, responsible for improving domain transferability and task transferability respectively. Omni-Net further coordinates the parallel flows by routing their representations via the joint-flow, enabling knowledge transfer across flows. Our second contribution is the Omni-Loss, which introduces a self-distillation strategy separately on the pre-training and meta-training objectives for boosting knowledge transfer throughout different training stages. Omni-Training is a general framework to accommodate many existing algorithms. Evaluations justify that our single framework consistently and clearly outperforms the individual state-of-the-art methods on both cross-task and cross-domain settings in a variety of classification, regression and reinforcement learning problems.

Deep transfer learning has been widely used for knowledge transmission in recent years. The standard approach of pre-training and subsequently fine-tuning, or linear probing, has shown itself to be effective in many down-stream tasks. Therefore, a challenging and ongoing question arises: how to quantify cross-task transferability that is compatible with transferred results while keeping self-consistency? Existing transferability metrics are estimated on the particular model by conversing source and target tasks. They must be recalculated with all existing source tasks whenever a novel unknown target task is encountered, which is extremely computationally expensive. In this work, we highlight what properties should be satisfied and evaluate existing metrics in light of these characteristics. Building upon this, we propose Principal Gradient Expectation (PGE), a simple yet effective method for assessing transferability across tasks. Specifically, we use a restart scheme to calculate every batch gradient over each weight unit more than once, and then we take the average of all the gradients to get the expectation. Thus, the transferability between the source and target task is estimated by computing the distance of normalized principal gradients. Extensive experiments show that the proposed transferability metric is more stable, reliable and efficient than SOTA methods.

近期学习中的最新进展促进了一个更现实的跨域设置，其中源和目标数据集来自不同的域。由于源极和目标数据集之间的域间隙和脱节标签空间，它们的共享知识非常有限。这鼓励我们探索目标域中的更多信息，而不是在许多现有方法中探讨源域上的训练策略。因此，我们从跨熵丢失和传统的基于距离的分类器一起训练的通用表示开始，以及图像检索视图，以采用通过发现互易k校准目标距离矩阵的重新排序处理任务中的最邻居。假设预先训练的表示被偏向源，我们构建非线性子空间，以最小化其任务无关的特征，同时通过双曲线切线转换保持更可传输的判别信息。该目标感知非线性子空间中的校准距离与预训练的表示中的互补距离。为了将这种距离校准信息施加到预训练的表示上，采用Kullback-Leibler发散丢失来逐渐引导模型朝向基于校准的距离的分布。关于八个目标域的广泛评估表明，该目标排名校准过程可以在几次拍摄学习中改善基于距离的基于距离的分类器。

Few-shot learning (FSL) is a central problem in meta-learning, where learners must efficiently learn from few labeled examples. Within FSL, feature pre-training has recently become an increasingly popular strategy to significantly improve generalization performance. However, the contribution of pre-training is often overlooked and understudied, with limited theoretical understanding of its impact on meta-learning performance. Further, pre-training requires a consistent set of global labels shared across training tasks, which may be unavailable in practice. In this work, we address the above issues by first showing the connection between pre-training and meta-learning. We discuss why pre-training yields more robust meta-representation and connect the theoretical analysis to existing works and empirical results. Secondly, we introduce Meta Label Learning (MeLa), a novel meta-learning algorithm that learns task relations by inferring global labels across tasks. This allows us to exploit pre-training for FSL even when global labels are unavailable or ill-defined. Lastly, we introduce an augmented pre-training procedure that further improves the learned meta-representation. Empirically, MeLa outperforms existing methods across a diverse range of benchmarks, in particular under a more challenging setting where the number of training tasks is limited and labels are task-specific. We also provide extensive ablation study to highlight its key properties.

The task of Few-shot learning (FSL) aims to transfer the knowledge learned from base categories with sufficient labelled data to novel categories with scarce known information. It is currently an important research question and has great practical values in the real-world applications. Despite extensive previous efforts are made on few-shot learning tasks, we emphasize that most existing methods did not take into account the distributional shift caused by sample selection bias in the FSL scenario. Such a selection bias can induce spurious correlation between the semantic causal features, that are causally and semantically related to the class label, and the other non-causal features. Critically, the former ones should be invariant across changes in distributions, highly related to the classes of interest, and thus well generalizable to novel classes, while the latter ones are not stable to changes in the distribution. To resolve this problem, we propose a novel data augmentation strategy dubbed as PatchMix that can break this spurious dependency by replacing the patch-level information and supervision of the query images with random gallery images from different classes from the query ones. We theoretically show that such an augmentation mechanism, different from existing ones, is able to identify the causal features. To further make these features to be discriminative enough for classification, we propose Correlation-guided Reconstruction (CGR) and Hardness-Aware module for instance discrimination and easier discrimination between similar classes. Moreover, such a framework can be adapted to the unsupervised FSL scenario.

最大化模型准确性的常规配方是（1）具有各种超参数的多个模型，以及（2）选择在固定验证集中表现最佳的单个模型，从而丢弃其余部分。在本文中，我们在微调大型预训练的模型的背景下重新审视了该过程的第二步，其中微调模型通常位于单个低误差盆地中。我们表明，平均多种模型的权重以不同的超参数配置进行了微调通常提高准确性和鲁棒性。与传统的合奏不同，我们可能会平均许多模型，而不会产生任何其他推理或记忆成本 - 我们将结果称为“模型汤”。当微调大型预训练的模型，例如夹子，Align和VIT-G在JFT上预先训练的VIT-G时，我们的汤食谱可为ImageNet上的超参数扫描中的最佳模型提供显着改进。所得的VIT-G模型在Imagenet上达到90.94％的TOP-1准确性，实现了新的最新状态。此外，我们表明，模型汤方法扩展到多个图像分类和自然语言处理任务，改善分发性能，并改善新下游任务的零局部性。最后，我们通过分析将权重平衡和与logit浓度的性能相似与预测的损失和信心的平坦度联系起来，并经过经验验证这种关系。代码可从https://github.com/mlfoundations/model-soups获得。

Meta-learning has been proposed as a framework to address the challenging few-shot learning setting. The key idea is to leverage a large number of similar few-shot tasks in order to learn how to adapt a base-learner to a new task for which only a few labeled samples are available. As deep neural networks (DNNs) tend to overfit using a few samples only, meta-learning typically uses shallow neural networks (SNNs), thus limiting its effectiveness. In this paper we propose a novel few-shot learning method called meta-transfer learning (MTL) which learns to adapt a deep NN for few shot learning tasks. Specifically, meta refers to training multiple tasks, and transfer is achieved by learning scaling and shifting functions of DNN weights for each task. In addition, we introduce the hard task (HT) meta-batch scheme as an effective learning curriculum for MTL. We conduct experiments using (5-class, 1-shot) and (5-class, 5shot) recognition tasks on two challenging few-shot learning benchmarks: miniImageNet and Fewshot-CIFAR100. Extensive comparisons to related works validate that our meta-transfer learning approach trained with the proposed HT meta-batch scheme achieves top performance. An ablation study also shows that both components contribute to fast convergence and high accuracy 1 .Optimize θ by Eq. 3; 5 end 6 Optimize Φ S {1,2} and θ by Eq. 4 and Eq. 5; 7 while not done do 8 Sample class-k in T (te) ; 9 Compute Acc k for T (te) ; 10 end 11 Return class-m with the lowest accuracy Acc m .

Jitendra Malik once said, "Supervision is the opium of the AI researcher". Most deep learning techniques heavily rely on extreme amounts of human labels to work effectively. In today's world, the rate of data creation greatly surpasses the rate of data annotation. Full reliance on human annotations is just a temporary means to solve current closed problems in AI. In reality, only a tiny fraction of data is annotated. Annotation Efficient Learning (AEL) is a study of algorithms to train models effectively with fewer annotations. To thrive in AEL environments, we need deep learning techniques that rely less on manual annotations (e.g., image, bounding-box, and per-pixel labels), but learn useful information from unlabeled data. In this thesis, we explore five different techniques for handling AEL.

作为主导范式，微调目标数据的预先训练模型广泛用于许多深度学习应用，特别是对于小数据集。然而，最近的研究已经明确表明，一旦培训迭代的数量增加，划痕训练都没有比这一训练前策略更糟糕的最终表现。在这项工作中，我们从学习理论中流行的泛化分析的角度重新审视这种现象。我们的结果表明，最终预测精度可能具有对预训练模型的弱依赖性，特别是在大训练迭代的情况下。观察激励我们利用预训练预调整的数据，因为此数据也可用于微调。使用预训练数据的泛化结果表明，当适当的预训练数据包含在微调中时，可以提高目标任务的最终性能。随着理论发现的洞察力，我们提出了一种新颖的选择策略来选择从预训练数据中的子集，以帮助改善目标任务的概括。 8个基准数据集上的图像分类任务的广泛实验结果验证了基于数据选择的微调管道的有效性。