在本文中，多种子体增强学习用于控制混合能量存储系统，通过最大化可再生能源和交易的价值来降低微电网的能量成本。该代理商必须学习在波动需求，动态批发能源价格和不可预测的可再生能源中，控制三种不同类型的能量存储系统。考虑了两种案例研究：首先看能量存储系统如何在动态定价下更好地整合可再生能源发电，第二种与这些同一代理商如何与聚合剂一起使用，以向自私外部微电网销售能量的能量减少自己的能源票据。这项工作发现，具有分散执行的多代理深度确定性政策梯度的集中学习及其最先进的变体允许多种代理方法显着地比来自单个全局代理的控制更好。还发现，在多种子体方法中使用单独的奖励功能比使用单个控制剂更好。还发现能够与其他微电网交易，而不是卖回实用电网，也发现大大增加了网格的储蓄。

智能能源网络提供了一种有效的手段，可容纳可变可再生能源（例如太阳能和风能）的高渗透率，这是能源生产深度脱碳的关键。但是，鉴于可再生能源以及能源需求的可变性，必须制定有效的控制和能源存储方案来管理可变的能源产生并实现所需的系统经济学和环境目标。在本文中，我们引入了由电池和氢能存储组成的混合储能系统，以处理与电价，可再生能源生产和消费有关的不确定性。我们旨在提高可再生能源利用率，并最大程度地减少能源成本和碳排放，同时确保网络内的能源可靠性和稳定性。为了实现这一目标，我们提出了一种多代理的深层确定性政策梯度方法，这是一种基于强化的基于强化学习的控制策略，可实时优化混合能源存储系统和能源需求的调度。提出的方法是无模型的，不需要明确的知识和智能能源网络环境的严格数学模型。基于现实世界数据的仿真结果表明：（i）混合储能系统和能源需求的集成和优化操作可将碳排放量减少78.69％，将成本节省的成本储蓄提高23.5％，可续订的能源利用率比13.2％以上。其他基线模型和（ii）所提出的算法优于最先进的自学习算法，例如Deep-Q网络。

This paper presents a multi-agent Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) framework for autonomous control and integration of renewable energy resources into smart power grid systems. In particular, the proposed framework jointly considers demand response (DR) and distributed energy management (DEM) for residential end-users. DR has a widely recognized potential for improving power grid stability and reliability, while at the same time reducing end-users energy bills. However, the conventional DR techniques come with several shortcomings, such as the inability to handle operational uncertainties while incurring end-user disutility, which prevents widespread adoption in real-world applications. The proposed framework addresses these shortcomings by implementing DR and DEM based on real-time pricing strategy that is achieved using deep reinforcement learning. Furthermore, this framework enables the power grid service provider to leverage distributed energy resources (i.e., PV rooftop panels and battery storage) as dispatchable assets to support the smart grid during peak hours, thus achieving management of distributed energy resources. Simulation results based on the Deep Q-Network (DQN) demonstrate significant improvements of the 24-hour accumulative profit for both prosumers and the power grid service provider, as well as major reductions in the utilization of the power grid reserve generators.

As an efficient way to integrate multiple distributed energy resources and the user side, a microgrid is mainly faced with the problems of small-scale volatility, uncertainty, intermittency and demand-side uncertainty of DERs. The traditional microgrid has a single form and cannot meet the flexible energy dispatch between the complex demand side and the microgrid. In response to this problem, the overall environment of wind power, thermostatically controlled loads, energy storage systems, price-responsive loads and the main grid is proposed. Secondly, the centralized control of the microgrid operation is convenient for the control of the reactive power and voltage of the distributed power supply and the adjustment of the grid frequency. However, there is a problem in that the flexible loads aggregate and generate peaks during the electricity price valley. The existing research takes into account the power constraints of the microgrid and fails to ensure a sufficient supply of electric energy for a single flexible load. This paper considers the response priority of each unit component of TCLs and ESSs on the basis of the overall environment operation of the microgrid so as to ensure the power supply of the flexible load of the microgrid and save the power input cost to the greatest extent. Finally, the simulation optimization of the environment can be expressed as a Markov decision process process. It combines two stages of offline and online operations in the training process. The addition of multiple threads with the lack of historical data learning leads to low learning efficiency. The asynchronous advantage actor-critic with the experience replay pool memory library is added to solve the data correlation and nonstatic distribution problems during training.

资产分配（或投资组合管理）是确定如何最佳将有限预算的资金分配给一系列金融工具/资产（例如股票）的任务。这项研究调查了使用无模型的深RL代理应用于投资组合管理的增强学习（RL）的性能。我们培训了几个RL代理商的现实股票价格，以学习如何执行资产分配。我们比较了这些RL剂与某些基线剂的性能。我们还比较了RL代理，以了解哪些类别的代理表现更好。从我们的分析中，RL代理可以执行投资组合管理的任务，因为它们的表现明显优于基线代理（随机分配和均匀分配）。四个RL代理（A2C，SAC，PPO和TRPO）总体上优于最佳基线MPT。这显示了RL代理商发现更有利可图的交易策略的能力。此外，基于价值和基于策略的RL代理之间没有显着的性能差异。演员批评者的表现比其他类型的药物更好。同样，在政策代理商方面的表现要好，因为它们在政策评估方面更好，样品效率在投资组合管理中并不是一个重大问题。这项研究表明，RL代理可以大大改善资产分配，因为它们的表现优于强基础。基于我们的分析，在政策上，参与者批评的RL药物显示出最大的希望。

我们考虑了需求侧能源管理的问题，每个家庭都配备了能够在线安排家用电器的智能电表。目的是最大程度地减少实时定价计划下的整体成本。尽管以前的作品引入了集中式方法，在该方法中，调度算法具有完全可观察的性能，但我们提出了将智能网格环境作为马尔可夫游戏的表述。每个家庭都是具有部分可观察性的去中心化代理，可以在现实环境中进行可扩展性和隐私保护。电网操作员产生的价格信号随能量需求而变化。我们提出了从代理商的角度来解决部分可观察性和环境的局部可观察性的扩展，以解决部分可观察性。该算法学习了一位集中批评者，该批评者协调分散的代理商的培训。因此，我们的方法使用集中学习，但分散执行。仿真结果表明，我们的在线深入强化学习方法可以纯粹基于瞬时观察和价格信号来降低所有消耗的总能量的峰值与平均值和所有家庭的电力。

The decarbonization of buildings presents new challenges for the reliability of the electrical grid as a result of the intermittency of renewable energy sources and increase in grid load brought about by end-use electrification. To restore reliability, grid-interactive efficient buildings can provide flexibility services to the grid through demand response. Residential demand response programs are hindered by the need for manual intervention by customers. To maximize the energy flexibility potential of residential buildings, an advanced control architecture is needed. Reinforcement learning is well-suited for the control of flexible resources as it is able to adapt to unique building characteristics compared to expert systems. Yet, factors hindering the adoption of RL in real-world applications include its large data requirements for training, control security and generalizability. Here we address these challenges by proposing the MERLIN framework and using a digital twin of a real-world 17-building grid-interactive residential community in CityLearn. We show that 1) independent RL-controllers for batteries improve building and district level KPIs compared to a reference RBC by tailoring their policies to individual buildings, 2) despite unique occupant behaviours, transferring the RL policy of any one of the buildings to other buildings provides comparable performance while reducing the cost of training, 3) training RL-controllers on limited temporal data that does not capture full seasonality in occupant behaviour has little effect on performance. Although, the zero-net-energy (ZNE) condition of the buildings could be maintained or worsened as a result of controlled batteries, KPIs that are typically improved by ZNE condition (electricity price and carbon emissions) are further improved when the batteries are managed by an advanced controller.

Many real-world problems, such as network packet routing and the coordination of autonomous vehicles, are naturally modelled as cooperative multi-agent systems. There is a great need for new reinforcement learning methods that can efficiently learn decentralised policies for such systems. To this end, we propose a new multi-agent actor-critic method called counterfactual multi-agent (COMA) policy gradients. COMA uses a centralised critic to estimate the Q-function and decentralised actors to optimise the agents' policies. In addition, to address the challenges of multi-agent credit assignment, it uses a counterfactual baseline that marginalises out a single agent's action, while keeping the other agents' actions fixed. COMA also uses a critic representation that allows the counterfactual baseline to be computed efficiently in a single forward pass. We evaluate COMA in the testbed of StarCraft unit micromanagement, using a decentralised variant with significant partial observability. COMA significantly improves average performance over other multi-agent actorcritic methods in this setting, and the best performing agents are competitive with state-of-the-art centralised controllers that get access to the full state.

电动汽车快速采用（EVS）要求广泛安装EV充电站。为了最大限度地提高充电站的盈利能力，提供充电和电网服务的智能控制器实际上很需要。然而，由于不确定的到达时间和EVS的充电需求，确定最佳充电时间表具有挑战性。在本文中，我们提出了一种新的集中分配和分散执行（CADE）强化学习（RL）框架，以最大限度地提高收费站的利润。在集中分配过程中，EVS被分配给等待或充电点。在分散的执行过程中，每个充电器都在学习来自共享重放内存的动作值函数的同时使其自己的充电/放电决定。该CADE框架显着提高了RL算法的可扩展性和采样效率。数值结果表明，所提出的CADE框架既有计算高效且可扩展，显着优于基线模型预测控制（MPC）。我们还提供了对学习的动作值的深入分析，以解释加强学习代理的内部工作。

由于数据量增加，金融业的快速变化已经彻底改变了数据处理和数据分析的技术，并带来了新的理论和计算挑战。与古典随机控制理论和解决财务决策问题的其他分析方法相比，解决模型假设的财务决策问题，强化学习（RL）的新发展能够充分利用具有更少模型假设的大量财务数据并改善复杂的金融环境中的决策。该调查纸目的旨在审查最近的资金途径的发展和使用RL方法。我们介绍了马尔可夫决策过程，这是许多常用的RL方法的设置。然后引入各种算法，重点介绍不需要任何模型假设的基于价值和基于策略的方法。连接是用神经网络进行的，以扩展框架以包含深的RL算法。我们的调查通过讨论了这些RL算法在金融中各种决策问题中的应用，包括最佳执行，投资组合优化，期权定价和对冲，市场制作，智能订单路由和Robo-Awaring。

增强学习（RL）是多能管理系统的有前途的最佳控制技术。它不需要先验模型 - 降低了前期和正在进行的项目特定工程工作，并且能够学习基础系统动力学的更好表示。但是，香草RL不能提供约束满意度的保证 - 导致其在安全至关重要的环境中产生各种不安全的互动。在本文中，我们介绍了两种新颖的安全RL方法，即SafeFallback和Afvafe，其中安全约束配方与RL配方脱钩，并且提供了硬构成满意度，可以保证在培训（探索）和开发过程中（近距离） ）最佳政策。在模拟的多能系统案例研究中，我们已经表明，这两种方法均与香草RL基准相比（94,6％和82,8％，而35.5％）和香草RL基准相比明显更高的效用（即有用的政策）开始。提出的SafeFallback方法甚至可以胜过香草RL基准（102,9％至100％）。我们得出的结论是，这两种方法都是超越RL的安全限制处理技术，正如随机代理所证明的，同时仍提供坚硬的保证。最后，我们向I.A.提出了基本的未来工作。随着更多数据可用，改善约束功能本身。

本文介绍了用于交易单一资产的双重Q网络算法，即E-MINI S＆P 500连续期货合约。我们使用经过验证的设置作为我们环境的基础，并具有多个扩展。我们的贸易代理商的功能不断扩展，包括其他资产，例如商品，从而产生了四种型号。我们还应对环境条件，包括成本和危机。我们的贸易代理商首先接受了特定时间段的培训，并根据新数据进行了测试，并将其与长期策略（市场）进行了比较。我们分析了各种模型与样本中/样本外性能之间有关环境的差异。实验结果表明，贸易代理人遵循适当的行为。它可以将其政策调整为不同的情况，例如在存在交易成本时更广泛地使用中性位置。此外，净资产价值超过了基准的净值，代理商在测试集中的市场优于市场。我们使用DDQN算法对代理商在金融领域中的行为提供初步见解。这项研究的结果可用于进一步发展。

许多现实世界的应用程序都可以作为多机构合作问题进行配置，例如网络数据包路由和自动驾驶汽车的协调。深入增强学习（DRL）的出现为通过代理和环境的相互作用提供了一种有前途的多代理合作方法。但是，在政策搜索过程中，传统的DRL解决方案遭受了多个代理具有连续动作空间的高维度。此外，代理商政策的动态性使训练非平稳。为了解决这些问题，我们建议采用高级决策和低水平的个人控制，以进行有效的政策搜索，提出一种分层增强学习方法。特别是，可以在高级离散的动作空间中有效地学习多个代理的合作。同时，低水平的个人控制可以减少为单格强化学习。除了分层增强学习外，我们还建议对手建模网络在学习过程中对其他代理的政策进行建模。与端到端的DRL方法相反，我们的方法通过以层次结构将整体任务分解为子任务来降低学习的复杂性。为了评估我们的方法的效率，我们在合作车道变更方案中进行了现实世界中的案例研究。模拟和现实世界实验都表明我们的方法在碰撞速度和收敛速度中的优越性。

Compared with model-based control and optimization methods, reinforcement learning (RL) provides a data-driven, learning-based framework to formulate and solve sequential decision-making problems. The RL framework has become promising due to largely improved data availability and computing power in the aviation industry. Many aviation-based applications can be formulated or treated as sequential decision-making problems. Some of them are offline planning problems, while others need to be solved online and are safety-critical. In this survey paper, we first describe standard RL formulations and solutions. Then we survey the landscape of existing RL-based applications in aviation. Finally, we summarize the paper, identify the technical gaps, and suggest future directions of RL research in aviation.

Ongoing risks from climate change have impacted the livelihood of global nomadic communities, and are likely to lead to increased migratory movements in coming years. As a result, mobility considerations are becoming increasingly important in energy systems planning, particularly to achieve energy access in developing countries. Advanced Plug and Play control strategies have been recently developed with such a decentralized framework in mind, more easily allowing for the interconnection of nomadic communities, both to each other and to the main grid. In light of the above, the design and planning strategy of a mobile multi-energy supply system for a nomadic community is investigated in this work. Motivated by the scale and dimensionality of the associated uncertainties, impacting all major design and decision variables over the 30-year planning horizon, Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is implemented for the design and planning problem tackled. DRL based solutions are benchmarked against several rigid baseline design options to compare expected performance under uncertainty. The results on a case study for ger communities in Mongolia suggest that mobile nomadic energy systems can be both technically and economically feasible, particularly when considering flexibility, although the degree of spatial dispersion among households is an important limiting factor. Key economic, sustainability and resilience indicators such as Cost, Equivalent Emissions and Total Unmet Load are measured, suggesting potential improvements compared to available baselines of up to 25%, 67% and 76%, respectively. Finally, the decomposition of values of flexibility and plug and play operation is presented using a variation of real options theory, with important implications for both nomadic communities and policymakers focused on enabling their energy access.

The high emission and low energy efficiency caused by internal combustion engines (ICE) have become unacceptable under environmental regulations and the energy crisis. As a promising alternative solution, multi-power source electric vehicles (MPS-EVs) introduce different clean energy systems to improve powertrain efficiency. The energy management strategy (EMS) is a critical technology for MPS-EVs to maximize efficiency, fuel economy, and range. Reinforcement learning (RL) has become an effective methodology for the development of EMS. RL has received continuous attention and research, but there is still a lack of systematic analysis of the design elements of RL-based EMS. To this end, this paper presents an in-depth analysis of the current research on RL-based EMS (RL-EMS) and summarizes the design elements of RL-based EMS. This paper first summarizes the previous applications of RL in EMS from five aspects: algorithm, perception scheme, decision scheme, reward function, and innovative training method. The contribution of advanced algorithms to the training effect is shown, the perception and control schemes in the literature are analyzed in detail, different reward function settings are classified, and innovative training methods with their roles are elaborated. Finally, by comparing the development routes of RL and RL-EMS, this paper identifies the gap between advanced RL solutions and existing RL-EMS. Finally, this paper suggests potential development directions for implementing advanced artificial intelligence (AI) solutions in EMS.

Deep reinforcement learning is poised to revolutionise the field of AI and represents a step towards building autonomous systems with a higher level understanding of the visual world. Currently, deep learning is enabling reinforcement learning to scale to problems that were previously intractable, such as learning to play video games directly from pixels. Deep reinforcement learning algorithms are also applied to robotics, allowing control policies for robots to be learned directly from camera inputs in the real world. In this survey, we begin with an introduction to the general field of reinforcement learning, then progress to the main streams of value-based and policybased methods. Our survey will cover central algorithms in deep reinforcement learning, including the deep Q-network, trust region policy optimisation, and asynchronous advantage actor-critic. In parallel, we highlight the unique advantages of deep neural networks, focusing on visual understanding via reinforcement learning. To conclude, we describe several current areas of research within the field.

深度强化学习（RL）导致了许多最近和开创性的进步。但是，这些进步通常以培训的基础体系结构的规模增加以及用于训练它们的RL算法的复杂性提高，而均以增加规模的成本。这些增长反过来又使研究人员更难迅速原型新想法或复制已发表的RL算法。为了解决这些问题，这项工作描述了ACME，这是一个用于构建新型RL算法的框架，这些框架是专门设计的，用于启用使用简单的模块化组件构建的代理，这些组件可以在各种执行范围内使用。尽管ACME的主要目标是为算法开发提供一个框架，但第二个目标是提供重要或最先进算法的简单参考实现。这些实现既是对我们的设计决策的验证，也是对RL研究中可重复性的重要贡献。在这项工作中，我们描述了ACME内部做出的主要设计决策，并提供了有关如何使用其组件来实施各种算法的进一步详细信息。我们的实验为许多常见和最先进的算法提供了基准，并显示了如何为更大且更复杂的环境扩展这些算法。这突出了ACME的主要优点之一，即它可用于实现大型，分布式的RL算法，这些算法可以以较大的尺度运行，同时仍保持该实现的固有可读性。这项工作提出了第二篇文章的版本，恰好与模块化的增加相吻合，对离线，模仿和从演示算法学习以及作为ACME的一部分实现的各种新代理。

在过去的十年中，多智能经纪人强化学习（Marl）已经有了重大进展，但仍存在许多挑战，例如高样本复杂性和慢趋同稳定的政策，在广泛的部署之前需要克服，这是可能的。然而，在实践中，许多现实世界的环境已经部署了用于生成策略的次优或启发式方法。一个有趣的问题是如何最好地使用这些方法作为顾问，以帮助改善多代理领域的加强学习。在本文中，我们提供了一个原则的框架，用于将动作建议纳入多代理设置中的在线次优顾问。我们描述了在非传记通用随机游戏环境中提供多种智能强化代理（海军上将）的问题，并提出了两种新的基于Q学习的算法：海军上将决策（海军DM）和海军上将 - 顾问评估（Admiral-AE） ，这使我们能够通过适当地纳入顾问（Admiral-DM）的建议来改善学习，并评估顾问（Admiral-AE）的有效性。我们从理论上分析了算法，并在一般加上随机游戏中提供了关于他们学习的定点保证。此外，广泛的实验说明了这些算法：可以在各种环境中使用，具有对其他相关基线的有利相比的性能，可以扩展到大状态行动空间，并且对来自顾问的不良建议具有稳健性。

我们将记住和忘记的经验重播（Ref-ER）算法扩展到多代理增强学习（MARL）。参考器被证明超过了最先进的算法状态，以连续控制从OpenAI健身房到复杂的流体流动。在MARL中，代理之间的依赖项包括在州值估计器中，环境动力学是通过参考文献使用的重要性权重对其建模的。在协作环境中，当使用个人奖励估算值时，我们发现最佳性能，并且我们忽略了其他动作对过渡图的影响。我们基准在斯坦福大学智能系统实验室（SISL）环境中进行参考文献的性能。我们发现，采用单个馈送前馈神经网络来进行策略和参考文献中的价值函数，优于依靠复杂的神经网络体系结构的最先进的算法状态。