基于人工智能的肺超声成像分析已被证明是整个Covid-19大流行中快速诊断决策支持的有效技术。但是,这种技术可能需要几天或几周的训练过程和超参数调整,以开发智能的深度学习图像分析模型。这项工作的重点是利用“现成”预培训的模型,作为以最小的训练时间为疾病严重程度得分的深度提取器。我们建议在简单和紧凑的神经网络之前使用现有方法的预训练初始化,以减少对计算能力的依赖。在时间限制或资源约束的情况下,例如大流行的早期阶段,计算能力的降低至关重要。在由49位患者组成的数据集中,包括20,000多个图像,我们证明了现有方法作为特征提取器的使用会导致有效分类COVID-19与COVID相关的肺炎严重程度,同时只需几分钟的训练时间。与专家注释的地面真相相比,我们的方法可以在4级的严重程度评分量表上达到超过0.93的准确性,并提供可比的人均区域和全球分数。这些结果表明,在COVID-19患者的临床实践中以及其他呼吸道疾病中,在临床实践中以及在其他呼吸道疾病中的临床实践中快速部署和使用这种最小化适应方法的能力。
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Computer tomography (CT) have been routinely used for the diagnosis of lung diseases and recently, during the pandemic, for detecting the infectivity and severity of COVID-19 disease. One of the major concerns in using ma-chine learning (ML) approaches for automatic processing of CT scan images in clinical setting is that these methods are trained on limited and biased sub-sets of publicly available COVID-19 data. This has raised concerns regarding the generalizability of these models on external datasets, not seen by the model during training. To address some of these issues, in this work CT scan images from confirmed COVID-19 data obtained from one of the largest public repositories, COVIDx CT 2A were used for training and internal vali-dation of machine learning models. For the external validation we generated Indian-COVID-19 CT dataset, an open-source repository containing 3D CT volumes and 12096 chest CT images from 288 COVID-19 patients from In-dia. Comparative performance evaluation of four state-of-the-art machine learning models, viz., a lightweight convolutional neural network (CNN), and three other CNN based deep learning (DL) models such as VGG-16, ResNet-50 and Inception-v3 in classifying CT images into three classes, viz., normal, non-covid pneumonia, and COVID-19 is carried out on these two datasets. Our analysis showed that the performance of all the models is comparable on the hold-out COVIDx CT 2A test set with 90% - 99% accuracies (96% for CNN), while on the external Indian-COVID-19 CT dataset a drop in the performance is observed for all the models (8% - 19%). The traditional ma-chine learning model, CNN performed the best on the external dataset (accu-racy 88%) in comparison to the deep learning models, indicating that a light-weight CNN is better generalizable on unseen data. The data and code are made available at https://github.com/aleesuss/c19.
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我们提出了一个基于深度学习的自动咳嗽分类器,可以区分结核病(TB)与Covid-19咳嗽和健康咳嗽。 TB和Covid-19都是呼吸道疾病,具有传染性,咳嗽是一种主要的症状,每年夺走了数千人的生命。在室内和室外设置都收集了咳嗽的录音,并使用来自全球各地受试者的智能手机上传,因此包含各种噪声。该咳嗽数据包括1.68小时的结核病咳嗽,18.54分钟的咳嗽,咳嗽和1.69小时的健康咳嗽,47例TB患者,229例Covid-19患者和1498例健康患者,并用于培训和评估CNN,LSTM和Resnet505050 。这三个深度体系结构在2.14小时的打喷嚏,2.91小时的语音和2.79小时的噪音中也进行了预训练,以提高性能。通过使用SMOTE数据平衡技术并使用诸如F1得分和AUC之类的性能指标来解决我们数据集中的类不平衡。我们的研究表明,从预先训练的RESNET50中获得了最高的0.9259和0.8631的F1分数,两级(TB与CoVID-19)和三级(TB VS VS COVID-19与健康)的咳嗽分类,咳嗽分类,,咳嗽分类任务,三级(TB vs vs covid-19)分别。深度转移学习的应用改善了分类器的性能,并使它们更加坚固,因为它们在交叉验证折叠上更好地概括了。他们的表现超过了世界卫生组织(WHO)设定的结核病分类测试要求。产生最佳性能的功能包含MFCC的高阶,这表明人耳朵无法感知结核病和COVID-19之间的差异。这种类型的咳嗽音频分类是非接触,具有成本效益的,并且可以轻松地部署在智能手机上,因此它可以成为TB和COVID-19筛查的绝佳工具。
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逆转录 - 聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)目前是Covid-19诊断中的金标准。然而,它可以花几天来提供诊断,假负率相对较高。成像,特别是胸部计算断层扫描(CT),可以有助于诊断和评估这种疾病。然而,表明标准剂量CT扫描对患者提供了显着的辐射负担,尤其是需要多次扫描的患者。在这项研究中,我们考虑低剂量和超低剂量(LDCT和ULDCT)扫描方案,其减少靠近单个X射线的辐射曝光,同时保持可接受的分辨率以进行诊断目的。由于胸部放射学专业知识可能不会在大流行期间广泛使用,我们使用LDCT / ULDCT扫描的收集的数据集进行人工智能(AI)基础的框架,以研究AI模型可以提供人为级性能的假设。 AI模型使用了两个阶段胶囊网络架构,可以快速对Covid-19,社区获得的肺炎(帽)和正常情况进行分类,使用LDCT / ULDCT扫描。 AI模型实现Covid-19敏感性为89.5%+ - 0.11,帽敏感性为95%+ \ - 0.11,正常情况敏感性(特异性)85.7%+ - 0.16,精度为90%+ \ - 0.06。通过纳入临床数据(人口统计和症状),性能进一步改善了Covid-19敏感性为94.3%+ \ - PM 0.05,帽敏感性为96.7%+ \ - 0.07,正常情况敏感性(特异性)91%+ - 0.09,精度为94.1%+ \ - 0.03。所提出的AI模型基于降低辐射暴露的LDCT / ULDCT扫描来实现人级诊断。我们认为,所提出的AI模型有可能协助放射科医师准确,并迅速诊断Covid-19感染,并帮助控制大流行期间的传输链。
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Pneumonia, a respiratory infection brought on by bacteria or viruses, affects a large number of people, especially in developing and impoverished countries where high levels of pollution, unclean living conditions, and overcrowding are frequently observed, along with insufficient medical infrastructure. Pleural effusion, a condition in which fluids fill the lung and complicate breathing, is brought on by pneumonia. Early detection of pneumonia is essential for ensuring curative care and boosting survival rates. The approach most usually used to diagnose pneumonia is chest X-ray imaging. The purpose of this work is to develop a method for the automatic diagnosis of bacterial and viral pneumonia in digital x-ray pictures. This article first presents the authors' technique, and then gives a comprehensive report on recent developments in the field of reliable diagnosis of pneumonia. In this study, here tuned a state-of-the-art deep convolutional neural network to classify plant diseases based on images and tested its performance. Deep learning architecture is compared empirically. VGG19, ResNet with 152v2, Resnext101, Seresnet152, Mobilenettv2, and DenseNet with 201 layers are among the architectures tested. Experiment data consists of two groups, sick and healthy X-ray pictures. To take appropriate action against plant diseases as soon as possible, rapid disease identification models are preferred. DenseNet201 has shown no overfitting or performance degradation in our experiments, and its accuracy tends to increase as the number of epochs increases. Further, DenseNet201 achieves state-of-the-art performance with a significantly a smaller number of parameters and within a reasonable computing time. This architecture outperforms the competition in terms of testing accuracy, scoring 95%. Each architecture was trained using Keras, using Theano as the backend.
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当代人工神经网络(ANN)是经过训练的端到端,共同学习功能和分类器以完成感兴趣的任务。尽管非常有效,但这种范式在组装带注释的特定任务数据集和培训大规模网络方面施加了巨大的成本。我们建议通过引入视觉生物标志物分类的辅助预任务来将特征从下游肺超声任务中学习。我们证明,通过培训模型来预测生物标记标签,可以从超声视频中学习一个内容丰富,简洁和可解释的功能空间。值得注意的是,可以从弱视频尺度监督注释的数据中培训生物标志物功能提取器。这些功能可以由针对各种临床任务的各种下游专家模型(诊断,肺严重程度,S/F比)使用。至关重要的是,特定于任务的专家模型的准确性与直接训练此类目标任务的端到端模型相当,同时训练成本大大降低。
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基于深度学习(DL)的医学图像分类和细分是诊断当前COVID 19的变异病毒的紧急研究主题。在肺的Covid-19计算机断层扫描(CT)图像中,地面玻璃浊度是需要专业诊断的最常见发现。基于这种情况,一些研究人员提出了相关的DL模型,这些模型可以在缺乏专业知识时取代诊所的专业诊断专家。但是,尽管DL方法在医学图像处理中具有惊人的性能,但有限的数据集可能是发展人类级别诊断准确性的挑战。此外,深度学习算法面临着将三个甚至多个维度分类的医学图像分类和分割的挑战,并保持高精度率。因此,有了确保高水平的准确性,我们的模型可以将患者的CT图像分为三种类型:正常,肺炎和covid。随后,两个数据集用于分割,其中一个数据集甚至只有有限的数据(20例)。我们的系统将分类模型和分割模型结合在一起,建立在RESNET50和3D U-NET算法的基础上。通过使用不同的数据集进行喂食,将根据分类结果进行感染区域的共vid图像分割。我们的模型通过3种类型的肺部病变分类达到94.52%的准确性:卷,肺炎和正常。对于将来的医疗用途,将模型嵌入医疗设施可能是一种有效的方法,可以协助或替代医生诊断,因此,在COVID-19情况下,更广泛的变异病毒问题也可以成功解决。
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2019年12月,一个名为Covid-19的新型病毒导致了迄今为止的巨大因果关系。与新的冠状病毒的战斗在西班牙语流感后令人振奋和恐怖。虽然前线医生和医学研究人员在控制高度典型病毒的传播方面取得了重大进展,但技术也证明了在战斗中的重要性。此外,许多医疗应用中已采用人工智能,以诊断许多疾病,甚至陷入困境的经验丰富的医生。因此,本调查纸探讨了提议的方法,可以提前援助医生和研究人员,廉价的疾病诊断方法。大多数发展中国家难以使用传统方式进行测试,但机器和深度学习可以采用显着的方式。另一方面,对不同类型的医学图像的访问已经激励了研究人员。结果,提出了一种庞大的技术数量。本文首先详细调了人工智能域中传统方法的背景知识。在此之后,我们会收集常用的数据集及其用例日期。此外,我们还显示了采用深入学习的机器学习的研究人员的百分比。因此,我们对这种情况进行了彻底的分析。最后,在研究挑战中,我们详细阐述了Covid-19研究中面临的问题,我们解决了我们的理解,以建立一个明亮健康的环境。
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在研究中,我们开发了一种计算机视觉解决方案,以支持诊断放射区分在Covid-19肺炎,流感病毒肺炎和正常生物标志物之间。 Covid-19肺炎的胸部射线照相出现被认为是非特异性的,提出了挑战,以确定卷积神经网络(CNN)的最佳架构,该挑战是Covid-19和非-covid-19种肺炎。 Rahman(2021)指出Covid-19射线照相图像观察影响诊断过程的不可用和质量问题,并影响深度学习检测模型的准确性。 Covid-19造影图像的显着稀缺性引入了对我们使用过采样技术的数据的不平衡。在该研究中,我们包括具有Covid-19肺炎,流感病毒肺炎和正常生物标志物的人肺(CXR)的广泛的X射线成像,以实现可伸展和准确的CNN模型。在研究的实验阶段,我们评估了各种卷积网络架构,选择了具有两个传统卷积层和两个具有最大功能的汇集层的连续卷积网络。在其分类性能中,最佳性能模型展示了93%的验证精度,F1分数为0.95。我们选择了Azure机器学习服务来执行网络实验和解决方案部署。自动缩放计算集群在网络培训中提供了大量的减少。我们希望在人工智能和人类生物学领域看到科学家合作,并扩展建议的解决方案,以提供快速和全面的诊断,有效地减轻病毒的传播
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自首次报道以来,2019年冠状病毒病(Covid-19)已在全球范围内传播,并成为人类面临的健康危机。放射学成像技术,例如计算机断层扫描(CT)和胸部X射线成像(CXR)是诊断CoVID-19的有效工具。但是,在CT和CXR图像中,感染区域仅占据图像的一小部分。一些整合大规模接受场的常见深度学习方法可能会导致图像细节的丢失,从而导致省略了COVID-19图像中感兴趣区域(ROI),因此不适合进一步处理。为此,我们提出了一个深空金字塔池(D-SPP)模块,以在不同的分辨率上整合上下文信息,旨在有效地在COVID-19的不同尺度下提取信息。此外,我们提出了COVID-19感染检测(CID)模块,以引起人们对病变区域的注意,并从无关信息中消除干扰。在四个CT和CXR数据集上进行的广泛实验表明,我们的方法在检测CT和CXR图像中检测COVID-19病变的准确性更高。它可以用作计算机辅助诊断工具,以帮助医生有效地诊断和筛选COVID-19。
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Deep learning (DL) analysis of Chest X-ray (CXR) and Computed tomography (CT) images has garnered a lot of attention in recent times due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are well suited for the image analysis tasks when trained on humongous amounts of data. Applications developed for medical image analysis require high sensitivity and precision compared to any other fields. Most of the tools proposed for detection of COVID-19 claims to have high sensitivity and recalls but have failed to generalize and perform when tested on unseen datasets. This encouraged us to develop a CNN model, analyze and understand the performance of it by visualizing the predictions of the model using class activation maps generated using (Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping) Grad-CAM technique. This study provides a detailed discussion of the success and failure of the proposed model at an image level. Performance of the model is compared with state-of-the-art DL models and shown to be comparable. The data and code used are available at https://github.com/aleesuss/c19.
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我们为Covid-19的快速准确CT(DL-FACT)测试提供了一系列深度学习的计算框架。我们开发了基于CT的DL框架,通过基于DL的CT图像增强和分类来提高Covid-19(加上其变体)的测试速度和准确性。图像增强网络适用于DDNet,短暂的Dennet和基于Deconvolulate的网络。为了展示其速度和准确性,我们在Covid-19 CT图像的几个来源中评估了DL-FARE。我们的结果表明,DL-FACT可以显着缩短几天到几天的周转时间,并提高Covid-19测试精度高达91%。DL-FACT可以用作诊断和监测Covid-19的医学专业人员的软件工具。
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世界目前正在经历持续的传染病大流行病,该传染病是冠状病毒疾病2019(即covid-19),这是由严重的急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(SARS-COV-2)引起的。计算机断层扫描(CT)在评估感染的严重程度方面发挥着重要作用,并且还可用于识别这些症状和无症状的Covid-19载体。随着Covid-19患者的累积数量的激增,放射科医师越来越强调手动检查CT扫描。因此,自动化3D CT扫描识别工具的需求量高,因为手动分析对放射科医师耗时,并且它们的疲劳可能导致可能的误判。然而,由于位于不同医院的CT扫描仪的各种技术规范,CT图像的外观可能显着不同,导致许多自动图像识别方法的失败。因此,多域和多扫描仪研究的多域移位问题是不可能对可靠识别和可再现和客观诊断和预后至关重要的至关重要。在本文中,我们提出了Covid-19 CT扫描识别模型即Coronavirus信息融合和诊断网络(CIFD-NET),可以通过新的强大弱监督的学习范式有效地处理多域移位问题。与其他最先进的方法相比,我们的模型可以可靠,高效地解决CT扫描图像中不同外观的问题。
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这项研究的目的是开发一个强大的基于深度学习的框架,以区分Covid-19,社区获得的肺炎(CAP)和基于使用各种方案和放射剂量在不同成像中心获得的胸部CT扫描的正常病例和正常情况。我们表明,虽然我们的建议模型是在使用特定扫描协议仅从一个成像中心获取的相对较小的数据集上训练的,但该模型在使用不同技术参数的多个扫描仪获得的异质测试集上表现良好。我们还表明,可以通过无监督的方法来更新模型,以应对火车和测试集之间的数据移动,并在从其他中心接收新的外部数据集时增强模型的鲁棒性。我们采用了合奏体系结构来汇总该模型的多个版本的预测。为了初始培训和开发目的,使用了171 Covid-19、60 CAP和76个正常情况的内部数据集,其中包含使用恒定的标准辐射剂量扫描方案从一个成像中心获得的体积CT扫描。为了评估模型,我们回顾了四个不同的测试集,以研究数据特征对模型性能的转移的影响。在测试用例中,有与火车组相似的CT扫描,以及嘈杂的低剂量和超低剂量CT扫描。此外,从患有心血管疾病或手术病史的患者中获得了一些测试CT扫描。这项研究中使用的整个测试数据集包含51 covid-19、28 CAP和51例正常情况。实验结果表明,我们提出的框架在所有测试集上的表现良好,达到96.15%的总准确度(95%CI:[91.25-98.74]),COVID-119,COVID-96.08%(95%CI:[86.54-99.5],95%),[86.54-99.5],),,),敏感性。帽敏感性为92.86%(95%CI:[76.50-99.19])。
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我们评估了深度神经网络(DNN)的泛化能力,培训培训,以使用相对较小的混合数据集将胸部X射线分类为Covid-19,正常或肺炎。我们提出了DNN进行肺分段和分类,堆叠分割模块(U-NET),原始中间模块和分类模块(DenSenet201)。为了评估泛化,我们将DNN与外部数据集(来自不同的地方)测试,并使用贝叶斯推理来估计性能度量的概率分布。我们的DNN在外部测试数据集上实现了0.917 AUC,以及没有分割的DENSENET,0.906。贝叶斯推理表示平均准确性为76.1%和[0.695,0.826] 95%HDI(高密度间隔,浓缩95%的公制概率质量),分段,没有分段,71.7%和[0.646,0.786]。我们提出了一种新型DNN评估技术,使用层性相关性传播(LRP)和Brixia得分。 LRP Heatmaps表示放射科医生发现强烈的Covid-19症状和归属高Brixia评分的区域是堆叠DNN分类最重要的。外部验证表现出比内部更小的精度,表明概括在泛化中,分割改善了。外部数据集和LRP分析中的性能表明DNN可以在小型和混合数据集中培训并检测Covid-19。
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Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a degenerative disorder affecting the macula, a key area of the retina for visual acuity. Nowadays, it is the most frequent cause of blindness in developed countries. Although some promising treatments have been developed, their effectiveness is low in advanced stages. This emphasizes the importance of large-scale screening programs. Nevertheless, implementing such programs for AMD is usually unfeasible, since the population at risk is large and the diagnosis is challenging. All this motivates the development of automatic methods. In this sense, several works have achieved positive results for AMD diagnosis using convolutional neural networks (CNNs). However, none incorporates explainability mechanisms, which limits their use in clinical practice. In that regard, we propose an explainable deep learning approach for the diagnosis of AMD via the joint identification of its associated retinal lesions. In our proposal, a CNN is trained end-to-end for the joint task using image-level labels. The provided lesion information is of clinical interest, as it allows to assess the developmental stage of AMD. Additionally, the approach allows to explain the diagnosis from the identified lesions. This is possible thanks to the use of a CNN with a custom setting that links the lesions and the diagnosis. Furthermore, the proposed setting also allows to obtain coarse lesion segmentation maps in a weakly-supervised way, further improving the explainability. The training data for the approach can be obtained without much extra work by clinicians. The experiments conducted demonstrate that our approach can identify AMD and its associated lesions satisfactorily, while providing adequate coarse segmentation maps for most common lesions.
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胸部射线照相是一种相对便宜,广泛的医疗程序,可传达用于进行诊断决策的关键信息。胸部X射线几乎总是用于诊断呼吸系统疾病,如肺炎或最近的Covid-19。在本文中,我们提出了一个自我监督的深神经网络,其在未标记的胸部X射线数据集上掠夺。学习的陈述转移到下游任务 - 呼吸系统疾病的分类。在四个公共数据集获得的结果表明,我们的方法在不需要大量标记的培训数据的情况下产生竞争力。
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新的冠状病毒造成了超过一百万的死亡,并继续迅速传播。这种病毒靶向肺部,导致呼吸窘迫,这可以轻度或严重。肺的X射线或计算机断层扫描(CT)图像可以揭示患者是否感染Covid-19。许多研究人员正在尝试使用人工智能改善Covid-19检测。我们的动机是开发一种可以应对的自动方法,该方法可以应对标记数据的方案是耗时或昂贵的。在本文中,我们提出了使用依赖于Sobel边缘检测和生成对冲网络(GANS)的有限标记数据(SCLLD)的半监督分类来自动化Covid-19诊断。 GaN鉴别器输出是一种概率值,用于在这项工作中进行分类。建议的系统使用从Omid Hosparing收集的10,000 CT扫描培训,而公共数据集也用于验证我们的系统。将该方法与其他最先进的监督方法进行比较,例如高斯过程。据我们所知,这是第一次提出了对Covid-19检测的半监督方法。我们的系统能够从有限标记和未标记数据的混合学习,该数据由于缺乏足够量的标记数据而导致的监督学习者失败。因此,我们的半监督训练方法显着优于卷积神经网络(CNN)的监督培训,当标记的训练数据稀缺时。在精度,敏感性和特异性方面,我们的方法的95%置信区间分别为99.56±0.20%,99.88±0.24%和99.40±0.1.18%,而CNN的间隔(训练有素的监督)为68.34 + - 4.11%,91.2 + - 6.15%,46.40 + - 5.21%。
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In this paper, deep-learning-based approaches namely fine-tuning of pretrained convolutional neural networks (VGG16 and VGG19), and end-to-end training of a developed CNN model, have been used in order to classify X-Ray images into four different classes that include COVID-19, normal, opacity and pneumonia cases. A dataset containing more than 20,000 X-ray scans was retrieved from Kaggle and used in this experiment. A two-stage classification approach was implemented to be compared to the one-shot classification approach. Our hypothesis was that a two-stage model will be able to achieve better performance than a one-shot model. Our results show otherwise as VGG16 achieved 95% accuracy using one-shot approach over 5-fold of training. Future work will focus on a more robust implementation of the two-stage classification model Covid-TSC. The main improvement will be allowing data to flow from the output of stage-1 to the input of stage-2, where stage-1 and stage-2 models are VGG16 models fine-tuned on the Covid-19 dataset.
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Purpose: Considering several patients screened due to COVID-19 pandemic, computer-aided detection has strong potential in assisting clinical workflow efficiency and reducing the incidence of infections among radiologists and healthcare providers. Since many confirmed COVID-19 cases present radiological findings of pneumonia, radiologic examinations can be useful for fast detection. Therefore, chest radiography can be used to fast screen COVID-19 during the patient triage, thereby determining the priority of patient's care to help saturated medical facilities in a pandemic situation. Methods: In this paper, we propose a new learning scheme called self-supervised transfer learning for detecting COVID-19 from chest X-ray (CXR) images. We compared six self-supervised learning (SSL) methods (Cross, BYOL, SimSiam, SimCLR, PIRL-jigsaw, and PIRL-rotation) with the proposed method. Additionally, we compared six pretrained DCNNs (ResNet18, ResNet50, ResNet101, CheXNet, DenseNet201, and InceptionV3) with the proposed method. We provide quantitative evaluation on the largest open COVID-19 CXR dataset and qualitative results for visual inspection. Results: Our method achieved a harmonic mean (HM) score of 0.985, AUC of 0.999, and four-class accuracy of 0.953. We also used the visualization technique Grad-CAM++ to generate visual explanations of different classes of CXR images with the proposed method to increase the interpretability. Conclusions: Our method shows that the knowledge learned from natural images using transfer learning is beneficial for SSL of the CXR images and boosts the performance of representation learning for COVID-19 detection. Our method promises to reduce the incidence of infections among radiologists and healthcare providers.
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