使用3D激光点云数据的对象检测和语义分割需要昂贵的注释。我们提出了一种数据增强方法,该方法多次利用已经注释的数据。我们提出了一个重用真实数据的增强框架,自动在场景中找到合适的位置要增加,并明确地处理遮挡。由于使用真实数据,新插入的物体在增强中的扫描点维持了激光雷达的物理特征,例如强度和射线表。该管道证明在训练3D对象检测和语义分割的最佳模型中具有竞争力。新的增强为稀有和基本类别提供了显着的性能增长,尤其是在Kitti对象检测中“硬”行人级的平均精度增益为6.65%,或者2.14表示在Semantickitti细分挑战中获得的iOU在艺术状态下的增益。
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自动驾驶数据集通常是倾斜的,特别是,缺乏距自工载体远距离的物体的训练数据。随着检测到的对象的距离增加,数据的不平衡导致性能下降。在本文中,我们提出了模式识的地面真相抽样,一种数据增强技术,该技术基于LIDAR的特征缩小对象的点云。具体地,我们模拟了用于深度的物体的自然发散点模式变化,以模拟更远的距离。因此,网络具有更多样化的训练示例,并且可以更有效地概括地检测更远的物体。我们评估了使用点删除或扰动方法的现有数据增强技术,并发现我们的方法优于所有这些。此外,我们建议使用相等的元素AP箱,以评估跨距离的3D对象探测器的性能。我们在距离大于25米的距离上的Kitti验证分裂上提高了PV-RCNN对车载PV-RCNN的性能。
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在这项工作中,我们阐明了基于光检测和范围(LIDAR)3D对象检测的不同数据增强技术。对于我们的大部分实验,我们利用众所周知的Pointpillars管道和已建立的Kitti数据集。我们研究了各种全球和局部增强技术,其中将全球增强技术应用于场景的整个点云,而局部增强技术仅应用于场景中属于单个对象的点。我们的发现表明,两种类型的数据增强都可以导致性能提高,但事实证明,例如,某些增强技术(例如,单个对象翻译)可能会适得其反,并可能损害整体性能。我们表明,这些发现转移并概括到其他最先进的3D对象检测方法和具有挑战性的STF数据集。在KITTI数据集上,我们可以在中等汽车类的3D地图中最多可获得1.5%,而在STF数据集中最多可以获得1.7%。
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In this work, we study 3D object detection from RGB-D data in both indoor and outdoor scenes. While previous methods focus on images or 3D voxels, often obscuring natural 3D patterns and invariances of 3D data, we directly operate on raw point clouds by popping up RGB-D scans. However, a key challenge of this approach is how to efficiently localize objects in point clouds of large-scale scenes (region proposal). Instead of solely relying on 3D proposals, our method leverages both mature 2D object detectors and advanced 3D deep learning for object localization, achieving efficiency as well as high recall for even small objects. Benefited from learning directly in raw point clouds, our method is also able to precisely estimate 3D bounding boxes even under strong occlusion or with very sparse points. Evaluated on KITTI and SUN RGB-D 3D detection benchmarks, our method outperforms the state of the art by remarkable margins while having real-time capability. * Majority of the work done as an intern at Nuro, Inc. depth to point cloud 2D region (from CNN) to 3D frustum 3D box (from PointNet)
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它得到了很好的认识到,从深度感知的LIDAR点云和语义富有的立体图像中融合互补信息将有利于3D对象检测。然而,探索稀疏3D点和密集2D像素之间固有的不自然相互作用并不重要。为了简化这种困难,最近的建议通常将3D点投影到2D图像平面上以对图像数据进行采样,然后聚合点处的数据。然而,这种方法往往遭受点云和RGB图像的分辨率之间的不匹配,导致次优性能。具体地,作为多模态数据聚合位置的稀疏点导致高分辨率图像的严重信息丢失,这反过来破坏了多传感器融合的有效性。在本文中,我们呈现VPFNET - 一种新的架构,可以在“虚拟”点处巧妙地对齐和聚合点云和图像数据。特别地,它们的密度位于3D点和2D像素的密度之间,虚拟点可以很好地桥接两个传感器之间的分辨率间隙,从而保持更多信息以进行处理。此外,我们还研究了可以应用于点云和RGB图像的数据增强技术,因为数据增强对迄今为止对3D对象探测器的贡献不可忽略。我们对Kitti DataSet进行了广泛的实验,与最先进的方法相比,观察到了良好的性能。值得注意的是,我们的VPFNET在KITTI测试集上实现了83.21 \%中等3D AP和91.86 \%适度的BEV AP,自2021年5月21日起排名第一。网络设计也考虑了计算效率 - 我们可以实现FPS 15对单个NVIDIA RTX 2080TI GPU。该代码将用于复制和进一步调查。
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In this paper, we propose PointRCNN for 3D object detection from raw point cloud. The whole framework is composed of two stages: stage-1 for the bottom-up 3D proposal generation and stage-2 for refining proposals in the canonical coordinates to obtain the final detection results. Instead of generating proposals from RGB image or projecting point cloud to bird's view or voxels as previous methods do, our stage-1 sub-network directly generates a small number of high-quality 3D proposals from point cloud in a bottom-up manner via segmenting the point cloud of the whole scene into foreground points and background. The stage-2 sub-network transforms the pooled points of each proposal to canonical coordinates to learn better local spatial features, which is combined with global semantic features of each point learned in stage-1 for accurate box refinement and confidence prediction. Extensive experiments on the 3D detection benchmark of KITTI dataset show that our proposed architecture outperforms state-of-the-art methods with remarkable margins by using only point cloud as input. The code is available at https://github.com/sshaoshuai/PointRCNN.
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Compared to typical multi-sensor systems, monocular 3D object detection has attracted much attention due to its simple configuration. However, there is still a significant gap between LiDAR-based and monocular-based methods. In this paper, we find that the ill-posed nature of monocular imagery can lead to depth ambiguity. Specifically, objects with different depths can appear with the same bounding boxes and similar visual features in the 2D image. Unfortunately, the network cannot accurately distinguish different depths from such non-discriminative visual features, resulting in unstable depth training. To facilitate depth learning, we propose a simple yet effective plug-and-play module, One Bounding Box Multiple Objects (OBMO). Concretely, we add a set of suitable pseudo labels by shifting the 3D bounding box along the viewing frustum. To constrain the pseudo-3D labels to be reasonable, we carefully design two label scoring strategies to represent their quality. In contrast to the original hard depth labels, such soft pseudo labels with quality scores allow the network to learn a reasonable depth range, boosting training stability and thus improving final performance. Extensive experiments on KITTI and Waymo benchmarks show that our method significantly improves state-of-the-art monocular 3D detectors by a significant margin (The improvements under the moderate setting on KITTI validation set are $\mathbf{1.82\sim 10.91\%}$ mAP in BEV and $\mathbf{1.18\sim 9.36\%}$ mAP in 3D}. Codes have been released at https://github.com/mrsempress/OBMO.
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不利天气条件可能会对基于激光雷达的对象探测器产生负面影响。在这项工作中,我们专注于在寒冷天气条件下的车辆气体排气凝结现象。这种日常效果会影响对象大小,取向并引入幽灵对象检测的估计,从而损害了最先进的对象检测器状态的可靠性。我们建议通过使用数据增强和新颖的培训损失项来解决此问题。为了有效地训练深层神经网络,需要大量标记的数据。如果天气不利,此过程可能非常费力且昂贵。我们分为两个步骤解决此问题:首先,我们根据3D表面重建和采样提出了一种气排气数据生成方法,该方法使我们能够从一小群标记的数据池中生成大量的气体排气云。其次,我们引入了一个点云增强过程,该过程可用于在良好天气条件下记录的数据集中添加气体排气。最后,我们制定了一个新的训练损失术语,该损失术语利用增强点云来通过惩罚包括噪声的预测来增加对象检测的鲁棒性。与其他作品相反,我们的方法可以与基于网格的检测器和基于点的检测器一起使用。此外,由于我们的方法不需要任何网络体系结构更改,因此推理时间保持不变。实际数据的实验结果表明,我们提出的方法大大提高了对气体排气和嘈杂数据的鲁棒性。
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基于LIDAR的传感驱动器电流自主车辆。尽管进展迅速,但目前的激光雷达传感器在分辨率和成本方面仍然落后于传统彩色相机背后的二十年。对于自主驾驶,这意味着靠近传感器的大物体很容易可见,但远方或小物体仅包括一个测量或两个。这是一个问题,尤其是当这些对象结果驾驶危险时。另一方面,在车载RGB传感器中清晰可见这些相同的对象。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种将RGB传感器无缝熔化成基于LIDAR的3D识别方法。我们的方法采用一组2D检测来生成密集的3D虚拟点,以增加否则稀疏的3D点云。这些虚拟点自然地集成到任何基于标准的LIDAR的3D探测器以及常规激光雷达测量。由此产生的多模态检测器简单且有效。大规模NUSCENES数据集的实验结果表明,我们的框架通过显着的6.6地图改善了强大的中心点基线,并且优于竞争融合方法。代码和更多可视化可在https://tianweiy.github.io/mvp/上获得
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In this paper, we address semantic segmentation of road-objects from 3D LiDAR point clouds. In particular, we wish to detect and categorize instances of interest, such as cars, pedestrians and cyclists. We formulate this problem as a pointwise classification problem, and propose an end-to-end pipeline called SqueezeSeg based on convolutional neural networks (CNN): the CNN takes a transformed LiDAR point cloud as input and directly outputs a point-wise label map, which is then refined by a conditional random field (CRF) implemented as a recurrent layer. Instance-level labels are then obtained by conventional clustering algorithms. Our CNN model is trained on LiDAR point clouds from the KITTI [1] dataset, and our point-wise segmentation labels are derived from 3D bounding boxes from KITTI. To obtain extra training data, we built a LiDAR simulator into Grand Theft Auto V (GTA-V), a popular video game, to synthesize large amounts of realistic training data. Our experiments show that SqueezeSeg achieves high accuracy with astonishingly fast and stable runtime (8.7 ± 0.5 ms per frame), highly desirable for autonomous driving applications. Furthermore, additionally training on synthesized data boosts validation accuracy on real-world data. Our source code and synthesized data will be open-sourced.
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自动驾驶技术的加速开发对获得大量高质量数据的需求更大。标签,现实世界数据代表性是培训深度学习网络的燃料,对于改善自动驾驶感知算法至关重要。在本文中,我们介绍了PANDASET,由完整的高精度自动车辆传感器套件生产的第一个数据集,具有无需成本商业许可证。使用一个360 {\ DEG}机械纺丝利达,一个前置,远程LIDAR和6个摄像机收集数据集。DataSet包含100多个场景,每个场景为8秒,为目标分类提供28种类型的标签和37种类型的语义分割标签。我们提供仅限LIDAR 3D对象检测的基线,LIDAR-Camera Fusion 3D对象检测和LIDAR点云分割。有关Pandaset和开发套件的更多详细信息,请参阅https://scale.com/open-datasets/pandaset。
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LIDAR的准确3D对象检测对于自动驾驶至关重要。现有的研究全都基于平坦的假设。但是,实际的道路可能会在陡峭的部分中很复杂,从而打破了前提。在这种情况下,当前方法由于难以正确检测到倾斜的地形上的物体而受到性能降解。在这项工作中,我们提出了DET6D,这是第一个没有空间和姿势局限性的自由度3D对象检测器,以改善地形鲁棒性。我们通过建立在整个空间范围内检测对象的能力来选择基于点的框架。为了预测包括音高和滚动在内的全程姿势,我们设计了一个利用当地地面约束的地面方向分支。鉴于长尾非平板场景数据收集和6D姿势注释的难度,我们提出了斜坡,这是一种数据增强方法,用于从平面场景中记录的现有数据集中合成非平板地形。各种数据集的实验证明了我们方法在不同地形上的有效性和鲁棒性。我们进一步进行了扩展实验,以探索网络如何预测两个额外的姿势。提出的模块是现有基于点的框架的插件。该代码可在https://github.com/hitsz-nrsl/de6d上找到。
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The research community has increasing interest in autonomous driving research, despite the resource intensity of obtaining representative real world data. Existing selfdriving datasets are limited in the scale and variation of the environments they capture, even though generalization within and between operating regions is crucial to the overall viability of the technology. In an effort to help align the research community's contributions with real-world selfdriving problems, we introduce a new large-scale, high quality, diverse dataset. Our new dataset consists of 1150 scenes that each span 20 seconds, consisting of well synchronized and calibrated high quality LiDAR and camera data captured across a range of urban and suburban geographies. It is 15x more diverse than the largest cam-era+LiDAR dataset available based on our proposed geographical coverage metric. We exhaustively annotated this data with 2D (camera image) and 3D (LiDAR) bounding boxes, with consistent identifiers across frames. Finally, we provide strong baselines for 2D as well as 3D detection and tracking tasks. We further study the effects of dataset size and generalization across geographies on 3D detection methods. Find data, code and more up-to-date information at http://www.waymo.com/open.
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尽管收集了越来越多的数据集用于培训3D对象检测模型,但在LiDar扫描上注释3D盒仍然需要大量的人类努力。为了自动化注释并促进了各种自定义数据集的生产,我们提出了一个端到端的多模式变压器(MTRANS)自动标签器,该标签既利用LIDAR扫描和图像,以生成来自弱2D边界盒的精确的3D盒子注释。为了减轻阻碍现有自动标签者的普遍稀疏性问题,MTRAN通过基于2D图像信息生成新的3D点来致密稀疏点云。凭借多任务设计,MTRANS段段前景/背景片段,使LIDAR POINT CLUENS云密布,并同时回归3D框。实验结果验证了MTRAN对提高生成标签质量的有效性。通过丰富稀疏点云,我们的方法分别在Kitti中度和硬样品上获得了4.48 \%和4.03 \%更好的3D AP,而不是最先进的自动标签器。也可以扩展Mtrans以提高3D对象检测的准确性,从而在Kitti硬样品上产生了显着的89.45 \%AP。代码位于\ url {https://github.com/cliu2/mtrans}。
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LIDAR点云通常通过连续旋转LIDAR传感器扫描,捕获周围环境的精确几何形状,并且对于许多自主检测和导航任务至关重要。尽管已经开发了许多3D深度体系结构,但是在分析和理解点云数据中,有效收集和大量点云的注释仍然是一个主要挑战。本文介绍了Polarmix,这是一种简单且通用的点云增强技术,但可以在不同的感知任务和场景中有效地减轻数据约束。 Polarmix通过两种跨扫描扩展策略来富含点云分布,并保留点云保真度,这些杂志沿扫描方向切割,编辑和混合点云。第一个是场景级交换,它交换了两个LiDAR扫描的点云扇区,这些扫描沿方位角轴切割。第二个是实例级旋转和粘贴,它是从一个激光雷达扫描中进行的点点实例,用多个角度旋转它们(以创建多个副本),然后将旋转点实例粘贴到其他扫描中。广泛的实验表明,Polarmix在不同的感知任务和场景中始终如一地达到卓越的性能。此外,它可以用作各种3D深度体系结构的插件,并且对于无监督的域适应性也很好。
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Accurate detection of objects in 3D point clouds is a central problem in many applications, such as autonomous navigation, housekeeping robots, and augmented/virtual reality. To interface a highly sparse LiDAR point cloud with a region proposal network (RPN), most existing efforts have focused on hand-crafted feature representations, for example, a bird's eye view projection. In this work, we remove the need of manual feature engineering for 3D point clouds and propose VoxelNet, a generic 3D detection network that unifies feature extraction and bounding box prediction into a single stage, end-to-end trainable deep network. Specifically, VoxelNet divides a point cloud into equally spaced 3D voxels and transforms a group of points within each voxel into a unified feature representation through the newly introduced voxel feature encoding (VFE) layer. In this way, the point cloud is encoded as a descriptive volumetric representation, which is then connected to a RPN to generate detections. Experiments on the KITTI car detection benchmark show that VoxelNet outperforms the state-of-the-art LiDAR based 3D detection methods by a large margin. Furthermore, our network learns an effective discriminative representation of objects with various geometries, leading to encouraging results in 3D detection of pedestrians and cyclists, based on only LiDAR.
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了解场景是自主导航车辆的关键,以及在线将周围环境分段为移动和非移动物体的能力是这项任务的中央成分。通常,基于深度学习的方法用于执行移动对象分段(MOS)。然而,这些网络的性能强烈取决于标记培训数据的多样性和数量,可以获得昂贵的信息。在本文中,我们提出了一种自动数据标记管道,用于3D LIDAR数据,以节省广泛的手动标记工作,并通过自动生成标记的训练数据来提高现有的基于学习的MOS系统的性能。我们所提出的方法通过批量处理数据来实现数据。首先利用基于占用的动态对象拆除以粗略地检测可能的动态物体。其次,它提取了提案中的段,并使用卡尔曼滤波器跟踪它们。基于跟踪的轨迹,它标记了实际移动的物体,如驾驶汽车和行人。相反,非移动物体,例如,停放的汽车,灯,道路或建筑物被标记为静态。我们表明,这种方法允许我们高效地标记LIDAR数据,并将我们的结果与其他标签生成方法的结果进行比较。我们还使用自动生成的标签培训深度神经网络,并与在同一数据上的手动标签上接受过的手动标签的培训相比,实现了类似的性能,以及使用我们方法生成的标签的其他数据集时更好的性能。此外,我们使用不同的传感器评估我们在多个数据集上的方法,我们的实验表明我们的方法可以在各种环境中生成标签。
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在鸟眼中学习强大的表现(BEV),以进行感知任务,这是趋势和吸引行业和学术界的广泛关注。大多数自动驾驶算法的常规方法在正面或透视视图中执行检测,细分,跟踪等。随着传感器配置变得越来越复杂,从不同的传感器中集成了多源信息,并在统一视图中代表功能至关重要。 BEV感知继承了几个优势,因为代表BEV中的周围场景是直观和融合友好的。对于BEV中的代表对象,对于随后的模块,如计划和/或控制是最可取的。 BEV感知的核心问题在于(a)如何通过从透视视图到BEV来通过视图转换来重建丢失的3D信息; (b)如何在BEV网格中获取地面真理注释; (c)如何制定管道以合并来自不同来源和视图的特征; (d)如何适应和概括算法作为传感器配置在不同情况下各不相同。在这项调查中,我们回顾了有关BEV感知的最新工作,并对不同解决方案进行了深入的分析。此外,还描述了该行业的BEV方法的几种系统设计。此外,我们推出了一套完整的实用指南,以提高BEV感知任务的性能,包括相机,激光雷达和融合输入。最后,我们指出了该领域的未来研究指示。我们希望该报告能阐明社区,并鼓励对BEV感知的更多研究。我们保留一个活跃的存储库来收集最新的工作,并在https://github.com/openperceptionx/bevperception-survey-recipe上提供一包技巧的工具箱。
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由遮挡,信号丢失或手动注释错误引起的3D边界框的地面真相注释的固有歧义可能会使训练过程中的深3D对象检测器混淆,从而使检测准确性恶化。但是,现有方法在某种程度上忽略了此类问题,并将标签视为确定性。在本文中,我们提出了GLENET,这是一个从条件变异自动编码器改编的生成标签不确定性估计框架,以建模典型的3D对象与其潜在的潜在基边界框之间具有潜在变量的一对一关系。 Glenet产生的标签不确定性是一个插件模块,可以方便地集成到现有的深3D检测器中,以构建概率检测器并监督本地化不确定性的学习。此外,我们提出了概率探测器中的不确定性质量估计量架构,以指导对IOU分支的培训,并预测了本地化不确定性。我们将提出的方法纳入各种流行的3D检测器中,并观察到它们的性能显着提高到Waymo Open DataSet和Kitti数据集中的当前最新技术。
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3D object detection from LiDAR point cloud is a challenging problem in 3D scene understanding and has many practical applications. In this paper, we extend our preliminary work PointRCNN to a novel and strong point-cloud-based 3D object detection framework, the part-aware and aggregation neural network (Part-A 2 net). The whole framework consists of the part-aware stage and the part-aggregation stage. Firstly, the part-aware stage for the first time fully utilizes free-of-charge part supervisions derived from 3D ground-truth boxes to simultaneously predict high quality 3D proposals and accurate intra-object part locations. The predicted intra-object part locations within the same proposal are grouped by our new-designed RoI-aware point cloud pooling module, which results in an effective representation to encode the geometry-specific features of each 3D proposal. Then the part-aggregation stage learns to re-score the box and refine the box location by exploring the spatial relationship of the pooled intra-object part locations. Extensive experiments are conducted to demonstrate the performance improvements from each component of our proposed framework. Our Part-A 2 net outperforms all existing 3D detection methods and achieves new state-of-the-art on KITTI 3D object detection dataset by utilizing only the LiDAR point cloud data. Code is available at https://github.com/sshaoshuai/PointCloudDet3D.
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